Abruzzo

Coordinates: 42°21′58″N 12°23′40″E / 42.36611°N 12.39444°E / 42.36611; 12.39444
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Abruzzo
Abbrùzzu / Abbrùzze (
Region
ISO 3166 code
IT-65
HDI (2021)0.892[2]
very high · 13th of 21
NUTS RegionITF
Websitehttps://abruzzoturismo.it/en/

Abruzzo (

Apennines, such as the Gran Sasso d'Italia and the Maiella, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea
.

Abruzzo is considered a region of

ISTAT) also deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.[6]

Almost half of the region's territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves, more than any administrative region on the continent, leading it to be dubbed "the greenest region in Europe."

Nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi [it] (1853–1917) chose the adjectives forte e gentile ("strong and kind") to capture what he saw as the character of the region and its people. "Forte e gentile" has since become the motto of the region.[11]

Provinces and politics

Abruzzo provinces

Provinces

Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces:

Province Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2) Provincial Capital Number of Communes
Chieti 2,588 396,190 153.1 Chieti 104
L'Aquila 5,034 308,876 61.3 L'Aquila 108
Pescara 1,225 318,701 260.1 Pescara 46
Teramo 1,948 308,769 158.5 Teramo 47

Politics

The

Legislative power
is vested in both the government and the Regional Council.

The Regional Government (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term, and is composed by the President and the Ministers (Assessori), who are currently 8, including a Vice President (Vicepresidente) and an undersecretary (Sottosegretario).[12]

History

The Roman site Amiternum
The church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio in L'Aquila, after the reconstruction in 2020

Prehistory

Paleolithic

Even if an earlier presence cannot be ruled out, findings related to

Neanderthals was brought to light in caves at Calascio and dates back to the Middle Paleolithic
.

Large evidence of

Neolithic

After the Mesolithic transition characterized by climate change and lack of food resources, agriculture was introduced by Neolithic farmers from the Middle East. A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti dates back to 6,540 BC under radiometric dating.[18]

In Abruzzo and

husbandry, hunting, fishing, and production of pottery, which was painted or decorated.[19][20] Other older Neolithic cultures present in Abruzzo are called Impressed Ceramic and Catignano.[15][16][17]

The Bronze and Iron Ages

The

Late Bronze Age, Proto-Villanovan culture emerged also in Abruzzo.[23] There are sites of Iron Age necropoli at Fiorano (Loreto Aprutino's frazione), Campovalano (Campli), Alfedena and Capestrano.[15][16][17]

Italic peoples and Roman history

Warrior of Capestrano is the most famous example of Abruzzi Italic funerary sculpture (Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Chieti).

Emerged from the

Peligni.[15]

Considered extremely strong by

political rights and created the ephimeral state called Italia with Corfinio as the capital. After the Social War, they obtained Roman citizenship[26] and in the Imperial period were favored by many economic activities, such as trade and pastoralism.[15] On the basis of a division by Augustus, the territory of what is now Abruzzo was part of "Regio V Picenum" and especially "Regio IV Sabina et Samnium". Much later, the region corresponded to Valeria province according to Diocletian decisions, and was among the first to see the arrival of Christianity.[27][28][29]

With their archeological sites, many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and became the capital of "Italia" against the Romans during the Social War.[30] Today's Chieti was inhabited since the Chalcolithic and became an important center of Marrucini (Teate Marrucinorum).[31] Atri was known as Hatria[32] and Teramo was known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne.[33] Pinna (today Penne), Anxanum (Lanciano), Hortona (Ortona), Histonium (Vasto), Sulmona and Marruvium (San Benedetto dei Marsi) are among the settlements that are still inhabited, whereas others are no longer so, such as Cluviae near Casoli.[34]

Middle Ages

The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages and, according to a hypothesis, it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people, Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo.[35]

Lombards and Franks

After the fall of the

, but was able to recover his duchy and also to include other remaining territories of former Valeria province.

After the beginning of domination by the

.

Kingdom of Sicily

After two attempted conquests from two Norman princes of Capua in Abruzzo, two other Normans, Robert Guiscard and Robert I of Loritello, conquered Teate, Valva and Penne. Later, all Abruzzo was definitively conquered by Norman Roger II of Sicily, and in 1156 his son William I of Sicily had these victories officially recognized by Pope Adrian IV (Norman conquest of southern Italy).

