Achziv
Alternative name | Az-Zeeb (الزيب) al-Zib, al-Zaib[1] |
---|---|
Location | Israel |
Region | Northern District |
Coordinates | 33°02′52″N 35°06′08″E / 33.04778°N 35.10222°E |
Area | 12.4 |
History | |
Cultures | Israeli, Coptic, Islamic |
Events | Battle of Casal Imbert (1232), part of the War of the Lombards |
Achziv (
Excavations have unearthed a fortified Canaanite city of the second millennium BCE. The Phoenician town of the first millennium BCE is known both from the Hebrew Bible and Assyrian sources. Phoenician Achzib went through ups and downs during the Persian and Hellenistic periods. In early Roman times the town, known as Acdippa, was a road station. The Bordeaux Pilgrim mentions it in 333-334 CE still as a road station; Jewish sources of the Byzantine period call it Kheziv and Gesiv. There is no information about settlement at the site for the early Muslim period. The Crusaders built a new village with a castle there. During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods a modest village occupied the old tell (archaeological mound).
In modern times the site was known as the Palestinian town of Az-Zeeb, with a population of almost 2,000. It was depopulated during the Haganah's Operation Ben-Ami, on May 14, 1948, the last day of the British Mandate for Palestine.
The sole permanent resident of Achziv since declaration of the State was Eli Avivi (1930-2018), an Israeli photographer and
Etymology
Mentioned in the
History
Human settlement at the site dates to as early as the 18th century BCE; and by the 10th century BCE it was a walled town.
Middle Bronze Age
Middle Bronze Age IIA
In the Middle Bronze IIA (MBIIA), remains are found at Phase N5 with features including child burials in storage jars below floors.
Middle Bronze Age IIA-B
At the transition from MBIIA to MBIIB, the settlement was subject to a violent destruction.[4]
Middle Bronze Age IIB
In the Middle Bronze IIB (MBIIB), Phase N4 was part of a large Canaanite port city.[5][6] The massive ramparts, some 4.5 m (15 ft) high, protected the city proper and a large area of port facilities. To the north and south the city extended to the two nearby rivers, which the Canaanite engineers connected by a fosse, thus transforming Achzib into an island.[5] A substantial destruction level from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age proves that even these fortifications were eventually not sufficient.[6] A fierce conflagration ended Phase N4 and led to the transition to the MBIIC/LBI in Phase N3.[4]
Iron Age
By the 1000 BCE, Achziv was a prosperous and fortified
Achzib is mentioned in the Book of Joshua (19:29) and Book of Judges (1:31) as a town assigned to the tribe of Asher in the Hebrew Bible, but the Asherites did not manage to conquer it from the Phoenicians:[7]
- And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of Asher ... and the outgoings thereof are at the sea from the coast to Achzib. (Joshua 19:24–29)
- Asher did not drive out the inhabitants of Acco, ... or of Achzib ... (Judges 1:31)
According to
Positioned on a passage between the plain of
Prior to the Assyrian invasion of Achziv under
Classic era
Az-Zeeb
الزيب l-Zib, al-Zaib, Achzib[1] | |
---|---|
Etymology: "Trickster" | |
Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
Subdistrict | Acre |
Date of depopulation | May 14, 1948[9] |
Area | |
• Total | 12,607 dunams (12.607 km2 or 4.868 sq mi) |
Population (1945) | |
• Total | 1,910[11][10] |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
Current Localities | Gesher HaZiv,[12] Sa'ar,[13] |
Hellenistic period
During the reign of the Seleucids the border was established at
Roman and Byzantine periods
A maritime city named Cziv, nine miles (14 km) north of Acre, is mentioned by
Middle Ages
By the
Crusader period
With the arrival of the Crusaders and after the fall of Acre in 1104, "Casal Imbertia" or "Lambertie" was established there.[15][16] During the Crusader era, it expanded and became the main centre of a large estate with the same name, Casal Imbert. Lefiegre, Le Quiebre and La Gabassie were all part of this estate.[17] The site was commonly known as "Casale Umberti,"[18] or Casal Humberti (after Hubert of Pacy who held the casale), and it is documented in 1108.[19]
Az-Zeeb (meaning "trickster"), is first mentioned in Crusader sources in 1123 as a village belonging to Hubert of Pacy.[20] In 1146, the Crusaders established a settlement there protected by a castle and named "Casale Huberti"[21][15] and sometimes still as "Casal Humberti".[22] Under Baldwin III, European farmers settled there sometime before 1153.[23]
Arab geographer
In 1232 it was the site of the
Mamluk period
The Arab village of Az-Zeeb was established during the later Mamluk period with the houses erected using the stones of the destroyed Crusader castle; and thrived throughout the Ottoman rule. There are descriptions of the castle and village by Arab chroniclers in the 12th and 13th centuries, just prior to and during the rule of the
Ottoman era
In the early 16th century, az-Zeeb was incorporated into the
A map by
In 1875, when
British Mandate period
Az-Zeeb became a part of the British Mandate of Palestine in 1922.[37] In the 1922 census of Palestine, "Al Zib" had a population of 804; 803 Muslims and 1 Christian,[39] where the one Christian was a Roman Catholic.[40] The population had increased in the 1931 census to 1059, all Muslims, in a total of 251 houses.[41]
The main economic sectors in the village were in fishing and agriculture, particularly fruit cultivation, which included
The population of the village in 1945 was 1,910.[10]
Political unrest
In 1946,
1948 War
Just before the official end to Mandate rule on May 14, 1948 and the start of the
The Israeli localities of Sa'ar and Gesher HaZiv were established on the village lands in 1948 and 1949. A domed mosque from the village has since been restored and serves as a tourist site, and the house of the last mukhtar (village headman) is now a museum.
