Abner Doubleday
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Abner Doubleday (June 26, 1819 – January 26, 1893)
In 1908, 15 years after his death, the
Early years
Doubleday, the son of Ulysses F. Doubleday and Hester Donnelly, was born in Ballston Spa, New York, in a small house on the corner of Washington and Fenwick streets. As a child, Abner was very short. The family all slept in the attic loft of the one-room house. His paternal grandfather, also named Abner, had fought in the American Revolutionary War. His maternal grandfather Thomas Donnelly had joined the army at 14 and was a mounted messenger for George Washington. His great-grandfather Peter Donnelly was a Minuteman. His father, Ulysses F., fought in the War of 1812, published newspapers and books, and represented Auburn, New York, for four years in the United States Congress.[4] Abner spent his childhood in Auburn and later was sent to Cooperstown to live with his uncle and attend a private preparatory high school. He practiced as a surveyor and civil engineer for two years before entering the United States Military Academy[5] in 1838. He graduated in 1842, 24th in a class of 56 cadets, and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery.[6] In 1852, he married Mary Hewitt of Baltimore, the daughter of a local lawyer.[7]
Early commands and Fort Sumter
Doubleday initially served in coastal garrisons and then in the Mexican–American War from 1846 to 1848 and the Seminole Wars from 1856 to 1858. In 1858, he was transferred to Fort Moultrie in Charleston Harbor serving under Colonel John L. Gardner. By the start of the Civil War, he was a captain and second in command in the garrison at Fort Sumter, under Major Robert Anderson.[4] He aimed the cannon that fired the first return shot in answer to the Confederate bombardment on April 12, 1861. He subsequently referred to himself as the "hero of Sumter" for this role.[5] Of note, although Doubleday did not invent baseball, by sheer coincidence the Fort Sumter Garrison Flag (or Storm Flag) has the star pattern arranged in a diamond shape, which by that time in history, was the shape of the baseball infield.
Brigade and division command in Virginia
Doubleday was promoted to major on May 14, 1861, and commanded the Artillery Department in the
Doubleday again led the division, now assigned to the
Gettysburg
At the start of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, Doubleday's division was the second infantry division on the field to reinforce the cavalry division of Brigadier General John Buford. When his corps commander, Major General John F. Reynolds, was killed very early in the fighting, Doubleday found himself in command of the corps at 10:50 am. His men fought well in the morning, putting up a stout resistance, but as overwhelming Confederate forces massed against them, their line eventually broke and they retreated back through the town of Gettysburg to the relative safety of Cemetery Hill south of town. It was Doubleday's finest performance during the war, five hours leading 9,500 men against ten Confederate brigades that numbered more than 16,000. Seven of those brigades sustained casualties that ranged from 35 to 50 percent, indicating the ferocity of the Union defense. On Cemetery Hill, however, the I Corps could muster only a third of its men as effective for duty, and the corps was essentially destroyed as a combat force for the rest of the battle; it would be decommissioned in March 1864, its surviving units consolidated into other corps.[5]
On July 2, 1863, Army of the Potomac commander Maj. Gen.
Doubleday's staff nicknamed him "Forty-Eight Hours" as a compliment to recognize his tendency to avoid reckless or impulsive actions and his thoughtfulness and deliberateness in considering circumstances and possible responses.[11] In recent years, biographers have turned the nickname into an insult, incorrectly claiming "Forty-Eight Hours" was coined to highlight Doubleday's supposed incompetence and slowness to act.[11]
Washington
Doubleday assumed administrative duties in the defenses of Washington, D.C., where he was in charge of courts martial, which gave him legal experience that he used after the war. His only return to combat was directing a portion of the defenses against the attack by Confederate
Postbellum career
After the Civil War, Doubleday mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24, 1865, reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and became the colonel of the 35th U.S. Infantry in September 1867. He was stationed in San Francisco from 1869 through 1871 and he took out a patent for the
He retired in 1873.In the 1870s, he was listed in the New York business directory as a lawyer.
