Achaia (Roman province)
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Achaia Ἀχαΐα | |||||||||
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Theme of Hellas established | 7th century | ||||||||
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Today part of | Greece |
Achaia
Achaia was a
The Slavic invasions of the 7th century led to widespread destruction, with much of the population fleeing to fortified cities, the Aegean islands and Italy, while some Slavic tribes settled the interior. The territories of Achaia remaining in
.History
Conquest and Republican period
In 150–148 BC the Romans fought the
In the Dyme Affair of 144 BC, a faction in the city of Dyme passed laws "contrary to the type of government granted by the Romans," staged a revolution, and destroyed their town hall and official records. At the request of the Dymaean town councillors, Quintus Fabius Maximus[a] issued a ruling, sentencing the revolutionaries to death.[11] An inscription recording judicial decisions made in the Greek city of Demetrias in the mid-second century BC says that the judgements were made in accordance with local law and "the edicts and judgements of the Romans", indicating that Roman law was already considered to apply to the region only a few years after the Achaean War.[12]
In the following decades, many Greek communities sought to establish treaty relationships of "friendship and alliance" with Rome, apparently finding this preferable to free status. Treaties are attested, mostly by inscriptions, with Epidaurus and Troezen in the late second century BC, Astypalaea in 105 BC, Thyrium in 94 BC. The cities probably sought these treaties as a way of safeguarding their territory from their larger neighbours.[7] Rome was increasingly called upon by the Greek communities to arbitrate in disputes between them, instead of seeking inter-state arbitration as had been common in the Hellenistic period.[13] In these disputes, "friends and allies" of the Romans were usually favoured.[13]
Mithridatic and civil wars
The
As the part of the Roman East closest to Italy, Greece was a central theatre of the civil wars of the
Principate
After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the
The
Hadrian (117–138) was particularly fond of the Greeks, particularly Athens. He saw himself as an heir to Theseus and Pericles and had served as an eponymous archon of Athens before he became emperor. [19] He carried out constitutional reforms at Athens in 126 and instituted a special 'council of the Panhellenes', where representatives of all Greek states met to discuss religious affairs, in Athens and under Athenian leadership. Hadrian was also responsible for large scale construction projects there, such as the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus and the Athenians built the Arch of Hadrian in his honour nearby.[20] Construction was also carried out by local notables, many of whom became Roman citizens and joined the Imperial elite, most notably Herodes Atticus.
During the
Administration
Many of the cities in the province, including Athens, Delphi, Thespis, and Plataea, were "free cities" and did not fall under the authority of the governor. From some time in the reign of Trajan a separate official the corrector was appointed to oversee their affairs. This office was increasingly merged with that of the provincial governor as time went on.[22]
Legal cases could be appealed to the governor. He was advised by a "council" (consilium) and often delegated judicial powers to members of the council or other officials. There were also juries of provincials, composed of both Greeks and Roman citizens resident in the province. Cases regarding borders between provinces, free cities, and Roman colonies were usually decided by the emperor.[23] Cases could only be appealed to these authorities if they involved more than a certain amount of money, involved status, or carried the death penalty.[23]
Culture
The
During this time, Greece and much of the rest of the Roman east came under the influence of
Later Roman Empire
Under Diocletian, the province of Achaia became a subdivision of the new diocese of Moesia. Under Constantine, the diocese was split and Achaia became part of the Diocese of Macedonia, which was itself assigned to the Praetorian prefecture of Italy or Illyricum at different points in the fourth century AD.
In 267, the
Greece was again invaded in 395 by the Visigoths under Alaric I. Stilicho, who ruled as a regent for Emperor Arcadius, evacuated Thessaly and Arcadius' chief advisor Eutropius allowed Alaric to enter Greece, where he looted Athens, Corinth and the Peloponnese. Stilicho eventually drove him out around 397 and Alaric was made magister militum in Illyricum.[27]
Greece remained part of the relatively cohesive and robust eastern half of the empire, which eventually became the center of the remaining Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman now referred to as
Economy
Copper, lead, and silver mines were exploited in Achaia, though production was not as great as the mines of other Roman-controlled areas, such as Noricum, Britannia, and the provinces of Hispania. Marble from Greek quarries was a valuable commodity.