As part of the Kingdom of Sicily, Abruzzo was involved in the conflicts following the death of William II of Sicily in 1189, and the territories sided with Constance, Queen of Sicily and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, but after the death of the former in 1198, they were invaded by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. They were also involved in the conflicts between Frederick II (son of Queen Costance) and Pope Gregory IX, including the War of the Keys.[27][15] The administrative region of Abruzzo was formed in the 1230s, when Frederick II divided his realms into justiciarates, with Abruzzo forming one of them.[36]

The newly founded

king of Sicily. Since the last half of the 13th century, L'Aquila took a central role in the region.[27][15] Abruzzo was divided into Abruzzo Citra (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ultra (further Abruzzo) by Charles I of Anjou in the 1270s.[36]

Kingdom of Naples

Castello Caldoresco, Vasto

After the rebellion called Sicilian Vespers and the subsequent war, in 1302 the Peace of Caltabellotta divided the former Kingdom of Sicily as follows: Sicily to the Crown of Aragon and the Southern Italian Peninsula (including Abruzzo) still to the Capetian House of Anjou.

The region was profoundly affected during the wars that followed a conspiracy which resulted in the

King of Sicily, conquered the Kingdom of Naples. In the same years, Abruzzo saw many battles, including the ones associated with the War of L'Aquila. Under the Aragonese rulers, L'Aquila started to become a military center, giving up its political and economic importance to Chieti. This period was characterized by economic decline and the spread of brigandage, but coastal centers were favored by trade with the Republic of Venice
's overseas territories.

Shortly after the

viceroys. In Abruzzo, the aristocracy vainly tried to regain more control when there was a rebellion in the Kingdom of Naples led by a fisherman named Masaniello
in 1647.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the region was affected by destructive earthquakes, which also devastated L'Aquila (1703 Apennine earthquakes) and Sulmona (1706 Abruzzo earthquake), and the War of the Spanish Succession, with the Austrian siege at Pescara in 1707. In 1734, Charles III of the House of Bourbon, King of Spain, ended the short Hasburg Austrian domination, which contributed to large land concentrations in Abruzzo.[15][37][27]

From French Revolutionary wars to World War II

Ferdinando Galiani, an 18th century monetary economist from Abruzzo.

In accordance with a general diffidence against the

Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento).[38]

Risorgimento

Many rebelled again in 1821, 1841 and 1848 (

Garibaldi, whereas others later banded with simple criminals to participate for political reasons in brigandage, which was eradicated years later, but many accepted the new order without enthusiasm or opposition.[39] Since 1870, due to its economic conditions, Abruzzo saw massive emigration to other regions and countries, which contributed to Italian diaspora
.

Fascism and World War II

During the

Gustav Line, part of the German Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoners of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti,[40] and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War I; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history
.

Italian Republic

Despite the high level of destructions and victims caused by the

In the 1948

Italian Constitution, these were unified with Molise into the Abruzzi e Molise region, though in the first draft Abruzzo and Molise were separate, and in 1963 Abruzzi e Molise was separated into the two regions of Abruzzo and Molise. Abruzzo Citeriore is now the province of Chieti. The province of Teramo and province of Pescara now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila
.

Geography

Geographically, Abruzzo is nearly at the center of

Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves. Many beaches have been awarded the Blue Flag beach status.[41]

Climate

Giulianova seaside

In Abruzzo there are two climatic zones. The coastal strip and

Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical.[44]

Flora and fauna

Gran Sasso d'Italia
Marsican brown bear

The flora of Abruzzo is typically Mediterranean. Along the coastal belt

edelweiss
.

The fauna of Abruzzo is very diverse, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois (

Italian wolf
, deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.

The natural parks of the region are the

Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, the Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas.[45]

In 2017, the ancient beech forests of the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park of Europe were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, with the region thus gaining its first prestigious site.[46]

Economy

Montepulciano grapes

Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a backward region of Southern Italy. Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has showed steady economic growth. In 1951, per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of wealthier Northern Italy. The gap has since narrowed, being 65% in 1971 and 76% by 1994. The region reached the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy through the highest growth rate of every other region of Italy.[47] The unemployment rate stood at 9.3% in 2020.[48]

Abruzzo is the 16th most productive region in the country, and is the 13th for GRP per capita among Italian regions.

As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181, compared to the average value for Southern Italy of €15,808.[49] In 2006, the region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR.[50] The construction of motorways from Rome to Teramo (A24) and Rome to Pescara (A25), which provided better access to the region, is credited as a driver of public and private investments.

The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, some signals of recovery were noted.[49] Regional economic growth was recorded as 1.47%, which actually placed Abruzzo fourth among Italy's regions after Lazio, Lombardy and Calabria.[51] In 2011 Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.[52]

Industry

De Cecco factory in Fara San Martino

From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering, transportation equipment and telecommunications.[53] The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. The industrial sector relies on few large enterprises and the predominance of small and medium enterprises. In the applied research field, there are major institutes and enterprises involved in the fields of pharmaceutics, biomedicine, electronics, aerospace and nuclear physics. The industrial infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val di Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino.

