Acehnese people
Ureuëng Acèh اورڠ اچيه | |
---|---|
Total population | |
3,526,000[1] – 4,200,000[2] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Indonesia | 3,404,000 (2010)[3] 3,484,000 (2015)[4] |
Malaysia | 640,000 (counted as part of the local "Malays")[5] |
Sweden | 150–200[6] |
Languages | |
Religion | |
Sunni Islam | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Chams, Malays, Gayo, Alas, Kluet, Nias, and Singkil |
The Acehnese (also written as Atjehnese and Achinese) are an indigenous
The Acehnese were at one time partially
Traditionally, there have been many Acehnese agriculturists, metal-workers and weavers. Traditionally
Aceh came to international attention as being the hardest-hit region of the
Origins
Archaeological evidence of the earliest inhabitants of Aceh are from the
The migration of the indigenous tribes, the Mantir people[20] and the Lhan people (Proto-Malay), as well as the Chams, Malays and Minangkabau people (Deutero-Malay) who arrived later, formed the pribumi dwellers of Aceh. Foreign ethnicity, especially Indians, as well as a small part of Arabs, Persians, Turks and Portuguese are also components of the Acehnese people. The strategic position of Aceh in the northern tip of the Sumatra island for thousands of years has become a haven and inter-marriage of various people group, namely those that are in the sea trade route from the Middle East to China.
Native Southeast Asian peoples
Linguist Paul Sidwell wrote that "Sometime during this early phase of language shift, perhaps before the beginning of Common Era, the Chamic speakers who were to become the Acehnese left the mainland on a journey that would ultimately end in northern Sumatra." Basing on Graham Thurgood's thesis, Sidwell argues that Acehnese likely had been long separated from Chamic around the first to second century BCE. The modern geographic gap between Chamic languages and Acehnese might have been assimilated into Malay, Khmer, Thai, Vietnamese for the course of the next two thousand years.[21]
Chinese and Indian sources from 500 CE and onward mention that there was a settlement in northernmost Sumatra (Aceh) which was called P'o-lu. Many scholars believe that P'o-lu was close to the what is now Banda Aceh.[22] These sources also state that the average person wore cotton clothing while the ruling elite wore silk. The Chinese annals also claim that the local people were Buddhist.[23]
Acehnese folklore has it that the earliest people of Aceh came from the indigenous tribes such as the
Around the ninth and tenth century there was an influx of
During the decline of the
Most of the Minangkabau people who migrated to Aceh settled around Meulaboh and Krueng Seunagan valley.[24] Generally in these fertile areas they manage wet paddy fields and pepper farming, as well as some trading.[24] The mixed population of Acehnese-Minangkabau people is also found in the southern region, namely in the areas around Susoh, Tapaktuan and Labuhan Haji. There are many who converse daily in both Acehnese language and their own native dialect, the Aneuk Jamee language.
As a result of the political expansion and diplomatic relations of the
India
There are many of those who are of Indian descent in Aceh, which are closely linked to trading and the spreading of Hinduism-Buddhism and Islam[30] in Aceh. Those who are of Indian descent are mainly Tamils[31] and Gujarati people[32] which are found spread throughout the entire Aceh. Among some of the Indian people's influence on the Acehnese people includes the cultural aspects and physical attributes of part of the Acehnese people, as well as the variety in Acehnese cuisine that frequently utilizes curry.[33] Numerous place names of Sanskrit origin (for example, Indrapuri, Aceh Besar) reflects the cultural heritage of Hinduism in the past.
Arab, Persia and Turkey
"The tribe of the Three Hundred is (insignificant) as the seeds of the drang (a bush which grows like a weed along fences);
The people of the clan Ja Sandang are even as anise and cummin (thus a little more valuable).
Those of the Ja Batèë (count) for something;
The Imeum Peuët it is which makes the world to tremble."— Oral poem (hadih maja) from
Snouck Hurgronje's De Atjeher''.[34]
Most of the Arabs that migrated to Aceh came from Hadhramaut, Yemen. Among the immigrants are those of the Ba Alawi including al-Aydrus (Aidrus, Aydarus), al-Attas, al-Kathiri, Badjubier, Sungkar, Bawazier & al-Habsyi and other clans; all of which are Arabic clans that originated from Yemen.[35] They came as ulamas to spread Islam and as traders.[30] Seunagan district for an instance, is well known to this today for numerous of ulamas of the Sayyid descent, of which the local community would address them with the title Teungku Jet or Habib as a form of respect.[24] Similarly, some of the Sultan of Aceh are also descendants of Sayyid.[36] Many of their descendants today have intermarried with the natives Acehnese people and do no longer bear their clan names.
