Abolition of monarchy
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The abolition of monarchy is a legislative or revolutionary movement to abolish monarchical elements in government, usually hereditary.
Abolition of
Abolition has been carried out in various ways, including via
Motivations for abolition include
In the 21st century, some countries that are monarchies have significant republican movements, such as Spain[3] and Australia.[4]
Since the beginning of the 20th century, restorations of monarchies have been comparatively rare. Examples are the
Ancient world
Classical Athens
The city-state of Athens was ruled by monarchs in a period before the establishment of Athenian Democracy. Most of this is either mythical or semi-historical. The Athenian monarchy was abolished and replaced with lifetime archons around 1068 BC, whose power was reduced over many years.[5]
Roman Kingdom/Republic
The Roman Republic was established after the overthrow of the seventh king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, in 509 BC, after his disrespect for Roman customs and the Senate as well as his use of violence to control Rome.[6]
Political theory
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Civil War and English Republic
Under the leadership of
In the
Atlantic and French Revolutions
American
Organized anti-monarchism in what is now the
French
One of the most significant abolitions of monarchy in history—along with the
The
Haitian
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19th century
Africa
Madagascar
The monarchy of Madagascar, known as the Merina Kingdom, came to an end in 1897 when France made it a colony and overthrew Queen Ranavalona III.
Zimbabwe
In 1629, the
Americas
Mexico
The
Brazil
In Brazil, the monarchy was formally established in 1815 through the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (of which the Kingdom of Brazil was a constituent state), it evolved into the Empire of Brazil in 1822, and was abolished in 1889, when Emperor Pedro II was overthrown by a republican military coup (the status of the republic was confirmed by a plebiscite in 1993 that resulted in 86% of the votes to the republican government).
Asia
Burma
The monarchy of Burma was abolished in 1885 when the last king, Thibaw Min, lost his throne and the country was annexed by Britain.
South Asia
In 1858 the
Europe
Italy
Between 1859 and 1861, four monarchies in Southern Europe ceased to exist (
.Spain
In Spain monarchy was abolished from 1873 to 1874 by the First Spanish Republic, but then restored until 1931.
Pacific
Hawaii
In 1893 foreign business leaders overthrew Queen
Tahiti
The monarchy of Tahiti came to an end in 1880 when France made it a colony and overthrew King Pōmare V.
Manu'a
After ceding sovereignty of the Manu'a islands of modern-day American Samoa to the United States in 1904, the last King of Manu'a, Tui Manu'a Elisara, died on 2 July 1909. All attempts to revive the position since his death have been met with opposition by the United States Government.[15]
20th century
Nationalism
China
The
The area of Tibet was ruled by the Ganden Phodrang government which continued through the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China until the Tibetan rebellion in 1959 where the monarchy in Tibet was dissolved although it continued in exile as the Central Tibetan Administration in India.
During the Xinhai Revolution, Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty of China in the Mongolian Revolution of 1911. The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia was subsequently proclaimed, although the Republic of China laid claims to Outer Mongolia and was widely recognized by the international community as having sovereignty over it. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was established, bringing an end to the monarchy in Mongolia.
World War I and aftermath
Russian Empire
World War I led to perhaps the greatest number of abolition of monarchies in history. The conditions inside the Russian Empire and the poor performance in the war gave rise to a
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Montenegro
The defeated
World War II and aftermath
Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Croatia
World War II saw another increased number of abolition of monarchies. In 1922, Benito Mussolini's
Republicanism
Australia (monarchy kept after referendum)
In a 1999 referendum, the voters of Australia rejected a proposal to replace the constitutional monarchy with a republic with a president appointed by Parliament. The proposal was rejected in all states, with only the Australian Capital Territory voting in favor. Though polling consistently showed a majority in favour of a republic, the result of the referendum was attributed to a split among republicans between those who supported the presented model and those who supported a directly elected president.[16][17][18][19]
Greece
In the
During the
The last king,
Spain
In Spain, the monarchy was again abolished in 1931 by the
Portugal
The monarchy of Portugal was also overthrown in 1910 (5 October), two years after the assassination of King Carlos I, ending the reign of Manuel II, who died in exile in England (1932), without issue.