Doubleday spent much of his time writing. He published two important works on the Civil War: Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie (1876), and Chancellorsville and Gettysburg (1882), the latter being a volume of the series Campaigns of the Civil War.[6]
Theosophy
In the summer of 1878, Doubleday lived in Mendham Township, New Jersey, and became a prominent member of the Theosophical Society. When two of the founders of that society, Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, moved to India at the end of that year, he was constituted as the president of the American body.
Death
Doubleday died of heart disease in Mendham Township on January 26, 1893. Doubleday's body was laid in state in New York's City Hall and then was taken to Washington by train[5] from Mendham, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia.[6] He was survived by his wife.[12]
Baseball
Although Doubleday achieved minor fame as a competent combat general with experience in many important Civil War battles, he is more widely known as the supposed inventor of the game of baseball, in Elihu Phinney's cow pasture in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839.
The
However, there is considerable evidence to dispute this claim. Baseball historian George B. Kirsch has described the results of the Mills Commission as a "myth". He wrote, "Robert Henderson, Harold Seymour, and other scholars have since debunked the Doubleday-Cooperstown myth, which nonetheless remains powerful in the American imagination because of the efforts of Major League Baseball and the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown." At his death, Doubleday left many letters and papers, none of which describe baseball or give any suggestion that he considered himself a prominent person in the evolution of the game, and his New York Times obituary did not mention the game at all.[12] Chairman Mills himself, who had been a Civil War colleague of Doubleday and a member of the honor guard for Doubleday's body as it lay in state in New York City, never recalled hearing Doubleday describe his role as the inventor. Doubleday was a cadet at West Point in the year of the alleged invention and his family had moved away from Cooperstown the prior year. Furthermore, the primary testimony to the commission that connected baseball to Doubleday was that of Abner Graves, whose credibility is questionable; a few years later, he shot his wife to death and was committed to an institution for the criminally insane for the rest of his life.[2] Part of the confusion could stem from there being another man by the same name in Cooperstown in 1839.[14]
Despite the lack of solid evidence linking Doubleday to the origins of baseball, Cooperstown, New York, became the new home of what is today the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1937.
There may have been some relationship to baseball as a national sport and Abner Doubleday. While the modern rules of baseball were formulated in New York during the 1840s, it was the scattering of New Yorkers exposed to these rules throughout the country, that spread not only baseball, but also the "New York Rules", thereby harmonizing the rules, and being a catalyst for its growth. Doubleday was a high-ranking officer, whose duties included seeing to provisions for the US Army fighting throughout the south and border states. For the morale of the men, he is said to have provisioned balls and bats for the men.[15]
Namesakes and honors
Doubleday's men, admirers, and the state of New York erected a monument to him at Gettysburg.[16] There is a 7-foot (2.1 m) obelisk monument at Arlington National Cemetery where he is buried.[17]
Doubleday Field is a 9,791-seat baseball stadium named for Abner Doubleday, located in Cooperstown, New York, near the Baseball Hall of Fame.[18] It hosted the annual Hall of Fame Game, an exhibition game between two major league teams that was played from 1940 until 2008.[19] It has hosted the Hall of Fame Classic since 2009.[20]
The Auburn Doubledays are a collegiate summer baseball team based in Doubleday's hometown of Auburn, New York.[21]
Doubleday Field at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where the Army Black Knights play at Johnson Stadium, is named in Doubleday's honor.[22]
The Abner Doubleday Little League and Babe Ruth Fields in Ballston Spa, New York, the town of his birth. The house of his birth still stands in the middle of town and there is a monument to him on Front Street.
A sign at the Doubleday Hill Monument, erected in Williamsport, Maryland, to commemorate Doubleday's occupation of a hill there during the Civil War, claims he invented the game in 1835.[23]
Mendham Borough and Mendham Township, New Jersey has held a municipal holiday known as "Abner Doubleday Day" for numerous years in the General's honor[24] and commissioned a plaque near the site of his home in the borough in 1998, even though the borough was known as Mendham Township back then.[25]
In 2004, the Abner Doubleday Society erected a monument to Doubleday in Iron Spring Park, Ballston Spa, near his birthplace.[26]
In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Abner Doubleday was named in his honor.
In popular culture
In the movie The Ridiculous 6, Doubleday is portrayed by John Turturro. The character organizes the first game of baseball between the six main characters and a group of Chinese immigrants, creating the rules as he goes, primarily to allow him to win.
