Achaean League

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League of the Achaeans
Κοινὸν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν
Koinon ton Achaion
280 BC–146 BC
Achaean coin probably depicting a symbol of the league. of Achaean League
Achaean coin probably depicting a symbol of the league.
Classical Antiquity
• Re-founded
280 BC
• Conquered by the Roman Republic in the Achaean War
146 BC
CurrencyDrachma
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
League of Corinth
Arcadian League
Achaea (Roman province)
Today part ofGreece
tetrobol
issued under the Achaean League c. 175–168 BC. Obverse: Laureate head of Zeus right; Reverse: AX monogram, lyre above, ΔΩ – PO in left and right fields; Size: 15mm, 2.27 g; Reference: BCD Peloponnesos 27.1; McClean 6431-2; Benner 4; HN 225 var.; Sear 2971 var.

The Achaean League (

Antigonid Macedon and an ally of Rome
, the league played a major role in the expansion of the Roman Republic into Greece. This process eventually led to the League's conquest and dissolution by the Romans in 146 BC.

The League represents the most successful attempt by the Greek city states to develop a form of federalism, which balanced the need for collective action with the desire for local autonomy. Through the writings of the Achaean statesman Polybius, this structure has had an influence on the constitution of the United States and other modern federal states.[1]

History

Classical league

The first Achaean League became active in the fifth century in the northwestern Peloponnese.[2] After the catastrophic destruction of the ancient capital Helike by an earthquake and tsunami in 373 BC, it appears to have lapsed.[2][failed verification] Xenophon's Hellenica reports that Achaea underwent a democratic revolution in 367 and the previous ruling class was exiled.[3]

Hellenistic league

The regional Achaean League was reformed in 281/0 BC by the communities of

Patrae, Pharae and Tritaea, joined in 275 by Aegium, which controlled the important sanctuary of Zeus Homarios.[4][2] The league grew quickly to include the entire Achaean heartland, and after a decade it had ten or eleven members.[2] The key moment for the League's transformation into a major power came in 251, when Aratus, the exiled son of a former magistrate of Sicyon, overthrew the tyranny in his native city and brought it into the Achaean League. Since the Sicyonians were of Dorian and Ionian origin, their inclusion opened the League for other national elements. Aratus, then only twenty years old, rapidly became the leading politician of the League. In the thirty two years between 245 and his death in 213, Aratus would hold the office of general a total of sixteen times.[4][2]

At this time, Central Greece and the Peloponnese were dominated by the

Ptolemy II of Egypt, an enemy of the Antigonids. He then used the money to challenge the Macedonian hold on the Peloponnese.[5]

Aratus' greatest success came when he captured

Ptolemy III increased Egypt's support for the Achaeans, being elected as the League's hegemon (leader) in return.[6] Antigonus Gonatas finally made peace with the Achaean League in a treaty of 240 BC, ceding the territories that he had lost in Greece.[7]

The increased size of the league meant a bigger citizen army and more wealth, which was used to hire mercenaries, but it also led to hostility from the remaining independent Greek states, especially

Antigonus III Doson, who defeated Cleomenes at Sellasia. Antigonus Doson re-established Macedonian control over much of the region. In 229 BC, the Achaean League participated in a naval battle off the island of Paxos in a coalition with Korkyra and the Aetolian League, and were defeated by a coalition of Illyrians and Acarnanians; as a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city, which was put under the command of Demetrius of Pharos.[9]

In 220 BC, the Achaean League entered into a war against the Aetolian League, which was called the "Social War". The young king Philip V of Macedon sided with the Achaeans and called for a Panhellenic conference in Corinth, where the Aetolian aggression was condemned. After Aratus's death, however, the League joined Rome in the Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC), which broke Macedonian power in mainland Greece. The Achaean League was one of the main beneficiaries. Under the leadership of Philopoemen, the League was able to finally defeat a heavily weakened Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese.

Scene of the Battle of Corinth (146 BC): last day before the Roman legions looted and burned the Greek city of Corinth. The last day on Corinth, Tony Robert-Fleury, 1870

The League's dominance was not to last long, however. During the

Roman era. G.T. Griffith has written that Achaean War was "a hopeless enterprise for the Achaeans, badly led and backed by no adequate reserves of money or men."[8] Lucius Mummius received the agnomen
Achaicus ("conqueror of Achaea") for his role.

Roman era

The original name Koinon of Achaeans (Achaean League) continues to exist in

Gallia Transalpina.[10] In Athens, in AD 221–222, the koinon of Achaeans, when the strategos was Egnatius Brachyllus, decided to send an embassy to the emperor Caracalla[11]

Government

The government of the league consisted of an assembly of citizens, a smaller council, and a strategos (general).[12]

The strategos (general) controlled the league's military forces. Originally, two strategoi held office simultaneously, but from 251, there was only one, who was elected annually by the assembly. Until 217 the strategos entered office in May; afterwards he assumed power at the beginning of winter. Individuals could hold the office more than once (and frequently did so), but not in consecutive years.[2] The general was assisted in his duties by a board of ten demiourgoi, a secretary, a hipparch (cavalry commander), a navarch (admiral), and hypostrategoi (sub-generals commanding in military districts).[13] The office of Hegemon (leader) was given to various Antigonid and Ptolemaic kings at various points in Achaean history. Ostensibly, the hegemon had ultimate command on land and sea, but in fact the office seems to have been an honorary position which obliged the holder to contribute money to the League and support the League's military ventures.[6]

Ultimate decision-making power rested with the assembly (synodos), which was held at Aegium four times a year. All male citizens of communities belonging to the League were entitled to attend. Alongside the assembly there was a council (boule), which was open to citizen men over thirty years old. Special meetings (synkletoi) had to be called in order for the league to declare war, form an alliance, or receive official communications from the Macedonian king or (later) the Roman Republic.[13]

