Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur | |
---|---|
Old Urgench, Khanate of Khiva | |
Died | 1664 Khiva | (aged 60–61)
Issue | Anusha Khan |
Father | 'Arab Muhammad Khan |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (
Life
He was born in Urgench, Khanate of Khiva, the second son of ruler 'Arab Muhammad Khan. Since he was born 40 days after his father defeated a raid by Ural Cossacks, he was named "Abul-Ghazi" (Son of Warrior). He lived in Urgench for 16 years until he was appointed as governor of Kat by his father. Towards the end of reign of his father a civil war broke out against him by his brothers Habash-sultan and Ilbars-sultan.[3] Abulghazi had to flee to Samarqand and take a refuge at court of Imam Quli Khan of Bukhara where he lived for 2 years. His younger brother Afghan Muhammad fled to Russia where he became a resident in Qasim Khanate. His other brother Isfandiyar Khan finally prevailed and became khan in 1623 and offered Abulghazi a governorship of Urgench, his birthplace.
Life in exile
After ruling as a governor for 3 years, he rebelled when his brother was visiting
Reign
He finally acceded to the throne in 1643 after his brother's death. But his position was only secure around Urgench as Khiva was captured by Bukhara Khanate. Abulghazi only managed to secure his position in 1645 when Nadir Muhammad Khan of Bukhara died.
His early years on throne spent fighting rebellious Turkmen tribes after his summary execution of 2000 Turkmen elders in Hazorasp in 1646. He managed to subdue most of Karakum and Mangyshlak tribes by 1653.[5] He also repelled raids by Kalmyks in 1649, 1653 and 1656. Towards the end of his reign - in 1655 and 1662 - he started a major campaign against Bukhara which lasted well into his successor's reign. He left the throne to his son Anusha Khan and died in Khiva in 1663.
Works
Abu al-Ghazi is known as the author of two historical works: "Genealogy of the Turkmen" Shajara-i Tarākima finished in 1661 and "Genealogy of the Turks" Shajara-i Turk finished in 1665. These are important sources for modern knowledge of Central Asian history.[6]
Shajara-i Turk
The Shajara-i Turk was Abu al-Ghazi's opus magnum, its title was variously translated as "Genealogy of the Turks" and "Genealogy of the Tatars", "shajara" being Arabic for "genealogy". Because using the word "Tatar" for "Turks" was a widely used misnomer, it is now obsolete to call the work "Shajara-i Turk" as "Genealogy of the Tatars" instead of "Genealogy of the Turks" since it is a work on the
In the 19th and 20th centuries were published numerous critical translations of the Shajara-i Turk, which serve as historical sources for modern scholars. The first critical translation, performed by professional scholars, was published in Kazan in 1825. The Turkish translation of the text published in Kazan was done by philologist Ahmed Vefik Pasha and initially published in 1864. The most influential Western publication was Histoire des Mogols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghazi Behadour Khan, publiée, traduite et annotée par le baron Desmaisons, St.-Pétersbourg, 1871-1874.[8]
The literary significance of Shajara-i Turk is that Abu al-Ghazi openly spoke against Chaghatay literary language because it carried a strong Persian influence. Abu al-Ghazi language is easy, simple folk language of the Khiva Uzbeks and is quite different from the Chaghatay literary language. The style of Abu al-Ghazi, despite a scientific nature of his compositions, is distinguished by clarity and richness of vocabulary, and is interspersed with the falk Uzbek expressions and proverbs.[10]
Abu al-Ghazi's son,
Works
- Shajara-i Tarākima ("Genealogy of the Turkmens", 1659)
- Shajara-i Turk ("Genealogy of the Turks", 1665)
Legacy
References
- ^ Bartold, Vasily V, Four Studies on the History of Central Asia, 1 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1956) p.65.
- ^ Sela, Ron (2013). Rashid Al-Din: Agent and Mediator of Cultural Exchanges in Ilkhanid Iran. Warburg Institute Colloquia (University of London Press). p. 213.
- ^ Abdurasulov, Ulfat; Dono, Ziyaeva (Ziyoyeva) K. H. A. M. I. D. O. V. N. A. Хорезм в истории государственности Узбекистана. Ташкент, 2013. Отв. ред. Э.В. Ртвеладзе, Д.А. Алимова [co-authored] [Khwarazm in the history of statehood of Uzbekistan] (in Russian). p. 156.
- ^ "EBÜLGAZİ BAHADIR HAN". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ ISBN 978-975-7172-09-3.
- ^ Sinor, Denis, Inner Asia: History, Civilization, Languages; A Syllabus (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1969) p.59.
- ^ Abu al-Ghazi, "Genealogical History of Tatars"//Translation from French, Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1778, p. 16
- ^ Kononov A.N., "Abu al-Ghazi. Genealogy of the Turkmen. Editorial Introduction"//Oriental Literature "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (in Russian) - ^ Taskin V.S., Materials on the history of the Sünnu, transl., Moscow, Science, 1968, Vol. 1, p. 129
- ^ "Abu al-Ghazi"//Literary Encyclopedia "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (in Russian)
Further reading
- Dianat, Ali Akbar; Bernjian, Farhoud (2015). "Abū al-Ghāzī Bahādur Khān". In ISSN 1875-9831.
- Ölmez, Zühal (2022). "Šaǧara-i Turk and Mongol History". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 172 (2): 439–450. .
External links
- "Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 June 2006 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9003414>