Abul-Abbas
Species | Asian elephant |
---|---|
Sex | Male |
Born | c. 770s or 780s[a] Abbasid Caliphate (possibly) |
Died | 810 (aged around 20–30) likely near Münster or Wesel, Germany |
Abul-Abbas (c. 770s or 780s – 810) was an
Contemporary accounts
From the Orient to Europe
Abul-Abbas was probably born during the 770s or 780s (based on the average age of
Researchers have speculated on Isaac and the elephant's route through Africa: Isaac and the elephant began the trek back by following the
At any rate, the strict reading of the historic text
Death
In the year 810, Charlemagne left his palace and mounted a campaign intending to engage with King
Place of death
The location of "Lippeham" is a matter of conjecture,
One detractor to the claim is Richard Hodges who places it in Lüneburg Heath, which is nowhere near the Rhine.[23]
Modern embellished accounts
Details of exhibition and death
The Annales regni Francorum contain only short reports about the transport of Abul-Abbas (801),
Some added details about the elephant's death, stating he was in his forties and already suffering from rheumatism when it accompanied Charlemagne in the campaign across the Rhine heading to Friesland.[14] According to these sources, in a spell of "cool rainy weather", Abul-Abbas developed a case of pneumonia.[14][15] His keepers were able to transport the beast as far as Münster, where he collapsed and died.[14]
White elephant
Some modern works indicate that Abul-Abbas was
Abul-Abbas' species
A number of authors assert that Abul-Abbas was an Indian elephant,[14] though others cast this as an open question with the African elephant being a distinct possibility.[27] No primary source identifies his species directly.[28]
Arguments for Abul-Abbas having been an Indian elephant include that Abbasid sources such as
Evidence put forward for Abul-Abbas having been an African elephant includes the route by which he arrived in Europe, which was via Tunisia.
A short story by the German-New Zealand author Norman Franke tells the biography of the elephant from his own point of view.[34]
See also
- Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
- History of elephants in Europe
- List of individual elephants
- War elephant
Notes
- ^ Birth date based on the average male Asian elephant maturity age as contemporary documents suggest Abul-Abbas was fully grown when it arrived in Europe.
- ^ The Annales regni francorum Anno 802 gives "venit Isaac cum elefanto et ceteris muniberus, quae a rege Persarum missa sunt, et Aquisgrani omnia imperatori detulit; nomen elefanti erat Abul Abaz". Harun al Rashid is referred to as either the king of the Persians (ibid 801:116 "rex Persarum") or of the Saracenes (ibid 810:113 "ubi dum aliquot dies moraretur, elefant ille, quem ei Aaron rex Sarracenorum miserat, subita morte periit"
- ^ Einhard refers to the elephant as the only one Harun al Rashid had ("quem tunc solem habetat"), which is regarded an invention.[4]
- ^ De mensura orbis terrae, 7.35: "But the same Iulius in speaking of Germany and its islands makes one mistake about elephants when he says that the elephant never lies down, for he certainly does lie down like an ox, as the people at large of the Frankish kingdom saw the elephant at the time of Emperor Charles...."[29] ("Sed idem Julius nuntiando de Germania insulisque eius unum de elephantibus mentiens falso loquitur dicens, elephantem numquam iacere, dum ille sicut bos certissime iacet, ut populi communiter regni Francorum elephantem in tempore imperatoris Karoli viderunt...."[30])
Citations
- ^ a b c Annales regni francorum Anno 801 (Kurze 1895, p. 116, Monumenta Germaniae Historica edition)
- ^ a b c d e f g Scholz 1970, pp. 81–2 (Eng. tr. of ARB = Royal Frankish Annals)
- ^ Einhard (tr. Thorpe 1969, p. 70)
- ^ Thorpe 1969, p. 184 (endnotes)
- OCLC 177823124.
- ^ ISBN 0-275-98761-2.
- ^ Scholz 1970, p. 82, "..and the envoy of Emir Abraham, who ruled on the border of Africa in Fustât"; and Scholz 1970, Note 4 to year 801, quote:"Harun al-Rashid, emir al Mumenin.. appointed Ibrahim ibn al'Aghlab governor of Africa about 800. Fustât, his place of residence is Abbasiya near Kairwan in southern Tunis.."
