Act of God
Admiralty law |
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Features |
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In legal usage in the
It is legally distinct from—though often related to—a common clause found in contract law known as force majeure.[8]
Contract law
In the law of
Under the
In other contracts, such as
Recently, human activities have been claimed to be the root causes of some events previously considered natural disasters. In particular:
- Geothermal injections of water provoking earthquakes (Basel, Switzerland, 2003)[12]
- Drilling provoking mud volcano (Java, 2008)[13]
As a general principle of act of God,[14] epidemic can be classified as an act of God if the epidemic was unforeseeable and renders the promise discharged if the promisor cannot avoid the effect of the epidemic by exercise of reasonable prudence, diligence and care, or by the use of those means which the situation renders reasonable to employ.[15]
Tort law and delict law
UK – England and Wales
An act of God is an unforeseeable natural phenomenon. Explained by
- which involves no human agency
- which is not realistically possible to guard against
- which is due directly and exclusively to natural causes and
- which could not have been prevented by any amount of foresight, plans, and care.
UK – Scotland
In Tennant v Earl of Glasgow (1864 2 M (HL) 22) Lord Chancellor Westbury described a case as: "what is denominated in the law of Scotland damnum fatale — occurrences and circumstances which no human foresight can provide against, and of which human prudence is not bound to recognize the possibility; and which, when they do occur, therefore, are calamities that do not involve the obligation of paying for the consequences that may result from them."[16]
United States
In the law of torts, an act of God may be asserted as a type of intervening cause, the lack of which would have avoided the cause or diminished the result of liability (e.g., but for the earthquake, the old, poorly constructed building would be standing). However, foreseeable results of unforeseeable causes may still raise liability.[17] For example, a bolt of lightning strikes a ship carrying volatile compressed gas, resulting in the expected explosion. Liability may be found if the carrier did not use reasonable care to protect against sparks—regardless of their origins. Similarly, strict liability could defeat a defense for an act of God where the defendant has created the conditions under which any accident would result in harm. For example, a long-haul truck driver takes a shortcut on a back road and the load is lost when the road is destroyed in an unforeseen flood. Other cases find that a common carrier is not liable for the unforeseeable forces of nature. See Memphis & Charlestown RR Co. v. Reeves, 77 U.S. 176 (1870).
One example is that of "rainmaker"
See also
- Force majeure
- Vis major
- Lawsuits against God
References
- ^ "Insurance: What exactly constitutes an "Act of God"?". CBS News. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Definition of DAMNUM FATALE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- . Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Art. IV (2) "Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from: ... (d) Act of God"
- ^ Marine Insurance Act 1906 – Rules for construction of policy
- ISBN 978-0-19-514236-5.
- ISBN 0-314-76271-X.
- ^ LII / Legal Information Institute. “Force Majeure.” Retrieved January 21, 2024. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/force_majeure.
- ^ "Tour de Force: What Constitutes an "Act of God," and Other Developments in Force Majeure Law". Pillsbury Law. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ "Taylor v Caldwell - 1863". www.lawteacher.net. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ "Force Majeure Clauses: Key Issues in Selected Commercial Transactions". Practical Law. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ "Beben nach Erdwärmeprojekt – Gericht spricht Schweizer Geologen frei". Der Spiegel. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
- ^ Whitelaw, Claire; Robert Sanders (9 June 2008). "Javan mud volcano triggered by drilling, not quake". Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ^ Gordon D. Kaufman Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1968), pp. 175–201
- ^ Starr, Samuel M. Tony; Roy, Alyssa B.; Leonard, Kaitlyn C.; Prober, Clare. "What the COVID-19 Pandemic Means for Force Majeure Provisions". www.mintz.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
- ^ "Hugh Tennent v. The Earl of Glasgow - [1864] UKHL 2_Paterson_1229 - United Kingdom House of Lords - Judgment - Law". CaseMine. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "Act of God". John Foy & Associates.
- ^ "It's Raining Man!". San Diego History Center | San Diego, CA | Our City, Our Story. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ "The Great Flood of 1916 - South Bay Historical Society". sunnycv.com. Retrieved 28 February 2024.