Abkhazians
Аԥсуаа | |
---|---|
Regions with significant populations | |
Former Soviet Union | |
Abkhazia[1] | 127,404 (2018 census)[2] |
Russia | 11,366 (2002 census)[3] |
Georgia | 3,527 (2008)[4] |
Ukraine | 1,458 (2001)[5] |
Latvia | 22 - 29 (2021)[6]
Abkhaz native faith minority |
Related ethnic groups | |
Abazins, Circassians |
The Abkhazians or Abkhazes
Ethnology
The Abkhaz language belongs to the isolate Northwest Caucasian language family, also known as Abkhaz–Adyghe or North Pontic family, which groups the dialectic continuum spoken by the Abaza–Abkhaz (Abazgi) and Adyghe ("Circassians" in English).[15] Abkhazians are closely ethnically related to Circassians.[16] Classical sources speak of several tribes dwelling in the region, but their exact identity and location remain controversial due to Abkhaz–Georgian historiographical conflict.[citation needed]
Subgroups
There are also three subgroups of the Abkhaz people. The Bzyb (Бзыԥ, Bzyph) reside in the
History
Some scholars deem the ancient
Lazica was a vassal kingdom of the Byzantine Empire throughout most of its existence. Later the independent Kingdom of Abkhazia was established and the region became a part of the Georgian cultural world. The local nobility, clergy and educated class used Georgian as a language of literacy and culture. From the early 11th to the 15th century, Abkhazia was a part of the all-Georgian monarchy, but then became a separate Principality of Abkhazia only to be conquered by the Ottomans.[citation needed]
Towards the end of the 17th century, the region became a theatre of widespread
The Russian conquest of Abkhazia from the 1810s to the 1860s was accompanied by a massive expulsion of Muslim Abkhaz to the Ottoman Empire and the introduction of a strong Russification policy. As a result, the Abkhaz diaspora is currently estimated to measure at least twice the number of Abkhaz that reside in Abkhazia. The largest part of the diaspora now lives in Turkey, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to 500,000, with smaller groups in Syria (5,000 – 10,000) and Jordan. In recent years, some of these have emigrated to the West, principally to Germany (5,000), Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Austria and the United States (mainly to New Jersey).[22]
After the
The
At the time of the 2011 Census, 122,175 Abkhaz were living in Abkhazia. They were 50.8% of the total population of the republic.[25]
In the course of the
Economy
The typical economy is strong on the breeding of cattle, beekeeping, viticulture, and agriculture.[17]
Religion
The Abkhaz people are principally divided into
Diaspora
Many Muslim Circassians, Abkhaz and Chechens migrated to the Ottoman Empire following revolts against Russian rule.[32] It is believed that the Abkhaz community in Turkey is larger than that of Abkhazia itself.[32] Some 250 Abkhaz-Abaza villages are estimated throughout Turkey.[32] According to Andrew Dalby, Abkhazian-speakers might number more than 100,000 in Turkey,[33] however, the 1963 census only recorded 4,700 native speakers and 8,000 secondary speakers.[34] Of the 15,000 ethnic Abkhaz in Turkey, only 4,000 speak the language, the rest having assimilated into Turkish society.[35] As of 2006, it is estimated that 600,000 to 800,000 Abkhazians by descent live in Turkey.[12]
Genetics
The people closest genetically to the Abkhazians are the
Gallery
-
Abkhazs in the mid-19th century
Notable people
Literature
- Alexey Gogua (born 1932), writer
- Dmitry Gulia (1874–1960), Abkhazian Soviet writer and poet
- Fazil Iskander (1929–2016), writer
- Bagrat Shinkuba (1917–2004), writer, poet
Politics
- Aslan Bzhania (born 1963), Abkhaz politician
- Alexander Ankvab (born 1952), Abkhaz politician
- Anzor Kudba (born 1939), member of Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia
- Gennadi Gagulia (1948–2018), Abkhazian politician
- Hayreddin Pasha (1820–1890), Ottoman politician
- Mirab Kishmaria (born 1961), Abkhaz politician and army general
- Nestor Lakoba (1893–1936), Abkhaz communist leader
- Rauf Orbay (1881–1964), Turkish politician
- Raul Khajimba (born 1958), Abkhazian politician
- Rauf Orbay (1881–1964), Turkish naval officer and diplomat
- Shaaban Abash (1890–1943), rider in the Circassian cavalry regiment of the Caucasian native division during WWI
- Sergei Bagapsh (1949–2011), President of Abkhazia
- Vladimir Arshba (1959–2018), Abkhaz soldier and politician
- Vladislav Ardzinba (1945–2010), first de facto president of Abkhazia
Other
- Mikhail, Prince of Abkhazia (died 1866),
- Hala Gorani, American journalist[45]
See also
- Afro-Abkhazians
- Women in Abkhazia
- History of Abkhazia
- Abkhaz language
References
- Russian-occupied territory.
