Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
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Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan ابوسعید بهادرخان | |||||
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Bahadur Khan (Valiant King) Sultan Abu Sa'id | |||||
Mazandaran | |||||
Reign | 1315 - 1316 | ||||
Predecessor | Öljaitü | ||||
Successor | Amir Yasaul | ||||
Born | June 2, 1305 Ujan, Tabriz | ||||
Died | December 1, 1335 Karabakh | (aged 30)||||
Consort | Uljay Qutlugh Khatun Baghdad Khatun Dilshad Khatun Malika Khatun Adil Shah Khatun Sarqadaq Khatun | ||||
Issue | Unnamed daughter[1] | ||||
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House | Borjigin | ||||
Dynasty | Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire | ||||
Father | Öljaitü | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (June 2, 1305 – December 1, 1335) (Persian: ابو سعید بهادر خان ), also spelled Abusaid Bahador Khan, Abu Sa'id Behauder (Modern Mongolian: Абу Саид Бахадур хан,[2] Abu sayid Baghatur Khan, [ˈabusæt ˈbaːtər xaːŋ] in modern Mongolian), was the ninth ruler (c. 1316 – 1335) of the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire that encompassed the present day countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia, as well as parts of Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. After his death in 1335, the Ilkhanate disintegrated.
Early life
He was born on 2 June 1305, near Ujan,
Reign
He was brought back to
Golden Horde invasion and rebellion of amirs
A decisive battle was fought on 20 June 1319 near
Chupanid rebellion
However, Timurtash rose in rebellion in 1322, claiming to be the Mahdi. Chupan went to obtain his surrender personally and even managed to get his reappointment to the post by Abu Sa'id. Abu Sa'id sometime fell in love with Baghdad Khatun, one of emir Chupan's daughters. The emir's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter, who was still married to Hasan Buzurg (another powerful kingmaker of the era), did not help the situation. Abu Said approached Chupan in 1325, claiming her unsuccessfully. Chupan sent his daughter and son-in-law to Karabakh instead while himself went against Özbeg and Tarmashirin who invaded Azerbaijan and Khorasan respectively. Using this opportunity, on 25 August 1327, Abu Sa'id had one of Chupan's sons, Demasq Kaja, killed, apparently for his activities with one of Öljaitü's former concubines.[5] Hearing this, Chupan marched against Abu Sa'id seeking revenge. But many emirs including Muhammad Beg, uncle of Abu Sa'id deserted him near Ray, taking 30.000 soldiers with them, leaving Chupan no choice but to retreat to Herat. However he was soon strangled by Kartid ruler Ghiyath-uddin under orders of Abu Sa'id in 1327. His daughter was soon forced to divorce Hasan Buzurg and marry Abu Sa'id. In compensation, Hasan was awarded Chupan former post, rising to be a new commander-in-chief of the Ilkhanid army.
Later years
Now ruling personally, Abu Sa'id invited
In 1334, Abu Sa'id appointed Amir Musaffar Inaq as governor of
Foreign relations
Abu Sa'id signed a commercial treaty with Venice in 1320, while also granting them to establish oratories throughout the empire.[
Death
Abu Sa'id had to face another invasion by
Abu Sa'id died without an heir or an appointed successor, thus leaving the Ilkhanate vulnerable. This led to clashes between the major families, such as the
Viziers
- Rashid-al-Din Hamadani(1317)
- Taj Al-Din Ali Shah (1317-1323)
- Rukn al-Din Sa'in (1323-1327)
- Ghiyas al-Din ibn Rashid al-Din(1327-1335)
Family
- Consorts
Abu Sa'id married six times from different clans including Borjigin, Oirat and Suldus:
- Uljay Qutlugh Khatun (m. 5 July 1317), daughter of Ghazan and Bulughan Khatun, and widow of his elder brother Bastam;
- Baghdad Khatun (m. 1327 – div. 1333, executed December 16, 1335), daughter of Amir Chupan, and former wife of Hasan Buzurg;
- Malika Khatun, daughter of Tuq b. Sulaimish b. Tengiz Güregen;
- Dilshad Khatun (m. 1333, died 27 December 1351), daughter of Demasq Kaja and Tursin Khatun, daughter of Irinjin Kurkan and Konchak Khatun, daughter of Tekuder;
- Adil Shah Khatun (died 7 May 1332, near Ujan[11]), daughter of Tukal ibn Essen Qutlugh (Governor of Khorasan, d. 10 October 1318);
- Sarqadaq Khatun, daughter of Dawlat Shah Suldus, relative of Amir Chupan;
- Daughter
Abu Sa'id had one daughter
- A daughter (born 18 May 1336) - with Dilshad Khatun;
Personality
According to Ibn Battuta, Abu Sa'id was one of "the most beautiful of God's creatures". Being a cultured ruler, he was the only Il-Khan to be known to author poetry as well as music.[4]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References
- ^ Charles, Melville; Zaryab, Abbas. "DELŠĀD ḴĀTŪN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "АБУСАИД ХААНЫ АЛТАН ЗООС". parliament.mn (in Mongolian).
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-876859-3.
- ^ a b c "ABŪ SAʿĪD BAHĀDOR KHAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
- ^ )
- ISBN 978-1-4008-2029-0.
- ^ a b Hamd Allah Mustawfi Qazvini, fl 1330-1340; Browne, Edward Granville; Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne (1910). The Ta'ríkh-i-guzída; or, "Select history" of Hamdulláh Mustawfí-i-Qazwíní, compiled in A.H. 730 (AD 1330), and now reproduced in facsimile from a manuscript dated A.H. 857 (AD 1453). Boston Public Library. Leyden : E.J. Brill; London, Luzac & Co.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Melville, Charles P. "Abu Sa'id and the revolt of the amirs in 1319". L'Iran Face a la Domination Mongole, ed. D. Aigle, Tehran, 1997, Pp. 89-120.
- ^ Melville, Charles (1999). The Fall of Amir Chupan and the Decline of the Ilkhanate, 1327-37: A Decade of Discord in Mongol Iran. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
- ^ Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia By Ann K. S. Lambton
- OCLC 1046528205.
Sources
- Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.
External links
- Hope, Michael (2018). "Abū Saʿīd Bahādur Khān". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
- Jackson, P. (1983). "ABŪ SAʿĪD BAHĀDOR KHAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4. pp. 374–377.
- Khatibi, Abolfazl; Gholami, Rahim (2008). "Abū Saʿīd Bahādur Khān". In ISSN 1875-9831.