Acre (state)

Coordinates: 9°S 70°W / 9°S 70°W / -9; -70
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the Israeli city, see Acre, Israel.

Acre
State
Estado do Acre
State of Acre
UTC−5 (ACT)
Postal Code
69900-000 to 69999-000
ISO 3166 codeBR-AC
License Plate Letter SequenceMZN to NAG, NXR to NXT, OVG, OXP, QLU to QLZ, QWM to QWQ
Websitewww.ac.gov.br

Acre (

GDP.[4]

Intense extractive activity in the rubber industry, which reached its height in the early 20th century, attracted Brazilians from many regions to the state. From the mixture of

manioc
.

Fluvial transport, concentrated on the

BR-364
impassable in those months; it usually connects Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul.

Etymology

The name, which was given to the territory in 1904, is derived from one of the local rivers, and to the state in 1962, perhaps originates from the Tupi word a'kir ü "green river", or from the form a'kir, of the Tupi word ker, "to sleep, to rest". It is believed more likely to be derived from Aquiri, a transliteration by European explorers of the term Umákürü, or Uakiry, from the Ipurinã dialect. Another hypothesis is that Acquiri derives from Yasi'ri, or Ysi'ri, meaning "flowing or swift water".

According to one account, agriculturist João Gabriel de Carvalho Melo wrote during an 1878 trip on the

Purús River to merchant Viscount of Santo Elias (from Pará), asking him for goods to be sent to the "mouth of the Aquiri River". In Belém, the local merchant or his employees either misinterpreted Gabriel's handwriting, or he spelled the name wrong: the goods and invoice which Gabriel received were marked as having been sent to the Acre River
.

Acre possesses some nicknames: the End of Brazil, The Rubber Tree State, the Latex State (from when it was a center of rubber production) and the Western End.

The native inhabitants of Acre are called acrianos, in the singular acriano. Until the entry according to the

Orthographic Agreement of 1990, the correct spelling was acreano in the singular and in the plural acreanos. In 2009, with the new orthographic agreement, the change generated controversy between the Academy of Letters of Acre (Academia Acreana de Letras) and the Brazilian Academy of Letters (Academia Brasileira de Letras). The latter said that the change would mean the denial of the state's historical and cultural roots, by changing the last letter of the toponym from "E" to "I
".

Geography

Climate types of Acre

The state of Acre occupies an area of 152,581 km2 (58,912 sq mi) (58,911 mi2) in the extreme west of Brazil. It is located at

North Region, forming borders with the states of Amazonas and Rondônia, and with two countries: Peru and Bolivia
.

Practically all of the

state's surface
lies between 200 and 300 m (660 and 980 ft) in height; 16% between 300 and 609 (984 and 1,998 ft); and 21% between 200 and 135 (656 and 443 ft).

The

temperatures vary between 24 and 27 °C (75 and 81 °F), being the lowest average of the North Region. The rainfall reaches an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in), with a clear dry season
in the months of June, July, and August.

The

Purús, Iaco, and Acre
), cross the state with almost parallel courses which converge only outside of its territory.

The largest recorded

Black Caiman
, measured at 7.7 meters (25 feet) and weighing 1,310 kg (2,890 lb), was shot in Acre in 1965.

The Môa River, at the Serra do Divisor National Park, Juruá River Valley, Western Acre

The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia.[5] As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.[6]

Statistical and legal subdivisions

Acre is divided into twenty-two municipalities, five immediate regions and two intermediate regions:

1 Mesoregion of Vale do Acre
2 Mesoregion of Vale do Juruá

Rio Branco

  • Immediate Region of Brasileia
  • Immediate Region of Rio Branco
  • Microregion of Sena Madureira

Cruzeiro do Sul

History

Main article: History of Acre
Historical affiliations

Peru-Bolivian Confederation 1836–1839
Bolivia 1839–1899
Acre (state) First Republic of Acre 1899–1900
Bolivia 1900
Acre (state) Second Republic of Acre 1900
Bolivia 1900–1903
Third Republic of Acre 1903
 Brazil
1903–present

Sena Madureira City Hall, 1905, Acre, Brazil
Military Police in Rio Branco.
Rio Branco in the morning.
View of Rio Branco.

The region of present-day Acre is thought to have been inhabited by

Inca
.