Communism, socialism, and Islamism
Afghanistan
In 1973, the monarchy of King
Ethiopia
Emperor
Indochina
In 1945, during the
Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchies of
Iran
The monarchy of Iran was abolished by the
Dictatorship
Egypt
The monarchy of Egypt was abolished in 1953, after the
.Iraq
The monarchy of Iraq ended in 1958 when King
Yemen
The monarchy of Yemen was abolished in 1962 when King Muhammad al-Badr was overthrown in a coup, although he continued to resist his opponents until 1970.
Libya
King Idris of Libya was overthrown by a military coup led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1969.
Imperialism expansion and decolonisation
Commonwealth of Nations
Many monarchies were abolished in the middle of the 20th century or later as part of the process of decolonization. The monarchies of India, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, Guyana, and Malawi were abolished shortly after they became independent of the United Kingdom, while remaining within the
Korea
In 1910 the last emperor of Korea,
South Asia
The
In 1947, it was agreed that India would be partitioned into the independent British dominions of India and Pakistan, with the princely states acceding to one nation or the other. The accession process proceeded smoothly, with the notable exception of four of the most influential principalities. The Muslim ruler of the Hindu-majority state of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan, but his decision was overruled by the Indian government, while Hyderabad chose to be independent, but was forcibly annexed to India in 1948. The Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, among the largest and most powerful of the principalities, but with a Muslim-majority population, initially held off on a decision. In the autumn of 1947, an invading force from Pakistan frightened the ruler into acceding to India. The ruler of Kalat, in Baluchistan, declared his independence in 1947, after which the state was forcibly merged with Pakistan, resulting in an insurgency persisting to this day. With the promulgation of the Indian constitution in 1950, India abolished its monarchy under the British crown and became a Republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, followed by Pakistan in 1956; as a result of both developments, the majority of the princes formally lost their sovereign rights. A few remaining principalities in Pakistan retained their autonomy until 1969 when they finally acceded to Pakistan. The Indian government formally derecognized its princely families in 1971, followed by Pakistan in 1972.
Finally, in 1975, King Palden Thondup Namgyal of Sikkim lost his throne when the country became a state of India following a referendum.
21st century
Nepal
The Kingdom of Nepal was transformed into a Republic by the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly in 2008.[21][22]
Malaysia
There was a large protest in support of Malaysia becoming a republic in 2012.[23]
United Arab Emirates
There was a coup plot by Al Islah (United Arab Emirates) to overthrow the monarchy of the United Arab Emirates and establish an Islamic republic.[24]
Cambodia
There were very large protests in Cambodia against the monarchy and the government for democracy in 2013.[25]
Barbados
Barbados abolished the Monarchy of Barbados and became a republic on November 30, 2021 via constitutional amendment by the Parliament.[26]
United Kingdom
This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2023) |
Upon the accession of King Charles III there were some minor protests against the monarchy. Some protesters were arrested, but they were later released without further action being taken.[27][28]
Monarchism in former monarchies
In a
New monarchies in the 20th century
The 20th century also saw the formation of a number of new monarchies that still exist to this day such as Bhutan (1907), Jordan (1921), Saudi Arabia (1932), and Malaysia (1957).
Summary table since the 20th century
Country | Last monarch | Year | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1900s | ||||
Songhai | Askia Malla | 1901 | Ousted by the French, the country became a part of French West Africa. | |
Rimatara | Tamaeva V | Ousted by the French. | ||
Nuku Hiva | Ousted by the French. | |||
Gumma | Firisa | 1902 | Annexed by Ethiopian Empire | |
Aceh | Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II | 1903 | Aceh War | |
Dahomey | Agoli-agbo | 1904 | In 1904 the area became part of a French colony, French Dahomey. | |
Oyo | Adeyemi I Alowolodu | 1905 | Last monarch died, the country became a part of British Southern Nigeria Protectorate. | |
Habr Yunis | Nur Ahmed Aman | 1907 | Incorporation into British Somaliland. | |
Bali | Dewa Agung Jambe II | 1908 | Incorporation into Dutch East Indies. | |
Mwali | 1909 | The country was incorporated into French Third Republic. | ||
1910s | ||||
Portugal | Manuel II | 1910 | Republican Coup d'État. | |
Korea | Sunjong | Native monarchy abolished; replaced by rule by Japan, a monarchy, through 1945. | ||
Angoche | Ousted by the Portuguese, the country was incorporated into Portugal. | |||
Nri | Eze Nri Òbalíke | 1911 | Ousted by the British, the country became a part of Southern Nigeria Protectorate. | |
Kasanje | The country was incorporated into Portuguese West Africa .