The province of Teramo is one of the most industrialized areas of Italy and of the region, with numerous small and medium-sized companies,[54] then follows the province of Chieti and that of Pescara, which is also supported by tourism; the Val Vibrata (province of Teramo), on the border with the Marche region, is home to a myriad of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the textile and footwear sectors. The Val di Sangro (province of Chieti), on the other hand, is home to important multinationals and a factory belonging to the Fiat (Sevel) group. The area of Valle Peligna (province of L'Aquila) is also home to industries (the famous one of Sulmona sugared almonds), while other areas such as Pescara and Theatine are home to numerous industries, including multinationals (for example De Cecco, Procter & Gamble, Monti & Ambrosini Editori, Brioni, Ennedue and Miss Sixty, mostly concentrated in the industrial district of Val Pescara in the province of Chieti).

Agriculture

Centerba
, typical liquor of Abruzzo

Agriculture, based on small holdings, has modernised and produces high-quality products. The mostly small-scale producers are active in wine, cereals, sugar beet, potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Traditional products are saffron and liquorice. By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, the region's most famous wine, had become one of the most widely exported DOC-classed wines in Italy.[55]

As for the figures, the region produces about 850,000

barley (0.5 million quintals ); other crops are also grown such as beetroot (2,500,000 quintals), and tobacco (45,000 quintals).[citation needed
]

Tourism

Travel poster from the 1920s

Tourism is an important economic sector;[56] in the past decade, tourism has increased, mainly centered around its national parks and natural reserves,[57] ski and beach resorts,[58][59] in particular along the Trabocchi Coast.[60] Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns,[61] especially in the area of L'Aquila, have led to the creation of the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", along Tuscany's "Chiantishire". In spite of this, Abruzzo is still "off the beaten path" for most visitors to Italy.[56]

Very popular with visitors from all over

Campotosto Lake[68] and Lago di Scanno[69]
).

Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park


In the inland mountain areas there are the ski resorts of

dog sledding
.

Trabocchi Coast, Fossacesia

Also of considerable importance is the summer coastal and seaside tourism, which sees the presence of numerous tourist bathing establishments equipped in various centers of the coast such as

Silvi Marina and the Trabocchi Coast.[88][89]

St. Gabriel's shrine

Finally, tourism for historical and cultural purposes is also important, concentrated above all in the cities of Chieti, Teramo, Vasto, Giulianova, Sulmona, and above all L'Aquila which can boast many monuments, museums, castles and churches (St. Gabriel's shrine[90] and Santa Maria di Collemaggio[91]) of national importance; also Pescara despite being a modern city, boasts monuments, churches and museums of historical importance such as the Birthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum.[92] In the inland mountain areas there are ancient villages, castles, hermitages, sanctuaries abbeys, and ancient churches.[93][94]

Abruzzo has many small and picturesque villages, 26 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy),[95] a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[96] that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[97]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1861 858,000—    
1871 906,000+5.6%
1881 946,000+4.4%
1901 1,070,000+13.1%
1911 1,116,000+4.3%
1921 1,131,000+1.3%
1931 1,168,000+3.3%
1936 1,202,000+2.9%
1951 1,277,207+6.3%
1961 1,206,266−5.6%
1971 1,166,694−3.3%
1981 1,217,791+4.4%
1991 1,249,054+2.6%
2001 1,262,392+1.1%
2011 1,307,309+3.6%
2021 1,275,950−2.4%
Source:
ISTAT
Chieti

Although the population density of Abruzzo has increased over recent decades, it is still well below the Italian national average: in 2008, 123.4 inhabitants per km2, compared to 198.8. In the provinces, the density varies: as of 2008

national institute of statistics
ISTAT estimated that 59,749 foreign-born immigrants live in Abruzzo, equal to 4.5% of the total regional population.

The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost complete urbanization of the entire coastal strip especially in the province of Teramo and Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures. In the coastal strip, however, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto, Avezzano, Carsoli, Gissi, Val Vibrata, Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara, L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones of Sulmona and Guardiagrele have turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.[98]

Main settlements

L'Aquila is both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila and second largest city (pop. 73,000). L'Aquila was hit by an earthquake on 6 April 2009, which destroyed much of the city centre. The other provincial capitals are Pescara, which is Abruzzo's largest city and major port (pop. 123,000); Teramo (pop. 55,000) and Chieti (pop. 55,000). Other large municipalities in Abruzzo include the industrial and high tech center Avezzano (pop. 41,000), as well as three important industrial and touristic centers such as Vasto (pop. 40,636), Lanciano (pop. 36,000), and Sulmona (pop. 25,000).