In the mid-18th century, the region was colonized by the Spanish and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian and Bolivian wars of independence, which ended in 1826, the region and large portions around it became part of Bolivia, but independent of Spain. It was a territory of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839), until the two countries separated and the region returned to Bolivian control.

The discovery of rubber tree groves in the region in the mid-19th century attracted numerous immigrants, especially from Brazil and Europe, seeking to build on the rubber boom. Despite the increased numbers of Brazilians, the Treaty of Ayacucho (1867) determined that the region belonged to Bolivia. By 1877, Acre's population was composed almost entirely of Brazilians coming from the Northeast.

In 1899, Brazilian settlers from Acre created an independent state in the region called the Republic of Acre. Bolivians tried to gain control of the area, but Brazilians revolted and there were border confrontations. This resulted in what was known as the Acre War. On November 17, 1903, with the signing over and sale in the Treaty of Petrópolis, Brazil received final possession of the region. Acre was integrated into Brazil as a territory divided into three departments. The territory was acquired by Brazil for two million pounds sterling. The land was taken from Mato Grosso in accordance with terms for the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré railway.

República Velha, 1892. Note the differences from current western borders in the areas of Pantanal and the Amazon basin — including the lack of Acre's territory, then still part of Bolivia

Acre was united in 1920. On June 15, 1962, it was elevated to the category of state, and was the first to be governed by a woman, Iolanda Fleming, a teacher.

During the early twentieth century, rubber seedlings were taken to Southeast Asia, where competitive plantations were established, reducing the importance of the Amazon in production. But during the

Second World War, Japanese forces took over the rubber tree groves of Malaya
.

Acre was called on to produce rubber for the Allied war effort. The

Rubber Soldiers
, natives mostly of the Ceará plantation, increased production and provided critical supplies to the Allies.

Acre's decisive contribution to the Allied victory may have helped Brazil attract North American investment to form the National Steel Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional) in the postwar era. This company aided in the industrialization of the Central-south, which did not yet possess basic heavy industries.

On April 4, 2008, Acre won a judicial debate with the state of Amazonas in relation to the dispute surrounding the Cunha Gomes Line. It annexed part of the municipalities of Envira, Guajará, Boca do Acre, Pauini, Eirunepé and Ipixuna. The territorial redefinition consolidated the incorporation of 1.2 million hectares of the Liberdade, Gregório, and Mogno forest complex to the territory of Acre, which corresponds to 11,583.87 km2 (4,472.56 sq mi).

Initial settlement

Geoglyphs in the Amazon rainforest, Acre.

Since the 1970s, numerous

Unnatural Histories explored studies of this area, concluding that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine "wilderness", has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years. Traditional ancient practices included forest gardening.[9] Ondemar Dias is credited as the first to discover the geoglyphs in 1977. Alceu Ranzi expanded their findings by flying over Acre.[9][10]

During the 17th century, Portuguese expeditions reached many of the far ends of present-day Brazil. The expansion of the exploration to the west followed, and they reached lands under control by the Spanish colonies. The two nations negotiated to establish their territories, under the Treaties of

Javari
as the border between the Spanish and Portuguese territories.

The Portuguese created the new royal captaincy of Mato Grosso (1751), stimulating settlement toward the frontier. New centers developed: Vila Bela (1752)[12] on the banks of the Guaporé, Vila Maria (1778)[13] on the Paraguay River, and Casalvasco (1783).[14] Until the mid-19th century, there was little effort to settle the area systematically. At that time, the great virgin source of rubber attracted commercial interest, and development followed.

The empire was directed towards agricultural exports, based on coffee as the most important commodity. The territories of the extreme west were unknown and usually overlooked. For example, although Cândido Mendes de Almeida's Atlas of the Empire of Brazil (1868), was considered a model of its time, geographers knew nothing of the Acre River and its principal tributaries, which did not appear at all in the atlas.

Some few armed bands of Brazilian explorers exploited the rural and unpopulated region,[15] not knowing and little interested in whether they were "controlled" by Brazil, Peru, or Bolivia.

But the rubber boom of the mid-19th century, stimulated exploration by various expeditions to survey this resource and develop a plan for colonial settlement. At that time, João Rodrigues Cametá initiated the conquest of the

Purús River;[16] Manuel Urbano da Encarnação, an Indian with extensive knowledge of the region, reached the Acre River, traveling up it as far as the vicinity of the Xapuri;[16] and João da Cunha Correia reached the drainage basin of the upper Tarauacá.[17] For the most part, these expeditions took place on Bolivian
land.

