Accident

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Accident (disambiguation) and Accidental (disambiguation).
A memorial to the 96 victims of the Hillsborough disaster.

An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans.

wind storm, its fall may not have been caused by humans, but the tree's type, size, health, location, or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result. Most car wrecks are not true accidents; however, English speakers started using that word in the mid-20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry.[3]

Types

Unintentional injury deaths per million persons in 2012
  107–247
  248–287
  288–338
  339–387
  388–436
  437–505
  506–574
  575–655
  656–834
  835–1,165

Physical and non-physical

Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions, tongue biting while eating, electric shock by accidentally touching bare electric wire, drowning, falls, being injured by touching something sharp or hot, or bumping into something while walking.

Non-physical examples are unintentionally revealing a

secret
or otherwise saying something incorrectly, accidental deletion of data, or forgetting an appointment.

Accidents by activity

  • Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting, together with occupational diseases, in more than 2.3 million deaths annually.[4]
  • In contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries.

Accidents by vehicle

Versailles rail accident in 1842

It has been argued by some critics that vehicle collisions are not truly accidents, given that they are mostly caused by preventable causes such as drunk driving and intentionally driving too fast, and as such should not be referred to as accidents.[3] Since 1994, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has asked media and the public to not use the word accident to describe vehicle collisions.[3]

Aviation accidents and incidents

Main article: Aviation accidents and incidents

Bicycle accidents

Main article: Bicycle safety

Maritime incidents

Main article: Maritime incident

Traffic collisions

Main article: Traffic collision

Train wrecks

Main article: Train wreck

Domino effect accidents

In the process industry, a primary accident may propagate to nearby units, resulting in a chain of accidents, which is called domino effect accident.

Common causes

See also: Preventable causes of death
Incidence of accidents (of a severity of resulting in seeking medical care), sorted by activity (in Denmark in 2002)

Poisons, vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries. According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home, which used data from the National Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics, falls, poisoning, and fire/burn injuries are the most common causes of death.[5]

The United States also collects statistically valid injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals) through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the

Consumer Product Safety Commission.[6] This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products.[6] Data on emergency department visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey.[7] In The U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents.[8]

Accident models

Accident triangles have been proposed to model the number of minor problems vs. the number of serious incidents. These include Heinrich's triangle[9] and Frank E. Bird's accident ratio triangle (proposed in 1966 and shown above).

Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed,[10] which can be classified by type. No single model is the sole correct approach.[11] Notable types and models include:[12]

root-cause analysis and five whys
discussions.

See also

General

Transportation

Other specific topics

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-7391-7905-5
    . Since 'accidents' by definition deprive us of first-order human causes…
  2. ^ Robertson, Leon S. (2015). Injury Epidemiology: Fourth Edition. Lulu Books. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  3. ^ a b c Stromberg, Joseph (2015-07-20). "We don't say "plane accident." We shouldn't say "car accident" either". Vox. Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  4. ^ "ILO Safety and Health at Work Archived 2022-01-19 at the Wayback Machine". International Labour Organization (ILO)
  5. PMID 15626560
    .
  6. ^ a b CPSC. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) Archived 2013-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. Database query available through: NEISS Injury Data Archived 2013-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ NCHS. Emergency Department Visits Archived 2017-07-11 at the Wayback Machine. CDC.
  8. ^ "Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-06-02. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  9. ^ a b H.W. Heinreich (1931). Industrial Accident Prevention. McGraw-Hill.
  10. ISBN 0750661976
    .
  11. ISBN 978-1-4987-3666-4
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-9808743-1-0. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  13. OCLC 858460141
    .
  14. ^ Gibson, Haddon, Viner
  15. ^ Viner
  16. PMID 1947355
    .
  17. ^ Reason, James T. (1991). "Too Little and Too Late: A Commentary on Accident and Incident Reporting". In Van Der Schaaf, T.W.; Lucas, D.A.; Hale, A.R. (eds.). Near Miss Reporting as a Safety Tool. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 9–26.
  18. ISBN 978-0465051434
    .
  19. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X
    .
  20. ^ Hollnagel, 2012
  21. ^ Dekker 2011

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Accident.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Accidents.


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