Abortion in Florida
Abortion in Florida is currently legal up until a gestational age of 15 weeks, whilst an embryonic heartbeat ban set to take effect on May 1, 2024 restricts abortion after a gestational age of 6 weeks after the woman's last menstrual period. Both pieces of legislation were passed by the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate, then signed into law by Governor Ron DeSantis.
The exceptions to the 6 weeks gestational age ban are as follows: (1) within 15 weeks gestational age, if the woman can give evidence from medical or official documentation that the pregnancy is due to rape, incest, or human trafficking; (2) before the
From 1868 to 1972, abortion law in Florida stated that abortion was illegal unless "necessary to preserve the life of such mother", but the Supreme Court of Florida in 1972 ruled that this law was unconstitutionally vague, leading to its repeal. In 1973, the
In 1989, the Supreme Court of Florida ruled that the Constitution of Florida's provision for the "right to be let alone and free from governmental intrusion into his private life" extended to a woman's choice to have an abortion. In April 2024, the Supreme Court of Florida overturned its 1989 decision, instead ruling that the Constitution of Florida does not confer a right to abortion, allowing the 15-week abortion ban to remain in effect. The Court's decision also allowed an embryonic heartbeat ban to take effect 30 days after the ruling.[1] In a simultaneous opinion, the Supreme Court also approved Florida Amendment 4 to proceed to the November 2024 ballot, which would enshrine a constitutional right to abortion before fetal viability, and after viability when necessary to protect the patient's health as determined by their healthcare provider.[2][3]
History
1868–1972
Florida's first abortion law was implemented in 1868, lasting until 1972; it stated:[4][5]
Abortion: Every person who shall administer to any woman pregnant with a quick child any medicine, drug or substance whatever, or shall use or employ any instrument or other means, with intent thereby to destroy such child, unless the same shall have been necessary to preserve the life of such mother, or shall have been advised by two physicians to be necessary for such purpose, shall, in case the death of such child or of such mother be thereby produced, be deemed guilty of manslaughter.
Performing abortion; punishment: Whoever with intent to procure miscarriage of any woman unlawfully administers to her, or advises or prescribes for her, or causes to be taken by her, any poison, drug, medicine or other noxious thing, or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means whatever with the like intent, or with intent aids or assists therein, shall, if the woman does riot die in consequence thereof, be punished by imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding seven years, or by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars.
From 1868 to 1972, there were only seven legal cases regarding abortion reported from Florida's
In April 1972, the Florida legislature implemented a new abortion law, built upon the 1962 Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute.[8][9] Parts of the law are as follows:[10][11]
It shall be unlawful to terminate the pregnancy of a human being unless the pregnancy is terminated in an approved facility by a physician who certifies in writing that: (a) To a reasonable degree of medical certainty the continuation of the pregnancy would substantially impair the life or health of the female; (b) There is substantial risk that the continuation of the pregnancy would result in the birth of a child with a serious physical or mental defect; or (c) There is reasonable cause to believe that the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest.
1973–2022
In January 1973, the
In 1989, the
Florida was one of ten states in 2007 to have a customary informed consent provision for abortions.
