Ethiopian–Adal War

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(Redirected from
Abyssinian–Adal war
)
Ethiopian–Adal War
Part of the
Imam Ahmad's deaths.
Date9 March 1529 – 21 February 1543
(13 years, 11 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Ethiopia and Eritrea
Result
Territorial
changes		 Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
 Ethiopian Empire
Portuguese Empire Portuguese Empire (1541–43)		 Adal Sultanate
 Ottoman Empire (1542–43)
Commanders and leaders
#
Ethiopian Empire Gelawdewos
Ethiopian Empire Wasan Sagad  †
Ethiopian Empire Eslamu  †
Ethiopian EmpireTakla Iyasus  †
Ethiopian EmpireRobēl  †
Portuguese Empire Cristóvão da Gama Executed
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim †
Nur ibn Mujahid
Matan ibn Uthman †
Abu Bakr Qatin
Bati del Wambara
Ahmed Girri
Wazir Abbas

The Ethiopian–Adal War or Abyssinian–Adal War, also known in Arabic as the "Futuḥ al-Ḥabash" (

Arab and Turkish gunmen. Both sides at times would see the Maya mercenaries join their ranks.[6]
: 188 

Background

Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was a military leader of the medieval Adal Sultanate in the northern Horn of Africa. Between 1529 and 1543, he embarked on a campaign referred to as the Futuh Al-Habash, bringing the three-quarters of Christian Abyssinia under the control of the Muslim empire.[7] With an army composed of Afar, Harari, and Somalis,[8] al-Ghazi's forces came close to extinguishing the ancient Ethiopian kingdom. However, the Abyssinians managed to secure the assistance of Cristóvão da Gama's Portuguese troops and maintain their domain's autonomy. Both polities exhausted their resources and manpower in the process, resulting in the contraction of the two powers and altering regional dynamics for centuries to come. Many historians trace the origin of hostile Ethiopia–Somalia relations to this war.[9] Some scholars also argue that this conflict proved the value, through their use on both sides, of firearms such as the matchlock musket, cannons, and the arquebus over traditional weapons.[10]

Course of the war

In 1529, Imam Ahmad's Adal troops defeated a larger Ethiopian contingent at the Battle of Shimbra Kure. The Harari cavalry was instrumental in this battle, as the Abyssinian troops were outmaneuvered.[11]

The victories that gave the followers of Imam Ahmad the upper hand came in 1531. The first was the

Ethiopian highlands, where they began to sack and burn numerous churches, including Atronsa Maryam, where the remains of several Emperors had been interred.[12]

He defeated the armies of

Najashi in Negash to pay his respects.[13]

Dawit II died in September 2nd, 1540. and his son and future emperor Prince

Medri Bahri, an important port today in present-day Eritrea. However, Da Gama was captured in the Battle of Wofla
and later killed.

The 500 musketeers were led by

Yeshaq, king of Medri Bahri. Yeshaq provided the Portuguese with not only provisions and places to camp in his realm but also information about the land. The Bahri Negassi also joined Emperor Gelawdewos and the Portuguese in the decisive Battle of Wayna Daga, where tradition states that Imam Ahmad was shot in the chest by a Portuguese musketeer named João de Castilho, who had charged alone into the Muslim lines and died. The wounded Imam was then beheaded by an Ethiopian cavalry commander, Azmach Calite.[16][17][18] Once the Imam's soldiers learned of his death, they fled the battlefield.[19]
The death of Imam Ahmad and the victory at Wayna Daga caused a collapse of Ahmad's forces and forced an Adalite retreat from Ethiopia.

Emir Nur ibn Mujahid succeeded his uncle Imam Ahmad as leader of the Adal forces and consolidated his power by marrying Bati del Wambara.[20] In 1559, Emir Nur's cavalry defeated and killed Emperor Gelawdewos in battle, and sacked the Abyssinian town of Waj.[21][22] Simultaneously, Abyssinian General

Walashma Dynasty.[23][24]

J. Spencer Trimingham postulates that the captured Sultan Barakat was in fact returned to Adal in exchange for Prince Menas in negotiations led by Bati del Wambara.[25] Emir Nur ibn Mujahid, returning from his campaign, would display the head of Emperor Gelawdewos in Harar as a show of triumph.[26] In 1577, Emperor Sarsa Dengel defeated, captured, and executed Sultan Muhammad V in Bale.[27] He was succeeded by Imam Muhammad Gasa, a relative of Imam Ahmad, who relocated the capital of Adal to Aussa,[28] while Susenyos I relocated the capital of Abyssinia to Gondar.

Aftermath

The war was devastating for the

Welega south of the Blue Nile and eastward to the walls of Harar, establishing new territories.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gikes, Patrick (2002). "Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State". African Studies. 2. University of Lisbon: 89–102. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  2. ISBN 1-85065-522-7
    .
  3. ^ Historical dictionary of Ethiopia By David Hamilton Shinn, Thomas P. Ofcansky, Chris Prouty pg 171
  4. JSTOR 27828848
    .
  5. ^ Malone, Barry (28 December 2011). "Troubled Ethiopia-Somalia history haunts Horn of Africa". Reuters. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  6. OCLC 36543471
    .
  7. ^ Saheed A. Adejumobi, The History of Ethiopia, (Greenwood Press: 2006), p.178
  8. ^ John L. Esposito, editor, The Oxford History of Islam, (Oxford University Press: 2000), p. 501
  9. ^ David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987).
  10. ^ Cambridge illustrated atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792, by Jeremy Black pg 9
  11. JSTOR 41960546
    .
  12. ^ "Local History in Ethiopia" Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine (pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 28 January 2008)
  13. ^ Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 350f
  14. ISBN 978-1-926585-99-4
    .
  15. JSTOR 41856679
    .
  16. ^ Richard Whiteway, The Portuguese expedition in Abyssnia, pp. 82
  17. ^ "20 Famous Historical and Biblical Figures from Africa". 28 May 2021.
  18. ^ Whiteway, pp.82
  19. ^ Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour By Martin Meredith, In the Land of Prestor John, chapter 11
  20. ^ R.Basset (editor), Histoire de la conquete de l’Abyssinie (History of the Conquest of Abyssinia), Paris, 1897–1901
  21. ^ A Survey History of World, Africa, and Ethiopia – Page 280
  22. ^ Abyssinia: Mythical and Historical – Page 31 Richard Chandler
  23. ^ The Oromo of Ethiopia, Mohammed Hassan p.184
  24. ^ Merid Wolde Aragay, Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom
  25. ^ Islam in Ethiopia By J. Spencer Trimingham Page 91
  26. ^ Dictionary of African Biography – Volumes 1–6 – Page 451 by Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Gates
  27. ^ J.S. Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia pp.96
  28. ^ Social History and Theoretical Analyses of the Economy of Ethiopia – Page 14 Daniel Teferra · 1990
  29. JSTOR 43660080
    .
  30. ^ Mohammed Hassen, The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History (1570–1860) Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994.

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