Educated Greek slaves were much in demand in Rome in the role of doctors and teachers, and educated men were a significant export. Achaia also produced household luxuries, such as furniture, pottery, cosmetics, and linens. Greek olives and olive oil were exported to the rest of the Empire.
List of Roman governors
- Publius Rutilius Nudus (c. 89 BC);[29][30][31]
- Gaius Quinctius, Gaius filius, Trogus (50s BC);[32][33]
- Publius Rutilius Lupus (48 BC);
- Servius Sulpicius Rufus (46—45 BC);
- Manius Acilius Glabrio Caninianus (45—44 BC);
- Mescinius (between 27 BC and AD 14);
- Atidius Geminus (before AD 25);[34]
- Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus (with Macedonia and Moesia, AD 15–35)[35]
- Publius Memmius Regulus (with Macedonia, AD 35–44);[36]
- Quintus Granius Bassus (between 41 and 54);
- Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus (before 54);
- Aegeates (c. 70s);
- Titus Avidius Quietus (91—92);[37]
- Gaius Avidius Nigrinus(c. 90s);
- Armenius Brocchus (c. 90s);
- L. Munatius Gallus (c. 90s);
- M. Mettius Rufus (c. 90s);
- Lucius Herennius Saturninus (98—99);
- Lucius Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex (99—100);
- C. Caristanius Julianus (100—101);
- Gaius Minicius Fundanus (between 101 and 103);
- Cassius Longinus (before 109);
- Gaius Avidius Nigrinus (between 105 and 110);
- Titus Calestrius Tiro Orbius Speratus (111—112);
- Cassius Maximus (116—117);
- Gaius Valerius Severus (117—118);
- Clodius Granianus (118—119);
- T. Prifernius Paetus Rosianus Geminus (122—123);
- Lucius Antonius Albus (127—128);
- C. Julius Severus (133—134);
- Gaius Julius Scapula (135—136);
- Julius Candidus (136—137);
- Lucius Marcius Celer Marcus Calpurnius Longus (between 134 and 144);[38][39]
- Q. Licinius Modestinus Sex. Attius Labeo (144—145);[40]
- Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus (together, between 170 and 175);[41]
- Lucius Albinus Saturninus (between 175 and 182);
- Gaius Sabucius Maior Caecilianus (184—185);[42]
- Lucius Calpurnius Proculus (184—185);
- Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus (c. 192);
- Pupienus Maximus (late 2nd century)[citation needed];
- Gaius Asinius Protimus Quadratus (between 192 and 211);
- [M.?] Claudius Demetrius (between 193 and 198);
- Marcus Aemilius Saturninus (between 192 and 211);
- Marcus Aurelius Amarantus (between 193 and 211);
- Lucius Julius Julianus (between 198 and 211);
- Aurelius Proculus (late 2nd century);
- Quintus Flavius Balbus (between 200 and 213);
- Lucius Lucius Priscillianus (between 211 and 217);
- Gnaeus Claudius Leonticus (first quarter of the 3rd century);
- Rutilius Pudens Crispinus (234—237);
- Marcus Ulpius (end of the 2nd/beginning of the 3rd century);
- [Ge]minius Modestus (between 222 and 235);
- [...]us Paulinus (during the Severan dynasty);
- Ti. Claudius Ti. Me[vius P]risc[us J]unior (between 221 and 250):[43]
- Valens Thessalonicus (250s, under Gallienus);
- Aurelius Valerius Symmachus Tullianus (c. 319);
- Strategius Musonianus (353);
- Flavius Hermogenes (350s);
- Vettius Agorius Praetextatus (c. 364).