In 2017, the Supreme Court of Florida ruled in the case of Gainesville Woman Care, LLC v. State that the Florida law, requiring pregnant women to wait 24 hours after their initial medical consultation to be able to obtain an abortion, is "presumptively unconstitutional", as "the state impermissibly interferes with women's fundamental right of privacy", and the state thus far "has presented no evidence of a compelling state interest"; however this ruling did not result in the end of the legal case, which was sent back to lower courts.[21][22][23]
2022–present
The United States Supreme Court in December 2021 heard oral arguments in the case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, where the justices seemed supportive of taking action against Roe v. Wade.[24][25] Predicting that the United States Supreme Court would soon rule against Roe v. Wade, several states, including Florida, Idaho and Oklahoma, began taking steps to implement legislation that would restrict abortions.[26]
The Reducing Fetal and Infant Mortality bill (HB 5) was passed by the Florida House of Representatives in February 2022, then passed by the Florida Senate in March 2022, and then signed into law by Florida Governor Ron DeSantis in April 2022.[27][28] The law redefined "gestation" to be "calculated from the first day of the pregnant woman's last menstrual period", and then stated that abortion would be illegal (with exceptions) in Florida if a "physician determines the gestational age of the fetus is more than 15 weeks".[29][30] Exceptions for the abortion ban were allowed for instances to "save the pregnant woman's life", or "avert a serious risk of substantial and irreversible physical impairment of a major bodily function" of the pregnant woman, or if the fetus has a "fatal fetal abnormality".[30][31]
In April 2022, the case Gainesville Woman Care, LLC v. State was resolved in Leon County Circuit Court, that ruled as constitutional the Florida law requiring pregnant women to wait 24 hours after their initial medical consultation to be able to obtain an abortion.[32][33]
In June 2022, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, overturning both Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, and hence returning the power to regulate abortion to state legislatures.[34]
HB 5 faced legal scrutiny as a state judge moved to block enforcement of the law on July 5, 2022, ruling that the
The Heartbeat Protection Act (SB 300) was passed by the Florida Senate, then passed by the Florida House of Representatives, and then signed into law by Governor Ron DeSantis, all in April 2023.[38] The 2023 bill states that abortion would be illegal (with exceptions) in Florida if a "physician determines the gestational age of the fetus is more than 6 weeks".[39] Many women do not yet know that they are pregnant when the fetus is at a gestational age of 6 weeks since the woman's last menstrual period.[39][40][41]
There are four exceptions to the six week gestational age abortion ban.[39][41]
- "At the time the woman schedules or arrives for her appointment to obtain the abortion", if she can give evidence using "restraining order, police report, medical record, or other court order or documentation" that her pregnancy is due to "rape, incest, or human trafficking", then an abortion can be legally carried out up to a gestational age of 15 weeks.[42]
- Before the third trimester, two doctors "certify in writing that, in reasonable medical judgment, the fetus has a fatal fetal abnormality".[42]
- Two doctors "certify in writing that, in reasonable medical judgment", that abortion "is necessary to save the pregnant woman's life or avert a serious risk of substantial and irreversible physical impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman other than a psychological condition."[42]
- One doctor "certifies in writing that, in reasonable medical judgment, there is a medical necessity for legitimate emergency medical procedures" to carry out the abortion "to save the pregnant woman's life or avert a serious risk of substantial and irreversible physical impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman other than a psychological condition, and another physician is not available for consultation.[31][43]
HB 5 was upheld by the
Health crises
In 2022, two women in Florida, both of whom had been undergoing fertility treatment, experienced pre-viability preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) in their second trimesters. The standard of care in such situations is to induce labor or surgically end the pregnancy; according to The Washington Post, pre-Dobbs, physicians in all states would have offered such a procedure, but both women were sent home, and both developed serious complications, including ones that threatened their future fertility. State Senator Erin Grall, who sponsored both HB5 and SB300, accused physicians of intentionally misinterpreting the bill in such cases for political reasons.[44]
Clinic history
Byllye Avery opened the first abortion clinic in Florida in Gainesville. The clinic had blue shag carpets, which for many women at that time gave them comfort as it showed the abortion would not be a bloody affair, requiring tiled, easy-to-clean floors.[45] Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by 7, going from 140 in 1982 to 133 in 1992.[46] In 2017, there were 65 abortion clinics in the state,[47] and over 73% of the counties in the state do not have an abortion clinic. In 2014, 20% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[48] In 2017, there were 22 Planned Parenthood clinics, of which 13 offered abortion services. At the time, Florida had 4,404,228 women aged 15–49.[49]
Statistics