Transport

Airports

Ports

The port of Pescara

There are four main ports in Abruzzo: Pescara, Ortona, Vasto and Giulianova.

Over the years the Port of Pescara has become one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and the Adriatic Sea. Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent major renovations for some sixty years. It now consists of a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been awarded the European Union's blue flag for its services. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery and aquaculture activities are thriving.[100]

Railways

There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular, the Rome-Pescara line.

Existing railway lines:

Highways

Salinello Bridge on the A14

There are three highways that serve the region:

  • A24 (RomeL'AquilaTeramo) was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with the Adriatic coast in less than two hour-drive. The Gran Sasso tunnel, the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984.

Culture

Castel del Monte, one of Abruzzo's little-known hill towns

The museum

Forte Spagnolo, the Fountain of 99 Spouts, Gabriele D'Annunzio's house in Pescara, Campli's Scala Sancta and its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata in Sulmona, the cathedrals of Chieti, Lanciano, Guardiagrele, Atri and Pescara along with the castles of Ortona, Celano and Ortucchio
.

Every year on 28–29 August, L'Aquila's

Mary, carried by a group of local fraternities, is carried across the square in procession.[102] Cocullo, in the province of L'Aquila, holds the annual "Festa dei serpari" (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages, Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires.[103]

In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for the transumanza, the seasonal movement of sheep floks: these used to travel mostly southbound towards the region of Puglia during the cold winter months.[104] The Feast of St. Biagio, protector of wool dealers is celebrated across the region. On the third of February in Taranta Peligna every year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is held: panicelle, or small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, are distributed among the faithful.

Gabriele d'Annunzio, from Pescara

Historical figures from the region include: the Roman orator

Catholicism to the Far East and Japan. The Polish Pope John Paul II loved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca.[105] Local personalities in the humanities include: poet Ignazio Silone, movie director Ennio Flaiano who co-wrote La dolce vita, philosopher Benedetto Croce, poet Gabriele D'Annunzio, composer Paolo Tosti, sculptor Venanzo Crocetti and artist LorenzoArs
.

American artists and celebrities such as: Dean Martin, Perry Como, Henry Mancini, Nancy Pelosi, Rocky Marciano, Rocky Mattioli, Bruno Sammartino, Mario Batali, John and Dan Fante, Tommy Lasorda, Dan Marino, Mario Lanza, Garry Marshall, Penny Marshall, Ariana Grande, and Al Martino trace part of their family roots to Abruzzo.

Some international movies shot in Abruzzo include The American, Jean-Jacques Annaud's The Name of the Rose, Fellini's La Strada and I Vitelloni, Schwarzenegger's Red Sonja, Ladyhawke, King David, Francesco, Keoma, The Barbarians, The Fox and the Child and Krull.

Medieval and Renaissance hill towns

The fortress of Civitella is the most visited monument in Abruzzo.
Roccascalegna fortress

Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy. It still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are among I Borghi più belli d'Italia.[106] This listing recognises their scenic beauty, arts and culture, their historical importance and quality of life.

The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century spared some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional and

Castelli, an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the royal houses
of Europe.

View of Casoli
Medieval village of Scanno

missions San Juan Capistrano in Southern California, the mission Mission San Juan Capistrano in Texas and the city of San Juan Capistrano in Orange County, California. Giulianova is a notable example of a Renaissance "ideal city
".

The proximity to Rome, the protected areas and scenic landscapes making the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of quaint villages, its rich and varied culinary traditions are important tourist attractions. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.[109]

In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more.[110] In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in the U.S. city of Orlando, Florida. One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.[111]

Universities

University of L'Aquila

There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:

Harvard University bases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program in Vasto, a resort town on Abruzzo's southern coast.[112]

Science

Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

Between the

INFN
, one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.

The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale", which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.

The Gran Sasso Science Institute, located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.

Sports

Interamnia World Cup, the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.[113]

There are several football clubs in Abruzzo. Delfino Pescara 1936 is a Serie C club; based in Pescara, its home stadium is Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia.

