Accipitriformes
Accipitriformes | |
---|---|
Clockwise from top left: Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), cinereous harrier (Circus cinereus), greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), slate-colored hawk (Buteogallus schistaceus), Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis), white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) (center) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Clade: | Accipitrimorphae |
Order: | Accipitriformes Vieillot, 1816 |
Families | |
| |
Diversity map of Accipitriformes (258 species). The colour gradient (from light to dark) indicates species richness.[2] |
The Accipitriformes (/ækˈsɪpɪtrɪfɔːrmiːz/; from Latin accipiter/accipitri- "hawk", and Neo-Latin -formes "having the form of") are an order of birds that includes most of the diurnal birds of prey, including hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites, but not falcons.
For a long time, the majority view was to include them with the falcons in the
Characteristics
The Accipitriformes are known from the Middle
are long and fairly broad, suitable for soaring flight, with the outer four to six primary feathers emarginated.They have strong legs and feet with raptorial claws and opposable hind claws. Almost all Accipitriformes are carnivorous, hunting by sight during the day or at twilight. They are exceptionally long-lived, and most have low reproductive rates.[citation needed]
The young have a long, very fast-growing fledgling stage, followed by 3–8 weeks of nest care after first flight, and 1 to 3 years as sexually immature adults. The sexes have conspicuously different sizes and sometimes a female is more than twice as heavy as her mate. This sexual dimorphism is sometimes most extreme in specialized bird-eaters, such as the Accipiter hawks. Monogamy is the general rule, although an alternative mate is often selected if one dies.
Taxonomy
Accipitriformes, currently with 262 species and 75 genera in 4 extant families and possibly 1 extinct family, is the largest diurnal raptor order. DNA sequence analyses suggest that divergences within Accipitriformes began around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary about 34 mya, with the split of the group including genera Elanus and Gampsonyx from the other Accipitriformes genera.[17]
The order includes the following families: Order Accipitriformes
- Accipitridae (eagles, harriers, hawks, kites, Old World vultures)
- Pandionidae(ospreys) (1 or 2 species)
- Cathartidae(Cathartid vultures and condors)
- Sagittariidae (secretarybird)
- Possibly includes the extinct Teratornithidae as well.
For a complete list of species, see list of Accipitriformes species.
Neoaves |
| ||||||||||||
Phylogeny based on Nagy, J. & Tökölyi, J. (2014).[18]
Footnotes
- ^ Mayr G, Smith T. A diverse bird assemblage from the Ypresian of Belgium furthers knowledge of early Eocene avifaunas of the North Sea Basin. N Jb Geol Paläontol, Abh. 2019;291:253–281. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2019/0801.
- PMID 34554530.
- ^ Voous 1973.
- ^ Cramp 1980, pp. 3, 277.
- ^ Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001, p. 69.
- ^ Christidis & Boles 2008, pp. 50–51.
- ^ a b Hackett et al. 2008.
- ^ Remsen et al.
- ^ Remsen 2008.
- ^ Nores, Barker & Remsen 2011.
- ^ a b Chesser et al. 2010.
- ^ Chesser et al. 2012.
- ^ Gill & Donsker.
- ^ Gill & Donsker 2014.
- ^ Dudley et al. 2006.
- ^ Sangster et al. 2013.
- S2CID 49622660.
- S2CID 46321534.
References
- Chesser, R. T.; Banks, R. C.; Barker, F. K.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J. L.; Kratter, A. W.; Lovette, I. J.; Rasmussen, P. C.; Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Rising, J. D.; Stotz, D. F.; Winker, K. (2010). "Fifty-First Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds" (PDF). The Auk. 127 (3): 726–744. S2CID 86363169.
- Chesser, R. Terry; Banks, Richard C.; Barker, F. Keith; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2012). "Fifty-Third Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds". The Auk. 129 (3): 573–588. .
- ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6. Retrieved 2010-01-14. Includes a review of recent literature on the controversy.
- ISBN 978-0-19-857505-4.
- Dudley, S. P.; Gee, M.; Kehoe, C.; Melling, T. M. M. (2006). "The British List: A Checklist of Birds of Britain (7th edition)" (PDF). Ibis. 148 (3): 526. .
- ISBN 978-0-618-12762-7. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
- Gill, Frank; Donsker, D. "IOC World Bird List (version 2.4)". Worldbirdnames.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–68. S2CID 6472805.
- Gill, Frank; Donsker, D. (2014). "Updates". IOC World Bird List. Archived from the original on 2014-09-24. Retrieved 2014-09-30. Falconiformes was resequenced in version 4.1 (Jan 7, 2014)
- Nores, Manuel; Barker, Keith; Remsen, Van (July 2011). "Proposal (491) to South American Classification Committee: Change linear sequence of orders for Falconiformes, Psittaciformes, and Cariamiformes". Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- Remsen, Van (November 2008). "Proposal (383) to South American Classification Committee: Separate Accipitriformes from Falconiformes". Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
- Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Stiles, F. G.; Stotz, D. F.; Zimmer, K. J. "A classification of the bird species of South America (section "ACCIPITRIDAE (HAWKS) 3" note 1)". Version 11 December 2008. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
- Sangster, G.; Collinson, J. M.; Crochet, P. A.; Knox, A. G.; Parkin, D. T.; Votier, S. C. (2013). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: Ninth report". Ibis. 155 (4): 898. .
- .
External links
- Media related to Accipitriformes at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Accipitriformes at Wikispecies