List of Roman Correctors of the Free Cities
Name | Dates | Title | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Maximus | ca. 100-110 | Corrector of the free cities | Pliny Letters 8.24; Arrian Epict. 3.7[44] |
Gaius Avidius Nigrinus | ca. 114 | Legatus Augusti pro praetore | FD III 4, no. 290–296; SEG 52.139 [44] Previously governor of Achaia. |
Publius Pactumeius Clemens | ca. 122? | Legatus of the Divine Hadrian to Athens, Thespiae, and Plataea | CIL VIII 7059.[44] Son-in-law of governor Titus Prifernius Geminus.[45] |
Lucius Aemilius Juncus | ca. 134 | Legatus Augusti pro praetore; Justice-giver; Corrector of the Free Cities | [44] |
Severus | ca. 139 | Prefect | IG II² 1092[44] |
Sextus Quintilius Condianus and Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus |
ca. 170 and 175 | Rulers of Greece | Together, combining the role with governorship.[44] |
Claudius Demetrius | ca. 193-198 | Legatus Augusti pro praetore; Proconsul; Corrector of the Free Cities | Combining role with governorship.[44] |
Tiberus Claudius Callippianus Italicus | ca. 198-211 | Legatus Augusti pro praetore; Consular; Corrector of the Free Cities | IG II² 4215. Combining role with governorship.[44] |
Egnatius Proculus | ca. 198-211 | Consular; Corrector | IG V 1, 541.[44] |
Tiberius Claudius Suatianus Proculus | ca. 200-206 | Curator of Athens and Patras | ILS 9488.[44] |
Gnaeus Claudius Leonticus | ca. 200-217 | Counsular and Corrector of Achaia; Proconsul | SIG3 877; FD III 4, 269–271, 331A-B. Combining role with governorship.[44] |
Gaius Licinius Telemachus | 209 | Legatus Augusti pro praetore; Clarissimus ; Curator of Athens
|
IG II² 1077; 2963. Combining role with governorship?[44] |
Paulinus | ca. 200-235 | Governor and Corrector of Greece | IG V 1, 538.[44] Combining role with governorship. |
Lucius Egnatius Victor Lollianus | ca. 230 | Clarissimus Counsular; Corrector of Achaia | IG VII 2510.[44] |
Notes
- ^ According to the classical scholar Robert M. Kallet-Marx, if the date of 144 BC is accurate, the Quintus Fabius Maximus in question is almost certainly Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus. Less likely possibilities include Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus, Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, and Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus.[10]
See also
- History of Roman and Byzantine Greece
- Roman province
References
- ^ /əˈkaɪə/
- ^ Barrington Atlas, map 100
- ^ /əˈkiːə/
- ^ The spelling "Achaea" is based on an erroneous but well-established transliteration of the Greek original (which does not have a diphthong) and in disregard of the Latin spelling (Achaia). The Cambridge University Press's publication "Pausanias' Greece" claims (on p.1): "Following modern standard usage, 'Achaia' refers to the Roman province, 'Achaea' to an area of the northern Peloponnese." Furthermore, Oliver (1983) The Civic Tradition and Roman Athens, p. 152 n. 6: 'The name of the province is Achaia.... It is so spelled in good manuscripts of [Tacitus, Suetonius, and Seneca] and all Latin inscriptions.' The transliteration "Akhaïa" of the (Ancient and Modern) Greek is sometimes used in English, for example by the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Collins English Dictionary as an alternative to "Achaea".
- ^ a b Roman provincial coinage: Τόμος 1, Andrew Burnett, Michel Amandry, Pere Pau Ripollés Alegre - 2003
- ^ Girdvainyte 2020, p. 225.
- ^ a b Girdvainyte 2020, p. 212.
- ^ Girdvainyte 2020, p. 217.
- ^ Girdvainyte 2020, p. 218.
- S2CID 170256313. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ Girdvainyte 2020, p. 217-218, 226.
- ^ Girdvainyte 2020, p. 216-217.
- ^ a b Girdvainyte 2020, p. 213.
- ^ Appian Mithridatic Wars 6.39
- ^ Girdvainyte 2020, p. 227.
- ^ a b c d e f Girdvainyte 2020, p. 210.