Dialects

The regional dialects of Abruzzo include Teramano, Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico and Abruzzese Occidentale. The first two forms are a dialect of the Southern Italian language also known simply as Neapolitan since the region has been part of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while Aquilano is related to the Central Italian dialects including Romanesco. The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:

  1. Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a central Italian dialect
  2. Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province of Ascoli Piceno, a southern Italian dialect
  3. Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a southern Italian dialect

Cuisine

Arrosticini of Pescara valley
Spaghetti alla chitarra of Teramo
Typical bocconotto of Castel Frentano
Sise delle Monache from Guardiagrele

Abruzzo's cuisine is renowned for its variety and richness.[114] Both the agricultural and coastal areas of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was relatively isolated until the 20th century. This has contributed to preservIng local culinary traditions.[115]

Ingredients

In terms of common ingredients, cuisine in Abruzzo often includes:

Starter and main dishes

  • peperoncini
    .
  • cheese
  • Scrippelle, a rustic French-style crêpe served either mbusse (a type of soup) or used to form a sort of soufflé with some ragù and stuffed with chicken liver, meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
  • Pastuccia, a polenta stew with sausage, eggs, and cheese
  • Pasta allo sparone, a pasta roll filled with ricotta cheese and spinach. The pasta roll is boiled in hot water and served with tomato sauce and parmesan cheese.
  • Pasta alla mugnaia, a long, uneven and thick type of pasta that is hand-pulled to a diameter of up to 6mm and is traditionally served with tomato sauce. Pasta alla mugnaia, also simply known as mugnaia, is the flagship dish of the town of Elice.
  • Pallotte cacio e ovo, balls of caciocavallo cheese and eggs, usually served as a starter in a rich tomato sauce.

Meat

Across the region, roast lamb is enjoyed in several variations. Some of these variations include:

Seafood

Seafood is also popular, especially in coastal areas. The variety of fish available locally resulted in several fish-based brodetti ("broths"), coming from such places as Vasto, Giulianova, and Pescara.[121] These broths are often made by cooking fish, flavored with tomatoes, herbs, and peperoncino, in an earthenware pot. Other fish products are scapece alla vastese,[122] baccalà all'abruzzese,[123] and coregone di Campotosto,[124][125] typical lake fish.

Pizzas

Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:

  • Easter pizza, a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from the Teramo area
  • Fiadoni from Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
  • A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses, ricotta, vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.

Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. Atri and Rivisondoli are famous for cheeses. Mozzarella, either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.

Salumi

Salumi (singular: salume) is an Italian term describing the preparation of cured meat products made predominantly from pork.

Mortadella
Mortadella di Campotosto

Spreadable sausage flavored with nutmeg and liver sausage with garlic and spices are hallmarks of Teramo cuisine. Ventricina from the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers and fennel and encased in dried pig stomach. Mortadella di Campotosto (well known in Abruzzo) is an oval, dark-red mortadella with a white column of fat. They are generally sold in pairs, tied together. Another name for the mortadella is coglioni di mulo (donkey's balls). It is made from shoulder and loin meat, prosciutto trimmings and fat. It is 80 percent lean meat; 25 percent is prosciutto (ham), and 20 percent is pancetta. The meat is minced and mixed with salt, pepper and white wine.

Cheeses

The region's principal cheeses are:

  • White cow cheese, a soft cheese made from
    cow's milk
  • Caciocavallo abruzzese, a soft, slightly elastic dairy product made from raw, whole cow's milk with rennet and salt
  • Caciofiore Aquilano, made from raw whole sheep's milk, rennet, artichokes and saffron (which gives it its characteristic yellow color)
  • Caciotta vaccination frentana, a half-cooked, semi-hard cheese made from raw whole cow's milk, rennet and salt
  • Canestrato of Castel del Monte, a hard cheese made from raw whole sheep's milk, with rennet and salt
Slice of goat's-milk cheese
Caprino
  • Caprino abruzzese, made from raw whole goat milk (sometimes with sheep's milk), curd, and salt
  • Cheese and curd stazzo, cheese and byproducts obtained from the processing of raw milk from sheep, cattle and goats
  • Junket vaccination or Abruzzo sprisciocca, a soft fresh cheese made from raw whole cow's milk, rennet, and salt
  • Pecorino d'Abruzzo: one of Abruzzo's flagship products—a mild, semi-hard (or hard) cheese with holes, made from raw whole sheep's milk, rennet, and salt
  • Pecorino di Atri, a compact, semi-cooked cheese made from sheep's milk, rennet and salt
  • Pecorino di Farindola, cheese made from sheep's milk and pork rennet (a special type of rennet, made by filling a dried pork stomach with vinegar and white wine for forty days)
  • Ricotta, made from the remnants of the coagulation of raw whole sheep's milk, heated after filtration
  • Scamorza d'Abruzzo, a stretched curd cheese made from cow's milk, rennet (liquid or powder) and salt

Atri and Rivisondoli are known for their cheeses. Mozzarella (fresh or seasoned) is typically made from ewe's milk; many lesser-known cheeses are found throughout Abruzzo and Molise.