Exploitative activities, the industrial importance of the rubber reserves, and the penetration of Brazilian colonists in the region raised the attention of

Javari River
, even though the source of this river was not yet known.

Northeast occupation

As the price of rubber rose in the market,

rubber
, considered the entire valley of the Purús to be Brazilian.

In the second half of the 19th century, disturbances were registered in the demographic and geo-economic balance of the empire. The coffee boom in the south attracted financial resources and workers, to detriment of the northeast.[20] The growing impoverishment of that region stimulated migratory waves to the states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo.[20] The movement of population became particularly active during the prolonged drought of the northeastern interior, from 1877 to 1880. Hundreds of Ceará indigenous people headed for the rubber plantations in search of work.[21]

The Cearense migration reached the banks of the

rubber tree groves.[23]

The

rubber race had the frantic urgency of gold rushes of the 18th century.[24]
The situation drew the attention of the government to the economic use and development of an almost completely unknown area. The activities of private businesses would enable the government to incorporate the new region.

Land dispute

In 1890,

Mamoré rivers.[26]

In 1895 a new commission to define the borders was created.

Mamoré
rivers.

Distant from the diplomatic process, the rubber workers judged their interests to have been cheated, and initiated insurrection movements. Some of this was in response to brutal treatment and abuse by forces managed by the major rubber companies. In the same year that Bolivia established administration in Puerto Alonso (1899), two serious uprisings occurred.[29]

In April, a

Campos Sales abolished the ephemeral republic (March 1900).[24]

Bolivians, reinstated in the region, suffered in 1900 from the assault of the so-called Floriano Peixoto expedition, or "expedition of the poets".[30] It was made up of intellectual bohemians from Manaus.[30] Following brief fighting in the area surrounding Puerto Alonso, the expedition was completely scattered.[30] Ultimately, the Bolivian government signed a contract with the Bolivian Syndicate (July 1901).[24] The Brazilian congress, shocked by the arbitrariness of the act, took measures, canceling commercial accords and navigation between the two countries, and suspending the right of travel to Bolivia.

At the same time, Brazilians organized a large armed assault on the disputed area.[24] The operations were led by a former student of the Military School of Rio Grande do Sul (Escola Militar do Rio Grande do Sul), José Plácido de Castro. The rubber gatherers occupied the village of Xapuri in Alto Acre (August 1902), and took Bolivian officials into custody.[24] Finally, Plácido de Castro's forces besieged Puerto Alonso, proclaiming the Independent State of Acre, after the capitulation of Bolivian troops (February 1903).[24]

Diplomatic intervention

Revolução Square (Praça Plácido de Castro) in the capital, Rio Branco.

Minister of External Relations,[33]
immediately opened channels which were meant to have put an end to the question.

The simplest problem, with the Bolivian Syndicate, was resolved by Brazil paying one hundred and ten thousand pounds to renounce the contract (February 1903).[34] Next, commercial relations were reestablished with Bolivia,[24] while a part of the territory on the upper Purús and Juruá, militarily occupied in March 1903, was declared litigious.

Bolivia finally agreed to cede to Brazil an area of 142,800 km2 (55,100 sq mi), in exchange for two million

Madeira-Mamoré Railway, connecting Porto Velho to Guajará-Mirim, at the confluence of the Beni and Madeira rivers.[24] These actions were ratified in the Treaty of Petrópolis (November 17, 1903), through which Brazil acquired the future territory, now state of Acre.[24]

Peru had also claimed sovereignty over the entire territory of Acre and part of the state of Amazonas, based on historic colonial titles.[35] After armed conflicts between Brazilians and Peruvians on the upper Purús and Juruá, a joint administration was established in those regions (1904).[21] The studies to determine the borders proceeded until the end of 1909, when a treaty was signed that completed the political integration of Acre into Brazilian territory.

Development from territory to statehood

The Sociedade Recreativa Tentâmen, in Rio Branco, built in 1924, with Rural Gothic architecture, was, for many years, a symbol of Acre's bohemia, a reflection of the prosperous years from the rubber cycle

Exercising a prominent role in national exports until 1913,[36] when rubber was introduced to European and North American markets, Acre enjoyed a period of great prosperity. At the start of the 20th century, in a period of less than ten years, it grew to have more than 50,000 inhabitants.