There are also those of
Portugal
People of Portuguese descent are found mainly in the Aceh Jaya Regency (northwest section of Aceh). Portuguese sailors under the lieutenant leadership of Captain Pinto, were sailing towards Malacca, stopped by and traded there; where some of them remained and settled there. History records that this event occurred between 1492 and 1511; of which at that time the area was under the rule of a small kingdom called Lamno, with King Meureuhom Daya as their ruler. Until this day, some of their descendants can still be seen with European features.
Language
Initially, a group of Chamic languages migrant speakers controlled a small region only, namely Banda Aceh in Aceh Besar Regency.[42] Marco Polo (1292) states that Aceh at that time consists of 8 smaller kingdoms, with each of them possessing their own language.[42] The expansion of power on other coastal kingdoms, especially Pidie, Pasai and Daya, and absorption of their population over time in a period of 400 years, eventually made the language of the Banda Aceh population became dominant in the coastal region of Aceh.[42] Other native languages speakers were then forced into the interior by the expansion of land for farming by the Acehnese language speakers.[42]
Dialects of the Acehnese language that are found in the Aceh Besar Regency valley are divided into two major groups, namely the Tunong dialect for dialects in the highlands and Baroh dialect for dialects in the lowlands.[41] Most of the dialects that are used in Aceh Besar Regency and Daya, shows that settlements in that region have existed longer than any other regions.[41] There are also many dialects in Pidie Regency, although not as much as in Aceh Besar Regency and Daya.[41] Dialects on the east coast of Pidie Regency and in southern Daya tend to be more homogeneous, so much so that it is co-related with the migration that came along with the expansion of power of the Aceh Sultanate after the 1500s.[41]
Local government of Aceh, among others through Governor's Decree No. 430/543/1986 and Perda No. 2 of 1990 established the Institute of Acehnese Customary and Culture (Lembaga Adat dan Kebudayaan Aceh, LAKA), with the mandate to develop the customs and norms of the communities and customary institutions in Aceh.[43] Indirectly, this institution protects the preservation of the Acehnese language because in every cultural and customary activity, the delivery of such activities is carried out in the Acehnese language.[43] Likewise, the Acehnese language is also commonly used in everyday affairs that are organized by government agencies in Aceh.[43]
Culture
Dances
Traditional Acehnese dance portrays the heritage culture, religion and folklore of the common folk.[44] Acehnese dance are generally performed in groups, either in a standing or sitting position, and the group of dancers are of the same gender.[45] If seen from the musical standpoint, the dance can be grouped into two types. One is accompanied with vocals and physical percussive movements of the dancers themselves, and the other is simply accompanied by an assemble of musical instruments.[45]
- Laweut
- Likok Pulo
- Pho (dance)
- Rabbani Wahed
- Ranup lam Puan
- Rapa'i Geleng
- Rateb Meuseukat
- Ratoh Duek
- Seudati
- Tarek Pukat
- Saman
Traditional cuisine
Acehnese cuisine is known for its combination of spices just as are commonly found in Indian and Arabic cuisine, such as ginger, pepper, coriander, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom and fennel.[46] A variety of Acehnese food is cooked with curry or curry and coconut milk, which is generally combined with meat such as buffalo, beef, mutton, fish, or chicken.[47] Several types of traditional recipe use a blend of cannabis as a flavoring spice; such cases are also found in the cuisine of some other Southeast Asian countries, such as Laos.[48] However today, those substances are no longer used.[49]
- Ayam tangkap
- Bhoi
- Eungkot paya
- Kuwah eungkôt yèe
- Kuah beulangong
- Kanji rumbi
- Keumamah
- Kuwah pliëk-u
- Martabak aceh
- Masam keueueng
- Meuseukat
- Mie aceh
- Mie caluk
- Nasi gurih
- Roti cane
- Roti jala
- Sambai asam udeueng
- Sate matang
- Sie reuboh
- Sop sumsum
- Timphan
Overseas Acehnese
Due to conflict since Dutch invasion to Aceh to Martial Law in Aceh and the
Notable people
Indonesia
- Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah
- Sultan Iskandar Muda
- Sulṭāna Taj ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah
- Sultan Alauddin Ibrahim Mansur Syah
- Sultan Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II
- Cut Nyak Dhien
- Cut Nyak Meutia
- Teungku Chik di Tiro
- Teuku Muhammad Hasan
- Teuku Umar
- Teuku Jacob
- Hasan di Tiro
- Admiral Keumala Hayati
- Sultan Malikussaleh
- Surya Paloh
Outside Indonesia
Malaysia
- Datuk Seri Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor
- P. Ramlee
- Hanafiah Hussain
- Sanusi Junid
- Badruddin Amiruldin
See also
Notes
Bibliography
- Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro & Nugroho Notosusanto (2008), "Soejono (R. P.) & Richard Z. Leirissa", Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Zaman pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Indonesia, Balai Pustaka, ISBN 97-940-7409-8
- Arndt Graf, Susanne Schroter & Edwin Wieringa, ed. (2010), Aceh: History, Politics and Culture, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-98-142-7912-3
- Anthony Reid (2006), Verandah of Violence: The Background to the Aceh Problem, NUS Press, ISBN 99-716-9331-3
- Christian Snouck Hurgronje (1906), The Achehnese, Brill Archive, OCLC 869439298
- Darrell T. Tryon (1995), "Shigeru Tsuchida", Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies, Bagian 1,Volume 1, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 31-101-2729-6
References
- ^ Acehnese. 2016 Joshua Project. Retrieved on 8 July 2016.