Desserts and sweets

Thin wafers with powdered sugar
Pizzelle are a typical Abruzzo sweet.

Abruzzo's sweets are well-known:

Fruits

The region's principal fruits are:

  • Agrumi della costa dei trabocchi: coastal citrus (particularly oranges), used for jam and Limoncello
  • Castagna roscetta della Valle Roveto and Marrone di Valle Castellana: types of chestnut
  • Ciliege di Raiano e di Giuliano Teatino: a local cherry
  • Mandorle di Navelli: almonds from the town of Navelli
  • Mela della Valle Giovenco: apples from the region
  • Uva di Tollo e Ortona: table grapes, also used for jam

Olive oil

Olive trees in Tocco da Casauria

The use of oil in regional mountain and sea dishes is important; among the most common oil products are the Aprutino Pescarese, the Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane, l'Olio extra vergine di oliva delle Valli Aquilane and Colline Teatine.[128]

The list of Abruzzo olive cultivars:

  • Castiglionese
  • Dritta
  • Gentile di Chieti
  • Intosso
  • Monicella
  • Carpinetana
  • Morella
  • Nebbio di Chieti
  • Raja
  • Toccolana
  • Tortiglione
  • Crognalegna
  • Gentile del L'Aquila (Rusticana del L'Aquila)

The extra-virgin

Colline Teramane (Teramo hills) is marked by the DOP.[129]

The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.[130]

Wines and liquors

Bottles of Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine

Renowned

Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC and Controguerra DOC are judged to be amongst the world's finest.[131] In 2012, a bottle of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo ranked No. 1 in the top 50 Italian wine awards.[132]

In recent decades these wines have been joined, particularly, by wines from lesser known (heritage) white grapes, such as, Pecorino, Cococciola, Passerina, Montonico bianco and Fiano.[133]