From 1946 on, the federal government undertook actions to revive the economy of the

Amazon Basin, and to include it in regional development
projects.

Attending to the judicial arrangements of the

Rodrigues Alves sanctioned the law which created the Territory of Acre (1904),[37] further dividing it into three departments: Alto Acre, Alto Purús, and Alto Juruá, the latter being separated to form Alto Tarauacá (1912). The departmental administration was exercised until 1921 by mayors appointed by the President of Brazil.[38] At that time the arrangements were altered, passing the administration to a governor. The second Constitution of Brazil (1934) conceded to Acre the right to elect representatives to the National Congress of Brazil.[39]

Members of an uncontacted tribe encountered in 2008, at the Brazil–Peru border.

During the

state as soon as its revenue reached the equivalent of the lowest state tax exaction.[40]

In the 1960s, the second cycle of efforts to accelerate the progress of the Amazon area was begun with the Superintendency of the Development of the Amazon (Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia or SUDAM, 1966).[41] Better networking of regional sub-sectors within the state was sought out, thus connecting the branch lines of the Transamazônica, which connected Rio Branco and Brasiléia, on the upper course of the Acre River, and Cruzeiro do Sul, on the banks of the Juruá, crossing the valleys of the Purús and the Tarauacá. Planning politics developed, therefore, destined to correct the demographic, economic, and political distortions of national integration.

Demographics

According to the IBGE of 2022, there were 830,018 people residing in the state. making Acre the third least populated state. The population density was 4.5 inh./km2.

Urbanization: 69.6% (2006); Population growth: 3.3% (1991–2000); Houses: 162,000 (2006).[42]

The last Census in 2022 revealed the following numbers: 549,889

Black (8.6%), 29,163 Amerindian people (3.5%).[43]

Largest cities

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Acre (state)
Rank Mesoregion Pop. Rank Mesoregion Pop.
Rio Branco
Rio Branco
Cruzeiro do Sul
Cruzeiro do Sul 		1 Rio Branco Vale do Acre 335,796 11 Epitaciolândia Vale do Acre 15,126 Sena Madureira
Sena Madureira
Tarauacá
Tarauacá
2 Cruzeiro do Sul Vale do Juruá 78,444 12 Porto Acre Vale do Acre 14,806
3 Sena Madureira Vale do Acre 37,993 13 Rodrigues Alves Vale do Juruá 14,334
4 Tarauacá Vale do Juruá 35,526 14 Marechal Thaumaturgo Vale do Juruá 14,200
5 Feijó Vale do Juruá 32,311 15 Acrelândia Vale do Acre 12,538
6 Brasiléia Vale do Acre 21,438 16 Porto Walter Vale do Juruá 9,172
7 Senador Guiomard Vale do Acre 20,153 17 Capixaba, Acre Vale do Acre 8,810
8 Plácido de Castro Vale do Acre 17,203 18 Bujari Vale do Acre 8,474
9 Xapuri Vale do Acre 16,016 19 Manoel Urbano Vale do Acre 7,989
10 Mâncio Lima Vale do Juruá 15,246 20 Jordão Vale do Juruá 6,531

Education

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions

  • Universidade Federal do Acre (Ufac) (Federal University of Acre);
  • Faculdade da Amazônia Ocidental (Faao) (College of Western Amazon);
  • Faculdade de Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais Applicadas Rio Branco (Firb);
  • Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Vale do Juruá (Ieval);
  • Instituto de Ensino Superior do Acre (Iesacre);
  • União Educacional do Norte (Uninorte).

Economy

Agriculture in Mâncio Lima

The

industrial sector at 28.1%. Agriculture represents 5.9%, of GDP (2004). Acre exports: wood 85.6%, poultry (chicken and wild turkey) 4.7%, wood
products 1.7% (2002).

Share of the Brazilian economy: 0.2% (2005).