- ^ Tacitus, Annals.1.76
- ^ Suetonius, Life of Claudius, 25.3
- ^ Kouremenos, Anna 2022. "Introduction: Collective Historical Nostalgia in 2nd Century Achaea". In A. Kouremenos (Ed) The Province of Achaea in the 2nd Century CE: The Past Present. London: Routledge.
- ^ Kouremenos, Anna 2022. "'The City of Hadrian and not of Theseus': A Cultural History of Hadrian's Arch". In A. Kouremenos (Ed) The Province of Achaea in the 2nd Century CE: The Past Present. London: Routledge.
- ^ Birley, Anthony R. (2000) [1987]. Marcus Aurelius: A Biography (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 165, 168.
- ^ Oliver 1973.
- ^ a b Girdvainyte 2020, p. 219.
- ^ "Horace - Wikiquote". en.wikiquote.org. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
- S2CID 170935906.
- ISBN 9783170251700.
- ISBN 978-0-521-84633-2.
- ^ ISBN 90-04-10922-6, p. 10. "The question of the continuity of civic institutions and the nature of the polis in the late antique and early Byzantine world have become a vexed question, for a variety of reasons. Students of this subject continue to contend with scholars of earlier periods who adhere to a much-outdated vision of late antiquity as a decadent decline into impoverished fragmentation. The cities of late-antique Greece displayed a marked degree of continuity. Scenarios of barbarian destruction, civic decay, and manorialization simply do not fit. In fact, the city as an institution appears to have prospered in Greece during this period. It was not until the end of the 6th century (and maybe not even then) that the dissolution of the city became a problem in Greece. If the early 6th century Syndekmos of Hierokles is taken at face value, late-antique Greece was highly urbanized and contained approximately eighty cities. This extreme prosperity is born out by recent archaeological surveys in the Aegean. For late-antique Greece, a paradigm of prosperity and transformation is more accurate and useful than a paradigm of decline and fall."
- ^ J. Bingen, Inscriptions d’Achaïe, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 78 (1954), pp. 82—85
- ^ AE 1954, 31, CIL I, 2955;
- ^ R. Sherk, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (Cambridge: University Press, 1984), vol. IV pp. 50—51;
- ^ Jeanne Robert & Louis Robert, "Bulletin épigraphique", Revue des Études Grecques, 92 (1979), pp. 413—541, p. 444 n. 205
- ^ T. Corey Brennan, The Praetorship in The Roman Republic (Oxford: University Press, 2000), Vol. II p. 894 n. 100
- Annales, iv.43; Thomas Elliott (2004). Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire (PhD). University of North Carolina. p. 74-79.
- ^ Girdvainyte 2020, p. 214 n. 23.
- ISBN 9788882653477.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, governors from 91/92 to 136/137 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237.
- ^ Werner Eck, "L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus Prokonsul von Achaia und Suffektkonsul unter Hadrian", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 86 (1991), pp. 97–106.
- ^ Giuseppe Camodeca, "Una nuova coppia di consoli del 148 e il proconsul Achaiae M. Calpurnius Longus", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 112 (1996), pp. 235–240.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, governors from 144 to 182 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 260-262
- ^ Oliver 1970, pp. 66–72.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, governors from 184 to about 235 are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), pp. 293-296
- ^ CIL X, 3723
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Oliver 1973, pp. 403–405.
- ^ Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 13 (1983), p. 157
Further reading
- Girdvainyte, Lina (2020). "Law and Citizenship in Roman Achaia: Continuity and Change". In Czakowski, Kimberley; Eckhardt, Benedikt (eds.). Law in the Roman provinces. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 210–242. ISBN 978-0-19-884408-2.
- Kouremenos, Anna (Ed) 2022. The Province of Achaea in the 2nd Century CE: The Past Present. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781032014852
- Oliver, James H. (1973). "Imperial Commissioners in Achaia". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 14: 389–405.
- Oliver, J. H. (1970). Marcus Aurelius: : Aspects of Civic and Cultural Policy. Princeton.
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