| |||
Riau-Lingga | Abdul Rahman II | Abolished by the Dutch. | ||
China | Xuantong | 1912 | Xinhai Revolution – Emperor ousted by warlords and republicans. (Briefly restored in 1917 )
| |
Wadai | Dud Murra of Wadai | French annexation of Wadai Empire. | ||
Ndzuwani
|
Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar | The country was incorporated into French Third Republic. | ||
Samos | Grigorios Vegleris | The country was incorporated into Greece. | ||
Kongo | Manuel III of Kongo | 1914 | Position abolished by Portuguese after an unsuccessful revolt. | |
Mbunda | Mwene Mbandu Kapova I of Mbunda | Position abolished by Portuguese after an unsuccessful revolt. | ||
Sultanate of Sulu | Sultan Jamalul-Kiram II | 1915 | Split into British North Borneo and the Dutch East Indies .
| |
Darfur | Ali Dinar | 1916 | Darfur formally re-incorporated into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. | |
China | Hongxian | Monarchy dropped, shortly after the outbreak of the National Protection War. | ||
Russia | Nicholas II
|
1917 | Russian Revolution of 1917 .
| |
Finland
|
Finnish Declaration of Independence. | |||
Montenegro | Nicholas I | 1918 | Referendum deposed King and united Montenegro with Serbia. | |
Germany | William II
|
All on account of German defeat in World War I and the following German Revolution .
| ||
Prussia | ||||
Bavaria | Ludwig III | |||
Württemberg | William II | |||
Saxony | Frederick Augustus III | |||
Hesse | Ernest Louis | |||
Baden | Frederick II | |||
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
|
William Ernest | |||
Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Frederick Francis IV
| |||
Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Adolphus Frederick VI
| |||
Oldenburg | Frederick Augustus II | |||
Brunswick | Ernst Augustus | |||
Anhalt | Joachim Ernst | |||
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
|
Charles Edward | |||
Saxe-Meiningen
|
Bernhard III | |||
Saxe-Altenburg
|
Ernst II | |||
Waldeck-Pyrmont
|
Friedrich | |||
Lippe | Leopold IV | |||
Schaumburg-Lippe | Adolf II | |||
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
|
Günther Victor | |||
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
| ||||
Reuss Elder Line
|
Heinrich XXIV | |||
Reuss Younger Line
|
Heinrich XXVII | |||
Austria | Charles I | Charles I "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate. Monarchy officially abolished by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, on 10 September 1919. | ||
Finland | Frederick Charles I | Monarchy never in effect. | ||
Lithuania | Mindaugas II | |||
Poland
|
Ruled by Regency Council
| |||
United Baltic Duchy | Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg | |||
Courland and Semigallia | Nobody, it was supposed to be a descendant of Ernst Johann von Biron[clarification needed] | |||
Hungary | Charles IV | Monarchy restored in 1920, although the throne remained vacant with a Regent. | ||
Serbia | Peter I | Country transformed to Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, then Kingdom of Yugoslavia .
| ||
Ukraine | Pavlo Skoropadskyi | Removed from power, following an uprising led by Symon Petliura and the withdrawal of German forces from Kiev. | ||
1920s | ||||
Bukhara (Uzbekistan) | Mohammed Alim Khan
|
1920 | Monarchy deposed by an invasion by the Red Army (Bukhara operation). | |
Khiva (Uzbekistan) | Abdallah Khan of Khiva | Monarchy deposed by a communist uprising aided by the Red Army (Khivan Revolution). | ||
North Caucasian Emirate | Uzun Hajji Saltinsky | Abolished by the Bolsheviks. | ||
Syria | Faisal I
|
Monarchy deposed, following the Siege of Damascus .
| ||
Upper Asir | Al-Hasan Bin Ayad | Incorporation into Nejd. | ||
Jabal Shammar | Muhammad bin Talal Al Rashid | 1921 | ||
Ottoman Empire | Mehmed VI | 1922 | Sultanate abolished in 1922.
| |
Wituland | Fumo 'Umar ibn Ahmad | 1923 | Sultanate abolished by British, the country was incorporated into Kenya Colony. | |
Greece
|
George II | 1924 | Restored 1935 and later abolished again in 1973 (see below). | |
Mongolia
|
Bogd Khan | Communist People's Republic proclaimed after the Bogd Khan's death. | ||
Albania | William I
|
1925 | Monarchy restored in 1928 ( Albanian Kingdom ).