- ^ Acehnese. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on 8 July 2016.
- ^ Changing Ethnic Composition: Indonesia, 2000–2010 page 14
- ^ Acehnese in Indonesia. 2016 Joshua Project. Retrieved on 8 July 2016.
- ^ "Warga Aceh di Malaysia Capai 640 Ribu Orang, 25 Ribu di Antaranya Sudah Punya Kedai". Serambinews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ^ Klinker, Karl (2014). Unlikely Advocates of the Liberal Creed: Strategies of Framing in the Acehnese Diaspora in Sweden (Master's Degree). Lund University Department of Political Science. p. 26. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ Stefanie Pillai; Wen-Yi Soh; Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf (2015). "Perceptions about One's Heritage Language: The Case of the Acehnese in Kampung Aceh and Malacca Portuguese-Eurasians in the Portuguese Settlement in Malaysia". Kemanusiaan. 22 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 69, 77–9.
- ^ a b Anthony Reid (2006). Verandah of Violence. pp. 12–16.
- ISBN 978-97-946-1929-2.
- ^ "Abui, Barue in Indonesia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Achin". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–145. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ "Aceh fully enforces sharia". The Jakarta Post. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "Aceh to implement tougher law, punishments from Friday". The Jakarta Post. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "Acehnese". Joshua Project. 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
- ^ "Acehnese". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
- ^ Chisholm 1911.
- ^ ISBN 978-15-988-4660-7.
- ^ Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro & Nugroho Notosusanto (2008). Sejarah nasional Indonesia. p. 147.
- ^ a b Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro & Nugroho Notosusanto (2008). Sejarah nasional Indonesia. p. 148.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-57958-468-9.
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- ^ a b Arndt Graf, Susanne Schroter & Edwin Wieringa, ed. (2010). Aceh: History, Politics and Culture. p. 220.
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- ^ a b c Arndt Graf, Susanne Schroter & Edwin Wieringa, ed. (2010). Aceh: History, Politics and Culture. p. 182.
- ^ Anthony Reid (2006). Verandah of Violence. pp. 25–30.
- ^ Anthony Reid (2006). Verandah of Violence. pp. 30–59.
- ^ Arndt Graf, Susanne Schroter & Edwin Wieringa, ed. (2010). Aceh: History, Politics and Culture. p. 183.
- ^ Christian Snouck Hurgronje (1906). The Achehnese. p. 57.
- ISBN 97-925-9480-9.
- ^ Christian Snouck Hurgronje (1906). The Achehnese. pp. 47–48.
- ^ Arndt Graf, Susanne Schroter & Edwin Wieringa, ed. (2010). Aceh: History, Politics and Culture. pp. 26–43.
- ^ Anthony Reid (2006). Verandah of Violence. pp. 56–57.
- ^ a b Darrell T. Tryon (1995). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary. pp. 407–408.
- ^ Darrell T. Tryon (1995). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary. pp. 408–409.
- ^ a b c d e f Darrell T. Tryon (1995). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary. p. 410.
- ^ a b c d Anthony Reid (2006). Verandah of Violence. p. 8.
- ^ a b c Ajip Rosidi, ed. (1999). Bahasa Nusanta Suatu Pemetaan Awal. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. pp. 67–68.
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- ^ Ahmad Arif, Budi Suwarna & Aryo Wisanggeni Gentong (2 April 2013). "Inilah Rahasia Kelezatan Kari Aceh". Kompas. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
- ^ Effendi Hasan (2008). Nasib masyarakat Aceh di Malaysia. Modus Aceh.
- ^ Arip Budiman (19 May 2010). "25.000 Pengungsi Tsunami Aceh Di Malaysia Harus Pulang". Kabarinews.com. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ Tanjung, Eka (5 June 2005). "Masyarakat Aceh di Skandinavia". Ranesi.nl (in Indonesian). Hak Cipta Radio Nederland. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ Warga Aceh di Australia prihatin Kondisi Aceh
- ^ Fuad Ariyanto-Farouk (17 September 2007). "Ingin Mati di Kampung, Rela Lepas Rumah-Mobil di Harrisburg". Jawa Pos.
- ^ Lisa Ruth Brunner, Jennifer Hyndman & Chris Friesen. "Aceh-Malaysia-Vancouver: Settlement Among Acehnese Refugees Five Years On" (PDF). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 October 2016.