In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15 – 44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.[50] In 1990, 1,389,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[46] The highest number of legally induced abortions by the state in the years 2000, 2001, and 2003 occurred in New York City with 94,466; 91,792; and 90,820 successful abortions, respectively, followed by Florida with 88,563; 85,589; and 88,247 respectively and Texas with 76,121; 77,409 and 79,166 respectively.[51][52][53] In 2014, a poll conducted by the Pew Research Center showed that 56% of the population wanted abortion to remain legal and 38% disagreed with this stance.[54] In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 6.1 deaths per 1,000 live births.[55]
In the year following the overturn of Roe v. Wade, Florida saw an 48.2% increase in abortions, primarily driven by patients traveling from states with abortion bans.[56]
Census division and state | Number | Rate | % change 1992–1996 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | 1995 | 1996 | 1992 | 1995 | 1996 | ||
South Atlantic | 269,200 | 261,990 | 263,600 | 25.9 | 24.6 | 24.7 | –5 |
Delaware | 5,730 | 5,790 | 4,090 | 35.2 | 34.4 | 24.1 | –32 |
District of Columbia | 21,320 | 21,090 | 20,790 | 138.4 | 151.7 | 154.5 | 12 |
Florida | 84,680 | 87,500 | 94,050 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 7 |
Georgia | 39,680 | 36,940 | 37,320 | 24 | 21.2 | 21.1 | –12 |
Maryland | 31,260 | 30,520 | 31,310 | 26.4 | 25.6 | 26.3 | 0 |
North Carolina | 36,180 | 34,600 | 33,550 | 22.4 | 21 | 20.2 | –10 |
South Carolina | 12,190 | 11,020 | 9,940 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 11.6 | –19 |
Virginia | 35,020 | 31,480 | 29,940 | 22.7 | 20 | 18.9 | –16 |
West Virginia | 3,140 | 3,050 | 2,610 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 6.6 | –14 |
Location | Residence | Occurrence | % obtained by out-of-state residents |
Year | Ref | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Rate^ | Ratio^^ | No. | Rate^ | Ratio^^ | ||||
Florida | 84,680 | 30 | 1992 | [57] | |||||
Florida | 87,500 | 30 | 1995 | [57] | |||||
Florida | 94,050 | 32 | 1996 | [57] | |||||
Florida | -- | -- | -- | 72,107 | 19.6 | 328 | -- | 2014 | [58] |
Florida | -- | -- | -- | 69,770 | 18.5 | 310 | -- | 2016 | [59] |
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births |
Abortion Related Prosecutions
In February 2009, Dr. Pierre Jean-Jacques Renelique had his license revoked by the Florida Medical Board. Renelique also had a criminal investigation against him conducted by the Florida Attorney regarding a 2006 incident where it was alleged that a teenage girl gave birth during an abortion procedure, and staff at his clinic disposed of the baby in a garbage bag in an attempt to cover up the events.[60]
Abortion Rights Views and Activities
Protests
#StopTheBans was created in response to six states passing legislation in early 2019 that would almost completely outlaw abortion. Advocates for reproductive rights wanted to protest this activity as other state legislatures started to consider similar bans as part of a move to try to overturn Roe v. Wade. At least one protest as part of #StopTheBans took place in the state.[61] The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) later in 2022.[62][63]
On June 10, 2022, a synagogue in Boynton Beach filed a lawsuit against the state of Florida regarding their 15-week abortion ban, stating that the ban violated religious freedom of Jews.[64]
Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion rights protests were held outside the Florida State Capitol in Tallahassee,[65] the Wynwood neighborhood of Miami,[66] Tampa,[67] and St. Petersburg.[68]
In Tallahassee, Florida in March and April 2023, several abortion rights protests were held at the Florida State Capitol in opposition to the proposed six-week abortion ban.[69][70] On April 3, 13 abortion rights protesters including two state senators were arrested following a peaceful protest outside City Hall.[71] On May 3, 14 people were arrested following a sit-in in Ron DeSantis' office to protest Florida's six-week abortion ban, anti-LGBTQ legislation and anti-immigrant legislation.[72]
By December 2023, Floridians Protecting Freedom had gathered over 1 million signatures for their petition to place abortion rights on the ballot in the November 2024 election.[73]
On April 13, 2024, over 1,000 abortion rights protesters rallied and marched in Orlando, Florida to kick off the campaign in support of 2024 Florida Amendment 4.[74]
Anti-Abortion Views and Activities
Activities
In the United States, some states issue
On August 22, 2022, a clinic in
Violence
1982 saw a surge in attacks on abortion clinics in the United States, with at least four arson attacks and one bombing. One attack occurred in Illinois and one in Virginia, and two occurred in Florida. These five attacks caused over US$1.1 million in damage.[78] On December 25, 1984, an abortion clinic and two physicians' offices in Pensacola, Florida, were bombed in the early morning of Christmas Day by a quartet of young people, Matt Goldsby, Jimmy Simmons, Kathy Simmons and Kaye Wigginn, who later called the bombings "a gift to Jesus on his birthday".[79][80][81] The bombers were caught, convicted and eventually served time in prison for the bombing.[81][82]
On March 26, 1986, six anti-abortion activists, including John Burt and Joan Andrews, were arrested after invading an abortion clinic in Pensacola, Florida, causing property damage and injuring two women (a clinic manager and a member of the local NOW chapter).[83][84] Burt was convicted of attempted burglary of an occupied building, assault, battery, and resisting arrest without violence and was sentenced to 141 days already served in jail and four years of probation. His 18-year-old daughter, Sarah Burt, who also took part in the invasion, was sentenced to 15 days in jail (with credit for two days already served) and three years of probation.[84] Andrews refused to pledge not to carry out such actions in the future and was convicted of burglary, criminal mischief, and resisting arrest without violence. She was sentenced to five years in prison, which she spent largely in self-imposed isolation, refusing a mattress and all medical care.[85]
Between 1993 and 2015, 11 people were killed at American abortion clinics.