- ISBN 978-88-8450-136-3., quote: "The motives for Issac's particular route from Baghdad to Carthage, via ship from Carthage to Protovenere (near Genoa, and north via Vercelli and St. Bernard's pass to Aachen, are illuminated (I. D.) |2683"
- ISBN 0-06-079706-1
- ^ a b Annales regni Francorum Anno 802 (Kurze 1895, p. 117, Monumenta Germaniae Historica edition)
- JSTOR 48577853
- ^ Annales regni Francorum Anno 810 (Kurze 1895, p. 131, Monumenta Germaniae Historica edition)
- ^ Scholz 1970, pp. 91 (Eng. tr. of ARB = Royal Frankish Annals)
- ^ ISBN 1-598-84347-8. (Cf. Dembeck, Mit Tieren leben, 1961)
- ^ ISBN 978-1-598-84347-7., citing Hodges, Richard. (cf. Kistler & Lair 2006)
- ^ ISBN 978-3-406-43320-7., quote:"den Rhein bei Lippeham (an der Mundung der Lippe?)"
- ISBN 978-3-937-50114-7.
- hdl:1893/11909.
- ^ Nünning, Jodocus Hermann; Cohausen, Johann Heinrich (1746), "Epistolae IV: De osse femoris Elephantini", Commercii literarii dissertationes epistolicae, Frankfurt am Main, p. 44, after Oettermann, Die Schaulust am Elefanten (1982) p. 98, note 117
- ^ a b J.G. Leidenfrost (7 July 1750). "Nachricht von einigen Überbleibseln des Elephanten Abdulabbas". Duisburger Intelligenz-Zettel (XXVII)., citing Nünning et al.
- ^ Nünning & Cohausen 1746, p. 44, "... os Elephantini femoris, ex inculto ad Rheni ripam agro haud procul Luppiae ostiis, olim Luppemunda, Luppeheim, Lippeham, Lippekant, & Lippia dictis. ubi vetus celebrisque Regum Francorum Carolingicae Stirpis olim fuit curia, hodie VESALIA dicta" ("elephant femur bone unearthed from the field on the banks of the Rhine, at a place not far from the mouth of the Lippe river, aka Luppemunda, Luppeheim, Lippeham, Lippekant, & Lippia, now called Wesel, where the celebrated scions of the Franks kings of the Carolingian dynasty held court." )
- ^ Nünning & Cohausen 1746, p. 48, Itaque os Musei nostri cum Elephantis fit,.. ad exuvias ABULABAZII Carolo M. ab Aarone Persarum Rege dono submissi"
- ISBN 978-0-715-62965-9.
- ^ West, Willis Mason (1902). Ancient history to the death of Charlemagne. Allyn and Bacon. p. 521n.
- S2CID 164157979., quote: "I know of no evidence that Harun al-Rashid's present to Charlemagne was literally a 'white' elephant."
- ^ Grewe & Pohle 2003, p. 66: "Zu den für Karl den Großen bestimmten Geschenken gehörte ein (weißer?) Elefant, "
- ^ "We know very little about the elephant; some accounts say it was African, others an Indian beast."[6]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ottewill-Soulsby, Sam (10 June 2021). "What Type of Elephant did Charlemagne Have?". The Historian's Sketchpad. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ Dicuil (18 July 2018) [Work authored in 825. This translation first published in 1967 by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Scriptores Latini Hiberniae, No. 6]. O'Driscoll, Liam; Färber, Beatrix (eds.). Liber De Mensura Orbis Terrae. Translated by Tierney, James. Cork: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts. Text ID Number: T090000-001. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ Dicuil (1870) [Work authored in 825]. Parthey, Gustave (ed.). Liber De Mensura Orbis Terrae. Berlin: Friedrich Nicolai. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ Rosamond McKitterick, Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 286.
- ^ BnF Expositions, Trésors carolingiens, Cassiodore, Commentaire sur les psaumes I-L, Initiale B ornée zoomorphe.
- ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Plaque with the Virgin Mary as a Personification of the Church". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-473-57278-5.
References
- Kurze, Friedrich, ed. (1895). Annales regni Francorum (741–829) qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi. Post editionem G. H. Pertzii. Scriptores rerum germanicarum in usum scholarum. Vol. 6. Hannover. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-3-447-17137-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Scholz, Bernhard Walter (1970). Carolingian Chronicles:: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. Barbara Rogers (co-translator). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 81–2. LCCN 77083456.
- Thorpe, Lewis (1969). Einhard and Notker the Stammerer: Two lives of Charlemagne (7 ed.). Penguin Classics. p. 184. ISBN 0-14-044213-8.