| |
Mohammerah
|
Khaz'al al-Ka'bi
|
Sheikhdom abolished by Persia
| ||
Hejaz | Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz | Nejd
| ||
Kurdistan | Mahmud Barzanji | Kingdom of Kurdistan reconquered by the British. | ||
Orungu | Rogombé-Nwèntchandi | 1927 | Position abolished by French. | |
Hobyo | Ali Yusuf Kenadid | Incorporated into Italian Somaliland. | ||
Afghanistan | Habibullāh Kalakāni | 1929 | After the fall of Kalakani on 13 October 1929, the Emirate ended, and was replaced by the revived Kingdom of Afghanistan. | |
1930s | ||||
Beda
|
1930 | The country was incorporated into the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen .
| ||
Asir | Sayyid al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Idrisi al-Hasani | The country was incorporated into Saudi Arabia. | ||
Kumul | Maqsud Shah | Upon Maqsud Shah's death in March 1930 Jin Shuren replaced the Khanate with three normal provincial administrative districts Hami, Yihe, and Yiwu. This set off the Kumul Rebellion, in which Yulbars Khan attempted to restore the heir Nasir to the throne. | ||
Spain
|
Alfonso XIII
|
1931 | Later restored (see below). | |
Najran | Ali II ibn Muhsin ibn Husayn | 1934 | The country was incorporated into Saudi Arabia. | |
Jimma | Abba Jofir | 1932 | Ousted by Ethiopians, Jimma incorporated into the Ethiopian Empire. | |
Albania
|
Zog I
|
1939 | Throne usurped by Victor Emmanuel III, after Italian invasion .
| |
1940s | ||||
Albania
|
Victor Emmanuel III
|
1943 | Relinquished throne after Italian armistice in 1943.
| |
Croatia | Tomislav II
|
Abdicated after withdrawal of Italian support in 1943. | ||
Iceland | Christian X | 1944 | Union with Denmark terminated and a republic declared after a referendum was held and the results was in favour of an independent republic | |
Montenegro
|
Ruled by a Governor in the absence of a monarch | Monarchy abolished after takeover by Yugoslav Partisans | ||
Yugoslavia | Peter II | 1945 | Monarchy abolished by the Communist regime of Josip Broz Tito | |
Manchukuo | Kangde | Monarchy abolished after the Surrender of Japan. Territories returned to the Republic of China. | ||
Gowa | Muhammad Tahur Muhibuddin | Sultanate abolished. | ||
Vietnam | Bảo Đại | Monarchy abolished after the Surrender of Japan. | ||
Gypsy | Janos I | The king abdicated and no successor was elected. | ||
Hungary | Miklós Horthy as Regent | 1946 | Decision of the parliament without a referendum. | |
Italy | Umberto II | Referendum; official result: 54.3% in favour of republic. | ||
Bulgaria | Simeon II | Referendum held to decide whether the monarchy would be retained; 95% in favour of republic. Tsar Simeon II was exiled by the Communist Fatherland Front regime.
Simeon later served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2001 to 2005. | ||
Sarawak
|
Charles Vyner Brooke | Colony of Sarawak
| ||
Deli | Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah | Acts of violence against the nobility reached their peak during the bloody incident known as the Tengku Amir Hamzah , the Indonesian poet who was beheaded in Kuala Begumit. The family of the Sultanate of Deli and Serdang survived thanks to the protection of the Allied soldiers who were there to accept the surrender of the Japanese.
