Acid rock
Acid rock | |
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Stylistic origins | |
Cultural origins | Mid-1960s, United States |
Derivative forms | |
Fusion genres | |
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Local scenes | |
San Francisco Sound | |
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Psychedelia |
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Acid rock is a loosely defined type of
Compared to other forms of psychedelic rock, acid rock features a harder, louder, heavier, or rawer sound. Much of the style overlaps with
As the movement progressed into the late 1960s and 1970s, elements of acid rock split into two directions, with hard rock and
Definitions
"Acid rock" as a term was initially (and often still is) loosely defined.
Psychedelia was sometimes referred to as "acid rock". The latter label was applied to a pounding,
garage-punk movement ... When rock began turning back to softer, roots-oriented sounds in late 1968, acid-rock bands mutated into heavy metalacts.
—Frank Hoffman, Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound (2004)[3]
The term has often been deployed interchangeably with "psychedelic rock" or "psychedelia", particularly during the genre's nascence.[8] However, the distinction between the heavier "acid rock" and the more general or inclusive genre of "psychedelic rock" has been well established.[17] According to Per Elias Drabløs, "acid rock is generally considered a subgenre of psychedelic rock",[6] while Steve and Alan Freeman state the two terms are more or less synonymous, and that "what is usually referred to as acid rock is generally the more extreme end of [the psychedelic rock genre]".[7] This would mean psychedelic rock that is heavier, louder, or harder.[17][18][5]
When defined specifically as a
Origins and ideology
Many bands associated with acid rock aimed to create a youth movement based on love and peace, as an alternative to
When played live at dance clubs, performances were accompanied by psychedelic-themed light shows[25] in order to replicate the visual effects of the acid experience.[26] According to Kevin T. McEneaney, the Grateful Dead "invented" acid rock in front of a crowd of concertgoers in San Jose, California on December 4, 1965, the date of the second Acid Test held by author Ken Kesey. Their stage performance involved the use of strobe lights to reproduce LSD's "surrealistic fragmenting" or "vivid isolating of caught moments".[26] The Acid Test experiments subsequently launched the psychedelic subculture.[27] Author Steve Turner recognises the Beatles' success in conveying an LSD-inspired worldview on their 1966 album Revolver, especially with the track "Tomorrow Never Knows", as having "opened the doors" to acid rock.[28][nb 3] Former Atlantic Records executive Phillip Rauls recalls: "I was in the music business at the time, and my very first recognition of acid rock ... was, of all people, the Beach Boys and the song 'Good Vibrations' ... That [song's theremin] sent so many musicians back to the studio to create this music on acid."[30][nb 4]
According to Laura Diane Kuhn, the heavier form of psychedelic rock known as acid rock developed from the late 1960s
Other bands credited with creating or laying the foundation for acid rock include
Development and characteristics
Evolution from garage bands
Originating in the early 1960s,
The earliest known use of the term "garage punk" appeared in
Another group included on the Nuggets album, the 13th Floor Elevators, began as a straight garage rock band before becoming one of the original early acid rock bands and the innovators of psychedelic rock in general, with a sound consisting of distortion, often yelping vocals, and "occasionally demented" lyrics.[50] Their debut album, The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators, featuring the garage rock hit "You're Gonna Miss Me", was among the earliest psychedelic rock albums.[51][50] By 1966, the New York City garage band the Blues Magoos were referring to their wailing blues rock as "psychedelic music", and their hard variant of psychedelic rock, with its roots in the garage movement, would be increasingly labeled "acid rock".[3]
Distinctions from other psychedelic rock
Acid rock often encompasses the more extreme side of the psychedelic rock genre, frequently containing a loud, improvised, and guitar-centered sound.
