Actinomycetota

Actinomycetota
Scanning electron micrograph of Actinomyces israelii .
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Clade:	Terrabacteria
Phylum:	Actinomycetota Goodfellow 2021[1]
Type genus
Actinomyces Harz 1877 (Approved Lists 1980)
Classes[2]
"Aquicultoria" "Geothermincolia" "Humimicrobiia" Acidimicrobiia Actinomycetia Coriobacteriia Nitriliruptoria Rubrobacteria Thermoleophilia
Synonyms
"Actinobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015 "Actinobacteria" Goodfellow 2012[3] "Actinobacteria" Margulis 1974 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020 "Actinobacteria" Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997 "Actinobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018 "Actinomycetes" Krasil'nikov 1949

The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of

Beyond the great interest in Actinomycetota for their soil role, much is yet to be learned about them. Although currently understood primarily as soil bacteria, they might be more abundant in fresh waters.[6] Actinomycetota is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces.^[7] Streptomyces and other actinomycetota are major contributors to biological buffering of soils.^[8] They are also the source of many antibiotics.^[9][10]

The Actinomycetota genus Bifidobacterium is the most common bacteria in the microbiome of human infants.^[11] Although adults have fewer bifidobacteria, intestinal bifidobacteria help maintain the mucosal barrier and reduce lipopolysaccharide in the intestine.^[12]

Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living

Some Siberian or Antarctic Actinomycetota is said to be the oldest living organism on Earth, frozen in permafrost at around half a million years ago.^[14][15] The symptoms of life were detected by CO₂ release from permafrost samples 640 kya or younger.^[16]

General

Most Actinomycetota of medical or economic significance are in class

Actinomycetota, especially Streptomyces spp., are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine, such as antibacterials,[18] antifungals,^[19] antivirals, antithrombotics, immunomodifiers, antitumor drugs, and enzyme inhibitors; and in agriculture, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and growth-promoting substances for plants and animals.^[20] Actinomycetota-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide, tetracyclines, etc.^{[citation needed]}

Actinomycetota have high

guanine and cytosine content in their DNA.^[21] The G+C content of Actinomycetota can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low G+C content.^[22]

Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of the Actinomycetota.^[23]

Phylogeny

Whole-genome based phylogeny[24]	16S rRNA based LTP_12_2021[25][26][27]	GTDB 08-RS214[28][29][30]
Actinomycetota Rubrobacteria Thermoleophilia Coriobacteriia Acidimicrobiia Nitriliruptoria Actinomycetia outgroup Chloroflexota	Rubrobacteria Thermoleophilia Coriobacteriia Acidimicrobiia Nitriliruptoria Actinomycetia	"Humimicrobiia" "Aquicultoria" Coriobacteriia "Geothermincolia" Rubrobacteria Thermoleophilia Acidimicrobiia Actinomycetia Nitriliruptoridae Actinobacteridae

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[2] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).^[31]

• Class ?"Syntrophaliphaticia" corrig. Liu et al. 2020
• Class "Aquicultoria" Jiao et al. 2021
• Class "Geothermincolia" Jiao et al. 2021
• Class "Humimicrobiia" Jiao et al. 2021
• Class Acidimicrobiia Norris 2013
• Class Actinomycetia (Stackebrandt et al. 1997) Salam et al. 2020 (Nitriliruptoria Ludwig et al. 2013)
  • Subclass
    Actinobacteridae
    Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997
  • Subclass
    Nitriliruptoridae
    Kurahashi et al. 2010
• Class Coriobacteriia König 2013
• Class Rubrobacteria Suzuki 2013
• Class Thermoleophilia Suzuki and Whitman 2013

See also

• List of bacteria genera
• List of bacterial orders
• List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota

References

1. S2CID 239887308
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2. ^ ^{a b} Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Actinobacteria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
3. ^ Goodfellow M (2012). "Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov.". In Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. pp. 33–34.
4. PMID 22390973
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5. PMID 18003601
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6. PMID 21915244
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7. ^ Hogan CM (2010). "Bacteria". In Draggan S, Cleveland CJ (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11.
8. ^ Ningthoujam DS, Sanasam S, Tamreihao K, Nimaichand S (November 2009). "Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens". African Journal of Microbiology Research. 3 (11): 737–742.
9. ISSN 2036-7481
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10. ^
    PMID 22975171
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11. PMID 22606315
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12. PMID 22848224
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13. PMID 23959135
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14. ^ Sample I (2 May 2010). "The oldest living organisms: ancient survivors with a fragile future". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2013-03-02.
15. ^ Hanson J. "The oldest living thing in the world". It's Okay to be Smart. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
16. PMID 17728401
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17. ^ Gardnerella at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
18. doi:10.2741/e373
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19. S2CID 8015426
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20. S2CID 29320215
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21. PMID 17804669
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22. PMID 23757226
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23. PMID 19245690
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24. PMID 30186281
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25. ^ "The LTP". Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
26. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
27. ^ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
28. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
29. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
30. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
31. ^ Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, et al. "Actinobacteria". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2021-03-20.

Further reading

• Baltz RH (2005). "Antibiotic discovery from Actinomycetes: Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall?". SIM News. 55: 186–196.
• Baltz RH (2007). "Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes: Back to the Future". Microbe. 2 (3): 125–131. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31.
• Pandey B, Ghimire P, Agrawal VP (January 12–15, 2004). Studies on the antibacterial activity of the Actinomycetes isolated from the Khumbu Region of Nepal (PDF). International Conference on the Great Himalayas: Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation. Kathmandu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-10.

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Actinomycetota.

• Actinomycetes genome database