The league was ostensibly a democracy, but control seems to have consistently rested with a small elite group who monopolised the generalship and other official positions. Given the difficulty of travelling to Aegium, assemblies were probably dominated by the wealthy.[5]

Army

The Achaean army was an army of the traditional hoplite type. From the 270s onwards however, much like the rest of Greece, the emergence of the shield known as the thyreos was incorporated into Greek warfare and a new type of troop was developed. Reforming their troops into thyreophoroi, the Achaean army was now composed of light troops. The thyreophoroi were a mixture of evolved peltasts and light hoplites, carrying the thureos shield, a thrusting spear and javelins. Plutarch says that they could be effective at a distance, but in close combat the narrow thureos shield disadvantaged them. He also says that their formation was ineffective, because it lacked inter-locked shields or a 'leveled line of spears'.[14] Aratus, one of the major Achaean strategoi (generals) and statesmen was known for his use of light forces for irregular operations, a type of warfare suited to the thyreophoroi but not suited to operations in the open field.[15]

The League in 217 decided to maintain a standing force of 8,000 mercenary foot and 500 mercenary cavalry, added to a picked citizen force of 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, of which 500 foot and 50 horse would come from Argos and the same amount from Megalopolis.[16] Aratus also obtained 500 foot and 50 horse each from Taurion and the Messenians for defence of parts of the League open to attack via Laconia.[16] The citizen infantry would have been armed as thyreophoroi, apart from the citizen light troops who would have been archers and slingers etc. This picked citizen force may well have existed before these so-called reforms, at least on an official basis, as we know of a similar elite force of the same size at the Battle of Sellasia in 222.

However, it was the Achaean general

Antigonus Doson
was also divided up with light/medium troops in between them. As well as reforming and re-organizing the infantry, Philopoemen also reformed the citizen cavalry. The cavalry was recruited, much like in other Greek states, from the rich and noble classes. Philopoemen organized the cavalry in lochoi, which usually in ancient military treatises means 'files', most probably of 8 men, grouped into dilochiai, a formation of double-files of 16 and so forth.

However, by the time of the Achaean War in 146 BC, the League's army had decreased in strength and efficiency. The League was even reduced to freeing and arming 12,000 slaves. This was probably due to the 2nd century BC decline in population. This may well account for the increased hiring of mercenaries, especially Cretans and Thracians.[20]

Members

Territory of the Achaean League in 200 BC (excluding Boeotia).

The below are the original Peloponnesian members, except the ancient regions of Sparta, Elis and Messenia. Later Hypana in Elis, Corone, Messene, Sparta and Pagae in Attica were joined by conquest. In 223 BC, Megara in Attica deserted the Achaean League and joined the Boeotian Confederacy.

Besides many city-states on the Mainland joining the Achaean Federation, certain

Mediterranean island city-states also became part of the federation. For example, Kydonia on Crete joined at some time after 219 BC.[21]

The city of Helike had been an important member of the first Achaean League, but sank into the sea following a disastrous earthquake in 373 BC. The town of Olenus, also one of the twelve members of the first Achaean League, had been abandoned before 280 BC, but was sometimes counted as though still extant.

The dates in brackets indicate the year of first adhesion. Some cities had periods of separation or foreign occupation and later joined again.

From Achaea

From Corinthia

From Argolis

From Arcadia

From the ancient political geography of

Arcadia, not totally compatible with modern Arcadia

From other regions

List of Strategoi (Generals)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Walbank, Frank W. “Polybius and the Roman State.” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 5 (1964): 239–60.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g F.W. Walbank, "Macedonia & Greece" in F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (ed.) Cambridge Ancient History 7.1: The Hellenistic World, p. 244,
  3. ISBN 9780199545568
    .
  4. ^ a b P.J. Rhodes, p. 6.
  5. ^ a b F.W. Walbank, "Macedonia & Greece" in F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (ed.) Cambridge Ancient History 7.1: The Hellenistic World, p. 246.
  6. ^ a b c F.W. Walbank, "Macedonia & Greece" in F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (ed.) Cambridge Ancient History 7.1: The Hellenistic World, pp. 251–252.
  7. ^ Adams 2010, p. 222; Errington 1990, p. 173
  8. ^ a b Griffith, 1935, p. 105.
  9. ^ Polybius, 2.10; Wilkes, p. 160.
  10. ^ SEG 15:254
  11. ^ IG II² 1094
  12. ^ "Achaean League". Archived from the original on 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  13. ^ a b c F.W. Walbank, "Macedonia & Greece" in F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (ed.) Cambridge Ancient History 7.1: The Hellenistic World p. 245.
  14. ^ a b Plut. Philo. 9
  15. ^ Anderson, 1967, p. 105.
  16. ^ a b Walbank, 1933, p. 148.
  17. ^ According to Errington, the reform was probably requested or influenced by Philip V of Macedon. At the time of Philopoemen's election, Philip was in a full-scale war and could not support or finance the League. He realized that the League had to become militarily self-sufficient but also kept in the Macedonian sphere, lest the Achaeans join Macedon's rivals. Philip V probably supported Philopoemen for strategos for the year 208/07 and in doing so was able to get what he wanted (Errington 1969, p. 63).
  18. ^ Errington 1969, p. 64.
  19. ^ Walbank, 1967, p. 286.
  20. ^ Griffith, 1935, p. 106.
  21. ^ C. Michael Hogan, 2008
  22. ^ SEG 1.74
  23. ^ B. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 418.

References

External links

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