In the 23rd episode of the anime Samurai Champloo, titled "Baseball Blues", Doubleday and Alexander Cartwright are featured as American naval officers who engage the main characters and local Japanese people into a baseball game, which the Americans lose.
In the mini-series North and South, George Hazzard is seen watching a primitive form of baseball with a wounded Orry Main, while referring to the game being invented by Doubleday, a fellow West Point cadet.
See also
- List of American Civil War generals (Union)
- William Webb Ellis, sometimes apocryphally credited with inventing rugby football
Notes
- ^ Abner Doubleday at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ a b Kirsch, pp. xiii–xiv.
- ^ "The Doubleday myth is Cooperstown's gain: Pastoral village has become the heart of baseball folklore". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on September 26, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
- ^ a b c Beckenbaugh, pp. 611–612.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Tagg, pp. 25–27.
- ^ a b c d Eicher, p. 213.
- ^ a b Texas Handbook
- ^ Langellier, pp. 43, 45, 49.
- ^ Eicher, p. 703.
- ^ Coddington, pp. 690–691.
- ^ a b Barthel, p. 127
- ^ a b "Obituary – Gen. Abner Doubleday". The New York Times. January 28, 1893. p. 2. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ Kirsch, p. xiii.
- ^ Morris, Peter. But Didn't We Have Fun. Ivan R. Dee Publishing. 2008
- ^ "Bats, Balls, and Bullets". Essay by George B. Kirsch Civil War Times Illustrated. May 1998, pp. 30-37
- ^ "Featured Monument: Major-General Abner Doubleday Monument". Gettysburg Sculptures. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "Burial Detail: Doubleday, Abner". ANC Explorer.
- ^ "Cooperstown Connection: Doubleday Field, A Diamond in the Pasture". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ "Baseball Hall of Fame Game in Cooperstown will end after this year". Sports Illustrated. January 29, 2008. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008.
- ^ "History of Doubleday Field". Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
- ^ "Auburn Baseball History". Auburn Doubledays. Minor League Baseball. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "Johnson Stadium at Doubleday Field". Army West Point. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "Doubleday Hill". Maryland Historic District. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "1 Thing We Love About Morris: Baseball spring training". Morristown Daily Record. February 18, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- OCLC 646066586.
- ^ Post, Paul (April 9, 2011). "Abner Doubleday's presence still felt in Ballston Spa". The Saratogian. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
References
- Barthel, Thomas (2010). Abner Doubleday: A Civil War Biography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4561-5.
- Coddington, Edwin B. (1968). The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Doubleday, Abner (1998). My Life in the Old Army: The Reminiscences of Abner Doubleday. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 978-0-87565-185-9.
- Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
- Gomes, Michael. "Abner Doubleday and Theosophy in America: 1879–1884". Sunrise, April/May 1991.
- Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J. (2000). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5.
- Kirsch, George B. (2002). Baseball in Blue and Gray: The National Pastime During the Civil War. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05733-0.
- Langellier, John P. (2002). Second Manassas 1862: Robert E. Lee's Greatest Victory. Oxford, Eng.: Osprey Military. ISBN 978-1-84176-230-2.
- Tagg, Larry (1998). The Generals of Gettysburg: The Leaders of America's Greatest Battle. Campbell, California: Savas Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-882810-30-7. Archived from the originalon October 22, 2014.
- "Doubleday, Abner" in The Handbook of Texas.
Further reading
- Doubleday, Abner (1882). Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
- Doubleday, Abner (1998). Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-61. Charleston, South Carolina: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company. ISBN 1-877853-40-2.
- Hyde, Bill (2003). The Union Generals Speak: The Meade Hearings on the Battle of Gettysburg. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-2581-6.
- Silkenat, David. Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4696-4972-6.
External links
- Works by Abner Doubleday at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Abner Doubleday at Internet Archive
- Works by Abner Doubleday at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Defense of Madame Blavatsky
- Baseball Hall of Fame
- Photo of Abner Doubleday and wife Mary, taken by Mathew Brady, owned by University of Michigan Museum of Art
- Ulysses Freeman Doubleday – McLean County Museum of History