Israel
Achziv is an Israeli national park. Today Achziv shores are part of the Achziv-Rosh haNikra marine protected area, which is located between the city of Naharia to the south and the Israeli-Lebanon border to the north. The marine protected area has 7 kilometers of shore line and continue into the sea for another 15 kilometers west. This marine nature reserve protects the fauna and flora of the stony reefs and the sandy beach environments. It is the only marine protected area in Israel in which the maximum depth is deeper than 850 meters [47]
Archaeology
Remnants of ancient Achziv, now known as Tel Achziv, are located on a sandstone mound between two streams, Kziv on the north and Shaal on the south, close to the border with Lebanon. An ancient port was located on the coast, and another secondary port is located 700 m to the south. Archeological excavations have revealed that a walled city existed at the location from the Middle Bronze period.
See also
- National parks of Israel
- Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
References
- ^ a b Palmer, 1881, p. 60
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lipinski, 2004, pp. 302-3
- ^ Khalidi, 1992, p.35.
- ^ a b Tell Achziv - Preliminary Report 2017
- ^ JSTOR 27925533.
- ^ )
- ^ "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), EBAL MONS, EBAL MONS, ECDIPPA".
- OCLC 506728.
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #79. Also gives the cause for depopulation
- ^ a b c d Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 41
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 5
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxi, settlement #54. January 1949
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxi, settlement #18. August 1948
- ^ Avshalom-Gorni, 2006, Akhziv
- ^ a b Pringle, 1998, pp. 384-385
- ^ Mazar, Eilat. Achziv Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. Institute of Archeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- ^ Frankel, 1988, p. 264
- ^ [1]Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- ^ Murray, Alan, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125 (Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Oxford, 2000) p. 210.
- ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 23, No. 101; cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 384
- ^ Crusader: Casel Imbert, casale Huberti de Paci, Casale Lamberti, Castellum Ziph, Qasale Imbert/Siph; Hebr. Akhziv; in Pringle, 1997, p. 110
- ^ Murray, 2000, p. 210
- ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 1-2, No. 1; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 71, No. 281; cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 384
- ^ a b Ibn Jubayr and al-Hamawi quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p.555.
- ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 27-8, No. 34; No 122; No. 128; cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 384
- ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 84-5, No. 105; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 318, No. 1208; cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 384
- ^ Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 328, No. 1250; cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 384-5
- ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 106-7, No. 119; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 341-2, No. 1307; cited in Pringle, 1998, p. 384
- al-Qalqashandiversion of the hudna, referred in Barag, 1979, p. 204, no. 22
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192; quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 35
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 160 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Buckingham, 1821, pp. 62-63; quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.36.
- ^ Rustum, 1938, p. 70.
- ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 164-165, partially given in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 193.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.148. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 36
- ^ a b c d Khalidi, 1992, p.36.
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 172
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 49
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 104 Zib, Ez
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 82
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 132
- ^ xvii, Village #79; Morris, 2004, p. Also gives the cause for depopulation
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 347
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 253
- ^ "שמורת ים ראש הנקרה-אכזיב – רשות הטבע והגנים".
Bibliography
- Avshalom-Gorni, Dina (2006-08-03). "Akhziv" (118). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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(help) - Barag, Dan (1979). "A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem". JSTOR 27925726.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2.
- Buckingham, J.S. (1821). Travels in Palestine through the countries of Bashan and Gilead, east of the River Jordan, including a visit to the cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Frankel, Rafael (1988). "Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period". Israel Exploration Journal. 38 (4): 249–272. JSTOR 27926125.
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-920405-41-4.
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- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
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- Murray, Alan (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099-1125. Linacre College, Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 9781900934039.
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- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
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- ISBN 0521-46010-7.
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External links
- Achziv Beach National Park, Israel Nature and Parks Authority website
- One-man rule in Israel's hippy micro-state, by Raffi Berg, BBC
- al-Zeeb, Zochrot