At a time when many British psychedelic bands played whimsical or
Tonal distortion was also one of the defining characteristics of the
Transition to hard rock and heavy metal
Heavy metal evolved from psychedelic music and acid rock
The influence of acid rock was evident in the sound of heavy metal in the 1970s.[61] Iron Butterfly's "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" is sometimes described as an example of the transition between acid rock and heavy metal[61] or the turning point in which acid rock became "heavy metal".[63] "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" serves a notable example of 1960s and early 1970s acid rock or heavy psychedelia, and the band would continue to experiment with distorted, "fuzzy", heavy psychedelia into the 1970s.[64] Both Iron Butterfly's 1968 album In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida and Blue Cheer's 1968 album Vincebus Eruptum have been described as influential in the transition of acid rock into heavy metal.[62] Heavy metal's acid rock origins can further be seen in the loud acid rock of groups such as Steppenwolf, who contributed their song "Born to Be Wild" to the soundtrack of the 1969 film Easy Rider, which itself glamorized the genre.[1] Ultimately, Steppenwolf and other acid rock groups such as Cream, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, and Led Zeppelin paved the way for the electrified, bluesy sound of early heavy metal.[65]
By the early 1970s, bands such as Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin and
In addition to hard rock and heavy metal, acid rock also gave rise to the
List of artists
Footnotes
- ^ Exemplary acts of "garagey" psychedelia include Blues Magoos, the Electric Prunes, and the Music Machine, all of which may fall under the label of acid rock.[19]
- ^ Hard rock and heavy metal have been described by writer Steve Valdez as evolving from psychedelic rock.[21]
- ^ Rolling Stone attributes the development of the Los Angeles and San Francisco music scenes, including subsequent releases by the Beach Boys, Love and the Grateful Dead, to the influence of Revolver, particularly the song "She Said She Said".[29]
- ^ Rauls believed that, at the time, "acid rock" was used to refer to "progressive rock".[30] Writer Vernon Joyson observed flirtations with acid rock in the Beach Boys' albums Pet Sounds (1966) and the unfinished Smile.[31]
- ^ Joyson notes that the Doors' acid rock music was markedly different from their San Francisco contemporaries; that the Doors "took the acid experience less literally".[36]
- sitars.[56]
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hoffmann 2004, p. 1725.
- ^ a b c d e Knowles 2010, p. 199.
- ^ a b Jasinski 2012.
- ^ a b Drabløs 2016, p. 64.
- ^ a b c Freeman & Freeman 1996, p. 10.
- ^ a b Hoffmann 2004, p. 1725, "Psychedelia was sometimes referred to as 'acid rock.'"; Browne & Browne 2001, p. 8, "acid rock, also known as psychedelic rock"; DeRogatis 2003, p. 9, "now regularly called 'psychedelic' or 'acid'-rock"; Larson 2004, p. 140, "known as acid rock or psychedelic rock"
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- ^ Reynolds, Simon (July 1996). "Krautrock". Melody Maker.
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- ^ AllMusic.
- ^ Gammond 1991, p. 3.
- ^ Wolfe 1968, p. 223.
- ^ Rolling Stone Magazine Staff 1989, p. 195.
- ^ AllMusic
- ^ McLauchlin 2015, p. [page needed].
- ^ a b c d Bisbort & Puterbaugh 2000, p. 31.
- ^ Beck 2013, p. 335.
- ^ a b Henderson & Stacey 2014, p. 539.
- ^ Waksman 2001, p. 262.
- ^ Szatmary 2014, pp. [, page needed], .
- ^ a b Szatmary 2014, p. 158.
- ^ a b c Misiroglu 2015, p. 10.
- ^ a b McEneaney 2009, p. 45.
- ^ McEneaney 2009, p. 46.
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- ^ a b Kuhn 1999, p. 1507.
- ^ Larson 2004, p. 141–144.
- ^ "Youth: The Hippies". Time. No. July 7, 1967. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008.(subscription required)
- ^ Powledge, Fred. "Wicked Go The Doors". Life. No. April 12, 1968.
- ^ Joyson 1984, p. 59.
- ^ Moore 2015, p. 126.
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- ^ Giles, Jeff. "How the Paul Butterfield Blues Band Earned Its Spot in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
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- ^ Unterberger, Richie. "You're Gonna Miss Me - Song review". allmusic.com.
- ^ Luft 2009, p. 173.
- ^ Perone 2001, p. 56.
- ^ Brend 2005, p. 88.
- AllMusic
- ^ a b O'Brien, Lucy M. "Psychedelic Rock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^ a b Dasher 1985, p. 67.
- ^ Larson 2004, p. 140–141.
- ^ Brown 1986, p. 148.
- ^ Weinstein 2009, p. 19.
- ^ a b c Rood 1994, p. 6.
- ^ a b Bukszpan & Dio 2003, p. 288.
- ^ Smith, Nathan. "The Warning: The 10 Heaviest Albums Before Black Sabbath". Houston Press. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
- ^ Unterberger 2002, p. 563.
- ^ Kirkpatrick 2011, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Browne & Browne 2001, p. 687.
- ^ Godfrey & Leigh 1998, p. 2.
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