- ^ a b Census statistics (in Russian)
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service. 2004. Archived from the original(XLS) on 29 February 2016.
- ^ "Turkish Abkhazians enjoying independence of their far away country". Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia.
- ^ "All-Ukrainian population census 2001 - The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue". State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2006.
- ^ "Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia". data.stat.gov.lv.
- ^ Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP
- ^ Abkhaz. Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version
- ^ (2009) Abkhazia Seeking Turkish Recognition of Independence Archived 9 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (2009) ABKHAZIA’S DIASPORA: DREAMING OF HOME Archived 2017-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Chirikba 2003 p8
- ^ a b "Turkish Abkhazians enjoying independence of their far away country".
- ^ a b "Abkhaz Syrians return home". Voice of Russia. 5 May 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ "The journey of Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux in the Caucasus, to the Cherkhesians and Abkhazians, in Colchida, in Georgia, in Armenia and Crimea". silk.european-heritage.net. Archived from the original on 20 July 2006.
- ISBN 978-1-107-00278-4.
- ISBN 978-1-135-77540-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- ^ a b c d Olson 1994, p. 6.
- ^ Smith 1998, p. 55.
- ^ Smith 1998, p. 55.
- ISBN 978-0230613591.
- ^ Chirikba 2003 pp. 6-8
- ^ Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Notes and References section), by various authors, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, August 1998.
- ^ Bagapsh Speaks of Abkhazia's Economy, Demographic Situation. Civil Georgia. 10 October 2005
- ^ "население абхазии". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru.
- ^ a b James Brooke (15 April 2013). "Syrian Refugees Go 'Home' to Former Russian Riviera". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ a b "Over two hundred representatives of the Abkhazian diaspora in Syria want to return to their historical homeland". Abkhaz World. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ ""Repatriates" settling in Abkhazia". The Messenger. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ^ Johansons, Andrejs. (Feb. 1972) The Shamaness of the Abkhazians. History of Religions. Vol. 11, No. 3. pp. 251–256.
- ^ Taylor, Jeremy (1613–1667). Antiquitates christianæ, or, The history of the life and death of the holy Jesus as also the lives acts and martyrdoms of his Apostles: in two parts. p. 101.
- ISBN 978-0-253-33958-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-317-06913-3.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-0214-5.
- ^ Gachechiladze 2014, p. 81.
- ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
- ^ "AA DNA - Адыго-Абхазский ДНК проект" (in Russian). 28 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ "FamilyTreeDNA - Abkhazian DNA Project". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ Liy, Ergün Özgür. "Abhaz, Abaza, Çerkes ve Ermeni Etnik Grupları Değerler ve Kültürlenme (The Abkhaz-Abaza, Circassian and Armenian Ethnical Groups: Values and Acculturation)".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 978-5-04-005867-9.
- ^ "Пиотр Кәыҵниа / Петр Квициния. Аԥсуаа рантропологиа азҵаарақәа / Вопросы антропологии абхазов. Аҟәа / Сухум - "Алашара" - 2000". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ "The Abkhaz and Western Caucasian DNA • arshba.ru". arshba.ru. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ "AA DNA - Адыго-Абхазский ДНК проект" (in Russian). 28 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ Bitadze, L. "Anthropological History of Abkhazians" (PDF). Iv.Javakhishvili INSTITUTE OF HISTORY. AND ETHNO. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- PMID 29391530. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- ^ Shakir, Manal (5 March 2024). "REVIEW: Hala Gorani explores her roots in 'But You Don't Look Arab'". Arab News.
Notes
- ^ Russian: Абхазы; Abkhaz: Аԥсуаа, romanized: Apsuaа, IPA [ˈapʰswaː]
Sources
- George Hewitt (19 November 2013). The Abkhazians: A Handbook. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-136-80205-8.
- Gachechiladze, Revaz (17 January 2014). The New Georgia: Space, Society, Politics. Routledge. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-317-76256-0.
- Chirikba, Viacheslav (2003). Abkhaz. Languages of the World/Materials. Vol. 119. ISBN 3-89586-136-7.
- Giunashvili, Dzh. (1982). "ABḴĀZ". In ISBN 978-0-71009-091-1.
- Olson, James Stuart (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8.
- Smith, Graham (1998). Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-0-521-59968-9.
- David Marshall Lang, Caucasian Studies, University of London, 1964, Vol.1
- Roger Rosen, Georgia: Sovereign Country of the Caucasus, Odyssey, 2004, ISBN 962-217-748-4
- Tsibenko, Veronika (2013). "Abkhāz". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- L. Bitadze, "Anthropological History of Abkhazians", Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, 2009