Infrastructure

Airports
Rio Branco International Airport.
Intersection of the BR-364 and the Interoceanic Highway in Senador Guiomard, Greater Rio Branco

Rio Branco International Airport is located in a rural zone of the municipality of Rio Branco, in the state of Acre. It was opened on November 2, 1999, with a unique characteristic: it moved 22 kilometers away from the previous airport site. Rio Branco Airport serves domestic and international flights (by scheduled carriers and air taxi firms) along with general and military aviation. The terminal can receive 270 thousand passengers a year and serves an average of 14 daily operations.

Cruzeiro do Sul International Airport is located 18 kilometers away from the city center, which helps access to the Alto Juruá region. It was opened on October 28, 1970, and absorbed by Infraero on March 31, 1980. The airport infrastructure was built in 1976 by the municipal government. In 1994, the runway was completely renovated.

Domestic airports at Tarauaca, Sena Madureira and Brasiléia.

Highways

  • BR-364 (Rio Branco to Southeastern Brazil);
  • BR-317 (Rio Branco to south of Acre);
  • AC-040 (Rio Branco to Plácido de Castro);
  • AC-401 (Plácido de Castro to Acrelândia);
  • AC-010 (Rio Branco to Porto Acre).

Two roads to Peru:

  • at Boqueirão
  • BR-317 from Assis Brasil to Highway 30C to Iñapari and Highway 26 to Cuzco.

Three roads to Bolivia:

  • from Rio Branco at Plácido de Castro,
  • from Rio Branco to Santa Rosa,
  • from BR-317 in Brasileia to Ruta 13 in Cobija.

One road to Amazonas:

  • BR-317, plus BR-364 passes through Amazonas.

One road to Rondônia:

  • BR-364 (via Amazonas).

Sports

Arena da Floresta stadium in Rio Branco.

Rio Branco provides visitors and residents with various sport activities.

Stadiums

  • Arena da Floresta stadium;
  • José de Melo stadium;
  • Federação Acreana de Futebol stadium;
  • Dom Giocondo Maria Grotti stadium;
  • Adauto de Brito stadium;
  • and many others.

The Arena da Floresta stadium in Rio Branco was one of the 18 candidates to host games in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Brazil, but did not make it to the final 12 chosen.

Culture

Yawa festival in Rio Branco

Despite being the only state that fought to be Brazilian (Acre War), Acre's culture is similar to that of other Northern Brazilian states, however, there is a high consumption of Northeastern Brazilian culture. In Rio Branco, there is a religious community called Alto Santo (Universal Christian Enlightenment Center) that practices the Santo Daime Ritual, typical of Acre, of indigenous origin, which uses Daime, a natural tea made with leaves and vines, used by the Indigenous peoples as a way of approaching God. The ritual implies in drinking a tea, including children and the elderly. The members wear uniforms and sing the hymnal.[45]

The best-known dish consumed by Acreans is called Baixaria. The typical food uses duck, tucupi, cassava flour and pirarucu fish, in addition to the huge variety of Amazonian fruits inherited from the Indigenous peoples.[46]

Some singers and artists from Acre: João Donato, Sansão Campos Pereira, Sergio Souto and Tião Natureza.[47]

Flag

See also: Flag of Acre

The flag was adopted on March 15, 1921. It is a variation of the flags used by the secessionist state of Acre, with the yellow and green parts exchanged and mirrored. The yellow color symbolizes peace, green hope, and the star symbolizes the light which guided those who worked to make Acre a state of Brazil.