| ||
Asahan | Shaibun Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah | |||
Langkat | Mahmud Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah | |||
Serdang | Sulaiman Syariful Alam Shah | |||
Romania | Michael I | 1947 | Forced to abdicate and exiled by the Communists. | |
Ireland | George VI | 1949 | Abolished the last " Republic of Ireland Act 1948 as from 18 April 1949, which also saw Ireland become a republic outside the British Commonwealth. Ten days later, the London Declaration was enacted to allow republics and native monarchies to become members of the newly renamed Commonwealth of Nations
| |
Mangkunegaran | Mangkunegara VII | |||
Siak | Kasim Abdul Jalil Syaifudin I | The Sultan also handed over his property for the struggle of independence of the Republic of Indonesia. | ||
Surakarta Sunanate | Pakubuwono XII | After the declaration of independence of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, followed by Indonesian National Revolution, the Surakarta Sunanate with Mangkunegaran Princedom sent a letter of confidence to Sukarno to demonstrate their support for the Indonesian Republic. As the reward the Republic awarded the status of Daerah Istimewa (Special Region, similar to today's Yogyakarta Sultanate) within the Republic of Indonesia. However, because the political agitation and opposition from Indonesian communists that led to an anti-monarchy movement and rebellion in early 1946, on 16 June 1946 the Indonesian Republic aborted the special region status; both Surakarta's and Mangkunegara's status were reduced to merely a residence and were later merged into Central Java province. | ||
1950s | ||||
Pontianak | Syarif Hamid II of Pontianak | 1950 | Integration with Indonesia. | |
Kotawaringin | ||||
India | George VI | Abolished republic in the Commonwealth of Nations .
| ||
Jaisalmer | Giridhar Singh Bhati | The Republic of India in 1950.
| ||
Mysore | Jayachamaraja Wodeyar
|
The Republic of India in 1950
| ||
Princely States | 1947–1974 | Political integration of India | ||
Tibet
|
Tenzin Gyatso | 1951 | Annexed by the People's Republic of China. | |
Egypt | Fuad II | 1953 | Republic proclaimed one year after the 1952 Coup d'état .
| |
Pakistan | Elizabeth II | 1956 | Abolished its monarchy as from March 1956. | |
Tunisia | Muhammad VIII | 1957 | Decision of the parliament. | |
Ashanti | Prempeh II
|
1957 | Entered into state union with Ghana after independence from the United Kingdom. | |
Iraq | Faisal II
|
1958 | coup d'état | |
Bima | Muhammad Salahuddin
|
In 1958, the Sumbawan principalities were abolished by the Indonesian republic and replaced by a modern bureaucratic structure | ||
1960s | ||||
Buton | Falihi of Buton | 1960 | ||
Ghana | Elizabeth II | Abolished its monarchy as from 1 July 1960, following a referendum; official result: 88% in favour of republic. Kwame Nkrumah became the first President of Ghana (1960–66) | ||
South Africa | 1961 | Abolished its monarchy as from 31 May 1961 pursuant to 1960 referendum; official result: 53% in favour of republic. South Africa temporarily withdrew from the Commonwealth – but returned to Commonwealth membership on 1 June 1994. | ||
Rwanda | Kigeli V
|
coup d'état, followed by referendum; official result: 80% in favor of abolishing monarchy. | ||
Tanganyika | Elizabeth II | 1962 | Abolished President of Tanganyika
| |
Yemen
|
Muhammad al-Badr | coup d'état | ||
South Kasai | Albert Kalonji | Status of the head of this state was complicated, Albert Kalonji used the title of Mulopwe (God-king/Emperor). | ||
Nigeria
|
Elizabeth II | 1963 | Abolished its monarchy as from 1 October 1963. Nnamdi Azikiwe became the first President of Nigeria (1963–66) | |
Uganda
|
Abolished Kabaka Mutesa II of Buganda became the first President of Uganda (1963–66)
| |||
Kenya | 1964 | Abolished its monarchy on 12 December 1964. Jomo Kenyatta became the first President of Kenya (1964–78) | ||
Zanzibar | Jamshid bin Abdullah
|
Zanzibar Revolution | ||
Burundi
|
Ntare V
|
1966 | coup d'état | |
Malawi | Elizabeth II | Abolished its monarchy as from July 1966. Hastings Banda became the first President of Malawi (1966–94) | ||
Fadhli Sultanate | Nasser bin Abdullah bin Hussein bin Ahmed Alfadhli | 1967 | The countries were incorporated into newly created People's Republic of South Yemen .