Terre di Chieti, and Valle Peligna.[134] The region is also well known for the production of liqueurs such as Centerbe, Limoncello, Ratafia and Genziana
.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region", www.ec.europa.eu
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Abruzzo". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Abruzzi". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  5. ^ "Abruzzi". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  6. ^ ]
  7. from the original on 12 November 2020.
  8. ^ a b "L'Abruzzo Regione Verde d'Europa". Laquilacapitale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 15 February 2015.
  9. ^ "Fauna | Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise". www.parcoabruzzo.it. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  10. ^ "I parchi in Abruzzo". www.abruzzoverdeblu.it. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  11. ^ "Abruzzo: Forte e Gentile, definizione di Primo Levi, giornalista e diplomatico, nel sito di vastospa". Archived from the original on 2 September 2012.
  12. ^ Regione Abruzzo – Giunta Regionale
  13. ^ Facies Bertoniana entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  14. ^ Tozzi, Carlo (September 2001). Preistoria e protostoria dell'Abruzzo [Prehistory and protohistory of Abruzzo] (in Italian). Chieti: Istituto italiano di preistoria e protostoria. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Abruzzo o Abruzzi". Sapere.it (in Italian). De Agostini. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  16. ^ a b c Abruzzo entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  17. ^ a b c d The People Of Abruzzo And Their Millennia Of History. Museo delle Genti d'Abruzzo. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  18. ^ Journal of Anthropological Sciences, "Towards a re-appraisal of the Early Neolithic skeleton from Lama dei Peligni (Abruzzo, Italy)" by Miliano Bruner and Giorgio Manzi, Vol. 81 (2003), pp. 69–78 (Abruzzo, Italy)
  19. ^ Ripoli entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  20. ^ Repertorio delle culture dell'Europa preistorica. Neolitico entry (in Italian) by Renata Grifoni Cremonesi in the Enciclopedia italiana, 2004
  21. ^ Appenninico entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  22. ^ Subappenninico entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  23. ^ Repertorio delle culture dell'Europa preistorica. Età del Bronzo entry (in Italian) by Maria Antonietta Fugazzola Delpino in the Enciclopedia italiana, 2004
  24. ^ Sabelli entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  25. ^ Popoli e culture dell'Italia preromana. I popoli dell'area medio-adriatica entry (in Italian) by Gianluca Tagliamonte in the Enciclopedia italiana, 2004
  26. ^ Guerre sociali entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  27. ^ a b c d Abruzzo entry (in Italian) by Cesare Rivera, Roberto Amalgia, Camillo Giulio Bertoni, Ugo Antonielli, Ignazio Carlo Gavini, Giulio Fara in the Enciclopedia italiana, 1929
  28. ^ Abruzzo entry (in Italian) by M. Andaloro in the Enciclopedia italiana, 1991
  29. ^ L'Italia romana delle Regiones. Regio V Picenum. Il Mondo dell'Archeologia (2004) entry (in Italian) by Manlio Lilli in the Enciclopedia italiana, 2004
  30. ^ Corfinium entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  31. ^ Teate Marrucinorum entry (in Italian) by 1997 in the Enciclopedia italiana
  32. ^ Atri entry (in Italian) in the Enciclopedia italiana
  33. ^ Guerre entry (in Italian) by Teramo in the Enciclopedia italiana
  34. ^ L'Italia romana delle Regiones. Regio IV Sabina et Samnium entry (in Italian) by Andrea R. Staffa in the Enciclopedia italiana, 2004
  35. ^ "Italy Guide: Abruzzo Region". Comuni-Italiani.it.
  36. ^ a b "WineCountry.it Abruzzo wine region of Italy". winecountry.it. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  37. ^ Regno di Napoli entry (in Italian) by 2010 in the Enciclopedia italiana
  38. ^ Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The regions of Italy; a reference guide. Greenwood. p. 4.
  39. ^ Regno di Napoli entry (in Italian) by 2010 in the Enciclopedia italiana
  40. ^ Lett, Brian (2014). An extraordinary Italian imprisonment : the brutal truth of Campo 21, 1942–3. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
  41. ^ "Abruzzo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2014.
  42. ^ Sam Dunham (17 August 2008). "Abruzzo Annual Weather Forecast". Life in Abruzzo. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  43. ^ a b "Il clima della regione Abruzzo e tabelle climatiche per alcune località". www.centrometeo.com.
  44. ^ "Le vacanze abruzzesi". www.moldrek.com.
  45. ^ "Parchi". Regione Abruzzo (in Italian). 4 May 2018.
  46. ^ "Le faggete abruzzesi patrimonio dell'Unesco". Il Capoluogo (in Italian). 9 July 2017.
  47. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.eib.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. ^ "Unemployment NUTS 2 regions Eurostat".
  49. ^ a b "Bank of Italy – No. 15 – Economic developments in Abruzzo". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  50. ^ "EUROPA Press Releases – Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27, GDP per inhabitant in 2006 ranged from 25% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est in Romania to 336% in Inner London". Europa (web portal). 19 February 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  51. ^ "Economic and energy framework in 2005" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010.
  52. ^ Helg, Rodolfo; Peri, Giovanni; Viesti, Gianfranco. "Abruzzo and Sicily: Catching up and lagging behind" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  53. ^ "Abruzzo and Sicily: Catching up and lagging behind, EIB Papers vol. 5, No. 1 (2000)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  54. ^ Abruzzo, the number of companies grows
  55. ^ a b "Abruzzo". Italian Tourism Official Website. 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  56. ^ "Parchi e Natura | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  57. ^ "Comprensori sciistici | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  58. ^ "Mare | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  59. ^ "Costa dei trabocchi | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  60. ^ "Art Faith and Culture | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  61. ^ "Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  62. ^ "Gran Sasso and Laga Mountains National Park | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  63. ^ "Majella National park | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  64. ^ "Sirente Velino Park | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  65. ^ "Riserve Naturali | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  66. ^ "Laghi | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  67. ^ "Riserva Naturale Lago di Campotosto – Campotosto (AQ) | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  68. ^ "Lago di Scanno (AQ) | Regione Abruzzo | Dipartimento Sviluppo Economico – Turismo". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  69. ^ "Scanno Monte Rotondo | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  70. ^ "Ovindoli | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  71. ^ "Pescasseroli | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  72. ^ "Marsia di Tagliacozzo | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  73. ^ "Roccaraso | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  74. ^ "Campo Imperatore | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  75. ^ "Campo Felice | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  76. ^ "Pescocostanzo | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  77. ^ "Prati di Tivo | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".,