On July 29, 1994, Dr. John Britton and James Barrett, a clinic escort, were both shot to death outside the Ladies Center in Pensacola. June Barrett was injured in the shooting.[81] Paul Jennings Hill was charged with the killings, received a death sentence, and was executed on September 3, 2003. The clinic in Pensacola was bombed in 1984 and was also in 2012.[88][81][87] Paul Jennings Hill said of his conviction, "I believe in the short and long term, more and more people will act on the principles for which I stand. [...] I'm willing and I feel very honored that they are most likely going to kill me for what I did."[81]
In 1998, there were six arson attacks, four bombings, one murder, and 19 acid attacks at abortion clinics in the United States. The butyric acid attacks took place between May and July in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.[78] An attack took place at an abortion clinic in Miami, Florida, on May 16, 1998.[78] A few days later, on May 21, 1998, three people were injured when acid was poured at the entrances of five abortion clinics in Miami.[89] On July 4, 2005, a clinic in West Palm Beach, Florida, was the target of a probable arson.[90][91]
On January 1, 2012, Bobby Joe Rogers, 41, firebombed the American Family Planning Clinic in Pensacola, Florida, with a Molotov cocktail; the fire gutted the building. Rogers told investigators that he was motivated to commit the crime by his opposition to abortion and that what more directly prompted the act was seeing a patient enter the clinic during one of the frequent anti-abortion protests there. The clinic had previously been bombed at Christmas in 1984 and was the site of the murder of Dr. John Britton and James Barrett in 1994.[92] The Army of God published a "Defensive Action Statement" signed by more than two dozen supporters of Hill, saying that "whatever force is legitimate to defend the life of a born child is legitimate to defend the life of an unborn child... if in fact Paul Hill did kill or wound abortion care provider John Britton and clinic assistants James Barrett and Mrs. Barrett, his actions are morally justified if they were necessary for the purpose of defending innocent human life".[93][94] The organization embraces its description as terrorist.[95]
On October 10, 2020, a man threw multiple Molotov cocktails at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Fort Myers, Florida.[96] He was later convicted of arson, using an incendiary device and criminal mischief with property damage, sentenced to one year in prison and seven years probation.[97]
References
- ^ a b https://supremecourt.flcourts.gov/content/download/2285280/opinion/Opinion_SC2022-1050%20&%20SC2022-1127.pdf
- ^ "Florida Amendment 4, Right to Abortion Initiative (2024)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
- ^ "Florida Supreme Court clears the way for abortion ballot initiative while upholding 15-week abortion ban". CBS News. 2024-04-01.
- ^ a b Bishop, Ken (January 1972). "The Florida Abortion Law--Reform or Regression in 1972 The Florida Abortion Law--Reform or Regression in 1972". Florida Law Review. 24: 2. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ a b c Mueller, John (1978). "Spears v. State, 337 So. 2d 977 (Fla. 1976)". Florida State University Law Review. 6 (2). Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ "Carter v. State - 155 So. 2d 787 (1963)". Justia. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ "State v. Barquet - 262 So. 2d 431 (1972)". Justia. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ a b c Marchante, Michelle (June 24, 2022). "Was abortion illegal in Florida before Roe v. Wade? Are there restrictions now?". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ a b Linton, Paul (2012). "The Legal Status of Abortion in the States if Roe v. Wade is Overruled". Issues in Law & Medicine. 27 (3). Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- Sarasota Herald Tribune. September 15, 1975. Archived from the originalon April 14, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ "Wright v. State - 351 So. 2d 708 (1977)". Justia. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ a b c Taylor, Derrick (May 3, 2022). "Quick Facts You Should Know About Roe v. Wade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ ISBN 0314008055.