See also

References

  1. ^ "IBGE | Portal do IBGE | IBGE".
  2. ^ "PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021". ibge.gov.br.
  3. ^ "Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Pnud Brasil, Ipea e FJP, 2022". www.atlasbrasil.org.br. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
  4. ^ PIB do Acre teve segunda pior variação do país em 2018, diz IBGE
  5. ISBN 0-521-80183-4
  6. ^ Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals
  7. ^ Simon Romero (January 14, 2012). "Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World". The New York Times.
  8. S2CID 55741813
    .
  9. ^ a b "Unnatural Histories - Amazon". BBC Four.
  10. ^ Junior, Gonçalo (October 2008). "Amazonia lost and found". Pesquisa (Ed.220). FAPESP. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014.
  11. ^ Treaty of Madrid "Tratado de Madri" Archived April 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ FERREIRA, João Carlos Vicente. "História da Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade" Archived August 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Cáceres" Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine BrasilViagem.com. Page visited on October 5, 2010
  14. ^ "Fixação e consolidação da fronteira" Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Official Site of the Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso. Accessed October 5, 2010.
  15. ^ Pertiñez, Dom Joaquín. "O Acvre, o Nordeste e os nordestinos" Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the Diocese of Rio Branco. Page visited on October 5, 2010
  16. ^ a b SILVA, Hiram Reis and (July 7, 2009) "João Rodrigues Cametá" Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "Tarauacá: Ontem, hoje e amanhã" Tarauacá.com. Page visited on October 5, 2010.
  18. ^ "O Tratado de Madrid e o Tratado de Ayacucho" GrupoEscolar.com Page visited on October 6, 2010
  19. ^ "A queda do Ciclo da Borracha". Official site of the Municipality of Porto Velho (October 27, 2006). Page visited on October 6, 2010
  20. ^ a b FURTADO, Celso. "A evolução da economia na República Velha". Marcilio.com. Page visited on October 6, 2010
  21. ^ a b TOSCANO, Fernando. "Estados Brasileiros: Acre" Portal Brasil. Page visited October 6, 2010
  22. ^ "História de Ipixuna". Official site of the Public Library of Amazonas. Page visited on October 6, 2010.
  23. ^ "As Casas Aviodoras", WEB High School. Page visited on October 6, 2010.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n GURGEL, Rodrigo. "Revolução Acreana: Bolívia e Brasil disputam o Acre". UOL Education. Page visited on October 6, 2010.
  25. ^ ILVA CASTRO, Jamerson. "História das Bandeiras de Portugal e do Brasil[permanent dead link] Official site of the city councilman. Page visited on October 9, 2010
  26. ^ "Tratado de Ayacucho" Wikisource in Portuguese (March 27, 1867). Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  27. ^ ALBUQUERQUE, Kátya Fernandez. "A Questão do Acre" Official site of the Fluminense Society of Philologic and Linguistic Studies. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  28. ^ SILVA, Hiram Reis e (June 20, 2009). "Tenente-Coronel Gregório Taumaturgo de Azevedo" Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Roraima in Foucus. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  29. ^ a b "História de Porto Acre IBGE Library. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  30. ^ a b c SCILLING, Voltaire. "A Expedição dos Poetas" Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Earth Education:History. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  31. ^ "Plácido de Castro" UOL Education. Page visitetd on October 9, 2010.
  32. ^ SILVA, Leo. "Plácido de Castro, Rio Branco e a Questão do Acre Archived February 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Official site of the Secretary of Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  33. ^ "José Maria da Silva Paranhos Junior" Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Brazil. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  34. ^ FREITAS, Newton. "Nacionalização Boliviana" Archived March 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the author. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  35. ^ "A História do Estado do Acre, região Norte do Brasil - fotos e dados que ilustram este tema". Hjobrasil.com. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  36. ^ "O Ciclo da Borracha". Suapesuisa.com. Pge visited on October 9, 2010.
  37. ^ "Governador Binho Marques fará revista às tropas da PMAC". Official site of the State of Acre (May 24, 2007). Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  38. ^ LOUREIRO, Antonio José Souto (2008). "Histórico do Grande Oriente do Amazonas"[permanent dead link]. Official site of Masonry in Amazonas. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  39. ^ ANDRADA, Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de (16 de julho de 1934). "Constituição da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1934" Official site of the Presidency of the Federal Republic of Brazil.
  40. ^ VIANA, Fernando de Mello (September 18, 1946). "Constituição da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1946" Official site of the Presidency of the Federal Republic of Brazil. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  41. ^ FRIGOLETTO DE MENEZES, Eduardo. "A Sudam – Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia". Official site of the author. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
  42. ^ Source: PNAD.
  43. ISBN 978-85-240-3919-5. Retrieved July 18, 2007.[permanent dead link
    ]
  44. ^ "Estimativa de 2009 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. March 30, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  45. ^ "Mestre Irineu: A Black Man Who Changed the History of Ayahuasca". chacruna.net. Chacruna. August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  46. ^ "Culinária do Acre esbanja identidade e orgulho em cada prato; conheça". uol.com.br (in Portuguese). Uol Brasil. June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  47. ^ "Sansão Pereira: o eterno poeta das telas". agencia.ac.gov.br (in Portuguese). Governo do Estado do Acre [Government of Acre State]. December 12, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Acre (Brazil).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Acre (state) (category)
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Acre (state)".
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