| |
Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut | Ghalib II bin Awadh bin Saleh Al Qu'aiti | |||
Sultanate of Upper Yafa
|
Muhammad ibn Salih Harharah | |||
Sultanate of Lower Yafa
|
Mahmud ibn Aidrus Al Afifi | |||
Muflahi Sheikhdom
|
al Qasim ibn Abd ar Rahman | |||
Audhali Sultanate
|
Salih ibn al Husayn ibn Jabil Al Audhali | |||
Emirate of Beihan | Saleh al Hussein Al Habieli | |||
Dathina Sheikhdom
|
||||
Emirate of Dhala | Shafaul ibn Ali Shaif Al Amiri | |||
Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf in Hadhramaut
|
||||
Sheikhdom of Shaib
|
Yahya ibn Mutahhar al-Saqladi | |||
Alawi Sheikhdom
|
Salih ibn Sayil Al Alawi | |||
Aqrabi Sheikhdom
|
Mahmud ibn Muhammad Al Aqrabi | |||
Wahidi Sultanate of Haban in Hadhramaut
|
Husayn ibn Abd Allah Al Wahidi | |||
Qutaibi Sheikhdom
|
||||
Hadrami Sheikhdom
|
||||
Mausatta Sheikhdom | ||||
Busi Sheikhdom | ||||
Dhabi Sheikhdom | ||||
Haushabi Sultanate
|
Faisal bin Surur Al Haushabi | |||
Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut | Al Husayn ibn Ali | |||
Mahra Sultanate | ||||
Sultanate of Lahej | Ali bin Abd al Karim al Abdali | |||
Sheikhdom of al-Hawra | ||||
Sheikhdom of al-`Irqa
|
||||
Lower Aulaqi Sultanate | Nasir ibn Aidrus Al Awlaqi | |||
Upper Aulaqi Sultanate | Awad ibn Salih Al Awlaqi | |||
Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom | Amir Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al Yaslami Al Aulaqi | |||
Ankole | Gasiyonga II | The kingdom was formally abolished in 1967 by the government of President Kingdom of Ankole .
| ||
Tidore | Zainal Abidin Syah | Sultanate abolished. | ||
Maldives | Muhammad Fareed Didi | 1968 | Republic referendum, which found a majority in favour of a republic. Ibrahim Nasir became President of the Maldives (1968–78). | |
Libya | Idris I
|
1969 | Coup d'état by 1969 Libyan coup d'état .
| |
Saloum | Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof | After both King's deaths, both kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960. | ||
Sine | Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof | |||
1970s | ||||
Rhodesia | Elizabeth II | 1970 | Abolished its unrecognised monarchy. An unrecognised government of the British colony of Southern Rhodesia had unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia in 1965, proclaiming Elizabeth II as Queen, but she did not accept the title, nor was it recognised by any other state. Following a referendum in 1969, in which 81% voted to abolish the monarchy, a republic was declared in 1970. Rhodesia was internationally recognised as a British colony right through to 1980, when Rhodesia became the independent republic of Zimbabwe, which was a member of the Commonwealth from 1980 to December 2003. | |
Cambodia | Norodom Sihanouk | Later restored (see below). | ||
The Gambia | Elizabeth II | Abolished its monarchy after a 1970 referendum in favour. Sir Dawda Jawara became the first President of the Gambia (1970–94) | ||
Guyana | Abolished its monarchy. | |||
Sierra Leone | 1971 | Abolished its monarchy. | ||
Ceylon | 1972 | Abolished its monarchy in May 1972, state name changed into "Sri Lanka". | ||
Afghanistan | Mohammed Zahir Shah
|
1973 | Coup d'état | |
Greece
|
Constantine II | 1974 | referendum; official result: 69% against monarchy | |
Malta | Elizabeth II | Abolished its monarchy. | ||
Ethiopia | Haile Selassie I / Amha Selassie
|
1975 | Abolished the monarchy following a coup d'état in 1974 | |
Sikkim | Palden Thondup Namgyal | state of India .