- ISBN 0314008055.
- ^ "In Re TW - 551 So. 2d 1186 (1989)". Justia. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Lewis, Neil (October 6, 1989). "Florida Court Rules Against Abortion Curbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Marcus, Ruth; Balz, Dan (October 5, 1989). "Florida Constitution protects abortion rights, court rules". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
- ^ "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
- ^ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ "Gainesville Woman Care, LLC v. State". Justia. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- Courthouse News. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Almasy, Steve (February 16, 2017). "Florida Supreme Court: 24-hour wait for abortions is likely unconstitutional". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Glenza, Jessica (March 4, 2024). "Florida Republicans pass bill to ban abortion after 15 weeks". The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ Borter, Gabriella (January 12, 2022). "Florida lawmakers introduce bill to ban abortion after 15 weeks". Reuters. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ Zernike, Kate (March 7, 2022). "States Aren't Waiting for the Supreme Court to Tighten Abortion Laws". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ McCloud, Cheryl (March 4, 2022). "Florida abortions: What you need to know about bill expected to become new law". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ Steve Contorno (14 April 2022). "DeSantis signs Florida's 15-week abortion ban into law". CNN. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
- ^ Bridges, C.A. (April 2, 2024). "Florida abortion ruling: Six-week ban looms, but voters can change it. Your questions answered". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ a b Abad, Dylan (January 23, 2023). "Florida Supreme Court to hear arguments against 15-week abortion ban". WFLA-TV. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ a b Kitchener, Caroline; Diamond, Dan (October 28, 2023). "Faced with abortion bans, doctors beg hospitals for help with key decisions". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- wfsu.org. April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Lemongello, Steven (April 12, 2022). "Florida judge approves 24-hour wait for abortions, ending 7 years of legal limbo". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Keay, Lara (June 24, 2022). "Roe v Wade: What happens now the Supreme Court has overruled the constitutional right to an abortion?". Sky News. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ "State appeal nullifies Judge's temporary block of Florida's 15-week abortion ban". 5 July 2022.
- ^ "Planned Parenthood of Southwest and Central Florida, et al. v. State of Florida, et al". ACLU of Florida. July 5, 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ Supreme Court of Florida (January 23, 2023). "Planned Parenthood of Southwest and Central Florida, et al. v. State of Florida, et al". FL Supreme Court Order Accepting Jurisdiction. ACLU of Florida. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- Fox 35 Orlando. Associated Press. April 14, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ ABC 7 Chicago. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^
- Farrington, Brendan (April 2, 2024). "Florida Supreme Court upholds state's 15-week abortion ban, but voters will soon have a say". Associated Press. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
… cleared the way for the state to ban abortions after six weeks of pregnancy, before many women know they are pregnant…
- Hart, Sam; Kellerman, Ben (April 11, 2024). "How new rulings restrict abortion access". Reuters. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
Florida's law means that women after six weeks of pregnancy - before many know they are pregnant…
- "Florida court upholds state's 15-week abortion ban but allows vote on rights amendment". Agence France Presse. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
Republican-backed law slashes that to six weeks, before many women even know they are pregnant.
- Weixel, Nathaniel (April 5, 2024). "As Florida bans legal abortion, where will 84,000 women go?". The Hill. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
… effectively amount to a complete ban: Six weeks gestation is before many women know they are pregnant, and the state will still require two in-person visits with the abortion provider 24 hours apart.
- Farrington, Brendan (April 2, 2024). "Florida Supreme Court upholds state's 15-week abortion ban, but voters will soon have a say". Associated Press. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ a b El-Bawab, Nadine (April 13, 2023). "DeSantis signs Florida's 6-week abortion ban into law". ABC News. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ a b c Susskind, Stephanie (April 3, 2024). "Planned Parenthood planning ahead of 6-week abortion ban". WFLX. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ Ellenbogen, Romy (April 2, 2024). "Seven things to know about what Florida's six-week abortion ban means". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- Washington Post. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
- ^ Flanagan, Caitlin (2007-05-01). "The Sanguine Sex". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
- ^ ISBN 9780788174810.
- ^ Factsheet Florida
- ^ "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). 2018-08-04. Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
- ^ "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
- PMID 1269687.