  78. ^ "La Maielletta | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  79. ^ "Prato Selva | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  80. ^ "Campo Rotondo di Cappadocia | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  81. ^ "Campo di Giove | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  82. ^ "Passo San Leonardo | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  83. ^ "Passo Godi | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  84. ^ "Pizzoferrato | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  85. ^ "Gamberale | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  86. ^ "Montagna Invernale | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  87. ^ "Mare | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  88. ^ "Costa dei trabocchi | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio".
  89. ^ "Santuario di San Gabriele dell'Addolorata – Isola del Gran Sasso (TE)". Abruzzo Turismo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 March 2023.
  90. ^ "Santa Maria di Collemaggio, L'Aquila". www.abruzzoheritage.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  91. ^ "Museo Casa Natale di Gabriele d'Annunzio – Pescara | Regione Abruzzo | Dipartimento Sviluppo Economico – Turismo". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  92. ^ "Villages | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  93. ^ "Art Faith and Culture | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". www.abruzzoturismo.it.
  94. ^ "Abruzzo" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  95. ^ "Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  96. ^ "I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  97. ^ a b "Eurostat". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  98. ^ "Abruzzo International Airport – flights information Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy". Abruzzoairport.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  99. ^ "Marina of Pescara". Marinape.com. 31 January 2011. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  100. ^ "The Perdonanza with images of 1998, 1999 and 2000". www.italyheritage.com.
  101. ^ "In Sulmona, Easter Drama in the Piazza". The New York Times. 7 April 1985.
  102. ^ Delicious Italy Team. "Delicious Italy Easter in Sulmona".
  103. ^ Lucio D'Andrea. "Along the Shepherd's Tracks Tratturi and Transumanza" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011.
  104. ^ "Pope John Paul II's blood stolen from church in Italy". The Guardian. Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. In 2011, John Paul [II]'s former private secretary, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, gave the local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.
  105. ^ "Homepage". I Borghi più Belli d'Italia.
  106. ^ "Serenissimi e borbonici insieme per disfare l'Italia". www.corriere.it.
  107. ^ "Shrine of Saint Gabriele dell'Addolorata – Isola del Gran Sassoo". turismo.provincia.teramo.it.
  108. ^ "Movimento dei clienti negli esercizi ricettivi – Dati definitivi". 21 December 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  109. ^ Kathleen Peddicord (18 June 2013). "World's Top 21 Retirement Havens". Live and Invest Overseas.
  110. ^ Monia Di Guilmi. "Abruzzo, one of the best places in the world to retire". Abruzzo Rural Property. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  111. ^ "Harvard Summer Program in Umbria and Abruzzo, Italy". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  112. ^ "Interamnia World Cup". www.interamniaworldcup.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  113. ^ "Food & Wine by Regione Abruzzo – Issuu".
  114. ^ "Abruzzo". MarioBatali.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  115. ^ a b c Rosengarten, David (6 August 2014). "The Cuisine of Abruzzo: Easy to Love, Not So Easy to Describe". Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  116. ^ a b "ABRUZZO IN TAVOLA". Academia Barilla. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  117. . Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  118. ^ Nicoletti, Amy. "Wild Mushrooms in Italy - Kitchen Tips & Recipe Ideas". Delallo. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  119. ^ . Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  120. ^ "Brodetto Vastese – the Winding Barter Fish Soup". 9 June 2012.
  121. ^ "Fish Chutney | Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  122. ^ "Baccalà all'abruzzese | Regione Abruzzo | Dipartimento Sviluppo Economico – Turismo". Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  123. ^ Prodotti Tipici Comune di Campotosto. Retrieved 19 December 2022
  124. ^ CAMPOTOSTO: LA RESILIENZA DI FILOMENA E DELLA SUA FAMIGLIA, DA GENERAZIONI RISTORATORI SUL LAGO Retrieved 19 December 2022
  125. ^ "Home – Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento Turismo, Cultura e Paesaggio". conoscere.abruzzoturismo.it. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  126. ^ "Abruzzo and Molise Heritage Society". Abruzzomoliseheritagesociety.org. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  127. ^ "PDO extra virgin olive oil". Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  128. ^ "Gastronomy, Typical Specialties of Abruzzi Cuisine". Hotel Poseidon Tortoreto. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  129. ^ "Italian Olives, Green Italian Olives, Black Italian Olives, Olive, Olive Cultivation, Olive Oil Extraction, Spanish Olives, Green Olives, Black Olives, Olive Trees, Mumbai, India". oliveoilsindia.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  130. ^ "Italian Wine Regions – Grapes and Wine Production". WineCountry.it. Archived from the original on 7 January 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  131. ^ "WineNews – The best Italian wine is Trebbiano d'Abruzzo 2007 by Valentini, then Barolo Reserve Monprivato Cà d'Morissio 2004 by Morello and Sassicaia 2009 by San Guido Estate. The "Best Italian Wine Awards-The 50 Best Wines of Italy" – Visualizzazione per stampa". Archived from the original on 10 November 2014.
  132. ^ Abruzzo Is Making White Wine From Grapes You Don't Yet Know, Tom Mullen, Forbes, 29 May 2018
  133. .

External links

42°21′58″N 12°23′40″E / 42.36611°N 12.39444°E / 42.36611; 12.39444