| ||
Laos | Savang Vatthana
|
Communist takeover by the Pathet Lao | ||
Trinidad and Tobago | Elizabeth II | 1976 | Abolished its monarchy. | |
Iran | Mohammad Reza Pahlavi | 1979 | Iranian Revolution | |
Central Africa | Bokassa I
|
coup d'état | ||
1980s | ||||
Rwenzururu
|
Charles Mumbere | 1982 | Forced to abdicate by the government of Uganda; declaration of independence of Rwenzururu was annulled. | |
Fiji | Elizabeth II | 1987 | Abolished its monarchy as a result of two military coups by Sitiveni Rabuka. Elizabeth II remained recognized as Paramount Chief by the Great Council of Chiefs until the council's de-establishment on 14 March 2012 by Frank Bainimarama. Additionally, the Queen's portrait continued to feature on Fijian coins and banknotes until 2013. | |
1990s | ||||
Kuwait | Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah | 1990 | Dethroned due to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Restored in 1991 (see below). | |
Mauritius | Elizabeth II | 1992 | Abolished its monarchy. Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo became the first President of Mauritius (1992) | |
2000s | ||||
Samoa | Malietoa Tanumafili II | 2007 | Since the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II, subsequent Tama-a-Aiga families has been proposed.[1]
If this occurs, then Samoa would effectively become a constitutional monarchy instead of a republic. | |
Nepal | Gyanendra | 2008 | Decision of the parliament and without consent of the people of Nepal, as a referendum was never held.[29] | |
Lo | Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista | Abolished by order of the Government of Nepal.[30] | ||
2020s | ||||
Barbados | Elizabeth II | 2021 | Abolished its monarchy through a decision by the country's politicians without a referendum being held. |
Monarchies that were abolished, restored, and continue to exist in the 21st century
Country | Year abolished | Notes | Year restored | Years of republic | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
England | 1649 | Commonwealth of England established, then Parliament reversed itself and invited the return of the monarchy. | 1660 | 11 | |
Scotland | 1652 | Commonwealth | 1660 | 8 | |
Spain | 1873 | First Spanish Republic established. | 1874 | 1 | |
1931 | Second Spanish Republic established; restored (de jure) under the regency of Francisco Franco. | De jure: 1947 De facto: 1975 |
De jure: 16 De facto: 44 | ||
Kuwait | 1990 | Republic of Kuwait proclaimed prior to annexation by Iraq; restored in the Gulf War. | 1991 | 1 | |
Cambodia
|
1970 | The Khmer Republic established; restored as an elective monarchy. | 1993 | 23 |
Many other monarchies continue to exist in the 21st century, never having been abolished.
See also
- Alliance of European Republican Movements
- Criticism of monarchy
- Democratization
- List of countries by date of transition to a republican system of government
- List of last scions
- List of monarchy referendums
- List of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 17th century
- List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 17th century
- List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 18th century
- List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century
- Debate on the monarchy in Canada
- 2009 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines constitutional referendum
- 2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum
References
- ^ "We need to abolish the monarchy – because it's not fair on anyone, including the royals". The Independent. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "'Essentially, the monarchy is corrupt' – will republicanism survive Harry and Meghan?". The Guardian. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "Royal families: The countries that feel the strongest about abolishing their monarchies". QZ. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "Does the monarchy have a future?". Dhaka Tribune. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 3
- ^ Matyszak 2003, p. 41.-42.
- ^ "The Restoration of a Limited Monarchy in England: Definition & History – Video & Lesson Transcript". study.com. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ISBN 0-631-13928-1
- ^ "Stamp Act crisis and significance". Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-4000-7547-8.
- ^ "Dispossessing Loyalists and Redistributing Property in Revolutionary New York". The New York Public Library. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-4516-7543-6. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
If most Americans saw the danger of addressing Washington as their American Caesar – he had absolutely no interest in becoming emperor – they nevertheless found it surprisingly appealing.
- ISBN 0-226-22482-1.
- ^ Compare the 1871 election results with those of the end of the century, in which monarchist candidates barely attained any seats.
- ^ "Tufele; Young v." American Samoa Bar Associations. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ Turnbull, Malcolm (1999). Fighting for the Republic. South Yarra: Hardie Grant Books. p. 250.
- ISBN 0-14-027983-0.
- S2CID 153786108.
- ^ Steketee, Mike (31 October 2009). "Ten years after the referendum, we are no closer to a republic". The Australian. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ "Título X. De la reforma constitucional – Constitución Española".
- ^ "Why did Nepalese people abolish monarchy?". 13 June 2008.
- ^ "Nepal to Abolish Monarchy". NPR. 24 December 2007.
- ^ Karim, Aeshah (31 August 2012). "Pakatan's new Malaysia flag: Not a copycat? Turning Malaysia to a Republic?". Aeshah Adlina's Weblog. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "UAE to try 94 nationals on alleged coup d'etat plans: official - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ Faulconbridge, Guy; Ellsworth, Brian (30 November 2022). "Barbados ditches Britain's Queen Elizabeth to become a republic". Reuters.
- ^ "King's Coronation: 21 people arrested face no further action, Met says". BBC News. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Met Police arrest anti-monarchy protesters". BBC News. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "World | South Asia | Nepal votes to abolish monarchy". BBC News. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ "Nepali deputy PM asks district "king" to step down_English_Xinhua". 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2022.