- ^ "Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2000". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ "Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2001". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ "Abortion Surveillance --- United States, 2003". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
- ^ "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ "Illinois, Florida, California saw largest increase in abortions in first 15 months after overturn of Roe v. Wade". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ a b c d Henshaw, Stanley K. (2005-06-15). "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 30: 263–270. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
- PMID 29166366.
- PMID 31774741.
- ^ "Doctor loses license in live birth abortion case - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Arnold, Amanda (2019-05-21). "How to Join the Nationwide Abortion-Ban Protest Today". The Cut. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ de Vogue, Arinne (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ Pierson, Brendan (June 14, 2022). "Florida abortion ban violates Jews' religious freedom, lawsuit says". Reuters. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
- ^ "Protest against Supreme Court Roe v. Wade reversal happening tonight at Florida Capitol". WCTV. June 24, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ "Demonstrators gather in Wynwood to protest Roe v. Wade decision". CBS News. June 24, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Ogozalek, Sam (July 2, 2022). "Hundreds at Tampa rally protest end of Roe v. Wade and demand federal action". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
- ^ Jones, Octavio (June 25, 2022). "St. Petersburg among the cities holding protests against the abortion ruling". WUSF. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ Kelley, Savannah (March 29, 2023). "Protests continue as Florida Senate prepares to vote on six-week abortion ban". Retrieved March 30, 2023.
- ^ Brown, Danielle (April 13, 2023). "Protests erupt in FL House as lawmakers consider restrictive 6-week abortion ban". Retrieved May 21, 2023.
- ^ "Tallahassee Police Arrest Demonstrators Protesting Florida Senate's Passage of Near Total Abortion Ban". April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Activists Arrested at Peaceful Protest Against Florida's Attacks on Abortion, LGBTQ, Immigrant Rights". May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
- ^ "FL Abortion Rights Organizers Have 1.4 Million Signatures for Ballot Initiative". December 14, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
- ^ "Abortion rally draws over 1,000 to Orlando for Yes On 4 kickoff". April 13, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
- ^ Burge, Kathleen: "Driving force" Boston Globe, May 5, 2006
- ^ Madigan, Erin: "Choose Life Car Tags Spark Debate" Stateline.org, November 25, 2002
- ^ Micolucci, Vic (August 23, 2022). "Jacksonville abortion clinic wants FBI to investigate JSO's response to anti-abortion protest". News 4 Jax. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- ^ .
- ^ "Anti-abortion and violence in the US". 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
- ^ Churchville, Victoria (January 6, 1985) "Bomb Suspects Cite Religious Motive" The Washington Post p. A-16
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
- ^ a b Larson, Jordan. "Timeline: The 200-Year Fight for Abortion Access". The Cut. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ 6 Arrested at Abortion Clinic, Associated Press (March 27, 1986).
- ^ a b Abortion Clinic Invaders are Sentenced, Gainesville Sun (September 23, 1986).
- ^ Jonathon King, Joan Andrews: The Woman Who Would Be A Martyr Archived 2018-09-12 at the Wayback Machine, Sun-Sentinel (October 2, 1988).
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
- ^ a b Tribune, Chicago. "Timeline of abortion laws and events". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
- ^ "Man arrested, charged in Fla. abortion clinic fire". yahoo.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ^ "3 injured in Fla. abortion clinic vandalism; FBI launches probe Archived 2012-11-03 at the Wayback Machine", The Baltimore Sun, May 22, 1998
- ^ William E. Dyson, Terrorism: An Investigator's Handbook (3rd ed.: Routledge, 2008), p. 479.
- ^ Abortion Clinic Fire Suspicious Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, South Florida Sun-Sentinel (July 6, 2005).
- ^ Nelson, Melissa (January 6, 2012). "Man arrested, charged in Fla. abortion clinic fire". Yahoo! Finance. Associated Press.
- ISBN 9780313387531.
- ^ Robinson, B.A., Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (November 9, 2004), "Violence & Harassment at U.S. Abortion Clinics". Retrieved April 13, 2006.
- ISBN 9780313387548.
- ^ "Deputies looking for man they say committed arson at Fort Myers Planned Parenthood center". WINK News. October 13, 2020.
- ^ "Fort Myers man pleads guilty to setting fire at Planned Parenthood building". WINK News. June 22, 2021.