Added sugar

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

White sugar being weighed for a cake

Added sugars or free sugars are

beverages at some point before their consumption.[1] These include added carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides), and more broadly, sugars naturally present in honey, syrup, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.[2][3] They can take multiple chemical forms, including sucrose (table sugar), glucose (dextrose), and fructose
.

Medical consensus holds that added sugars contribute little nutritional value to food,[1] leading to a colloquial description as "empty calories". Overconsumption of sugar is correlated with excessive calorie intake and increased risk of weight gain and various diseases.[1][4][5] Individuals who consume a 17%-21% of their daily calories from added sugar are reported to have a 38% higher risk of dying from cardiovascular disease compared to those who consume 8% of their daily calories from added sugar.[6]

Uses

United States

In the United States, added sugars may include

liquid fructose, fruit juice concentrate, honey, and molasses.[7][8] The most common types of foods containing added sugars are sweetened beverages, including most soft drinks, and also desserts and sweet snacks,[4] which represent 20% of daily calorie consumption,[1] twice the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO).[1] Based on a 2012 study on the use of caloric and noncaloric sweeteners in some 85,000 food and beverage products, 74% of the products contained added sugar.[7][9]

Sweetened beverages

Sweetened beverages contain a

metabolic diseases.[3]

Guidelines

World Health Organization

See also: Sugar marketing § Influence on health information and guidelines

In 2003, the WHO defined free sugars principally by defining the term "

dental decay related to the overconsumption of high quantities of added sugar in processed foods.[11] In tandem with the Food and Agriculture Organization, the WHO published a revised food pyramid that splits up the diet into more health-directed groups, recommending that a maximum of 10% of an individual's diet should come from free sugars.[12] Sugar companies disputed the WHO report for suggesting that consumption of free sugars within the food pyramid should only amount to a daily maximum of 10%, and that there should be no minimum sugar intake.[2][12][13][14]

In 2015, the WHO published a new guideline on sugar intake for adults and children as a result of an extensive review of the available scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts. The guideline recommends that both adults and children reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake.[15]

In 2016, added sugar was added to the revised version of the nutrition facts label and was a given a daily value of 50 grams or 200 calories per day for a 2,000 calorie diet.[16][17]

European Food Safety Authority

In February 2022, scientists of the

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. EFSA stated: "We underlined there are uncertainties about chronic disease risk for people whose consumption of added and free sugars is below 10% of their total energy intake".[18]

American Heart Association

In 2018, the American Heart Association recommended daily intake of sugar for men is 9 teaspoons or 36 grams (1.3 oz) per day, and for women, six teaspoons or 25 grams (0.88 oz) per day.[5] Overconsumption of sugars in foods and beverages may increase the risk of several diseases.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-12-384885-7
    . Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "WHO Guideline, 2015, "Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children, 2015", Geneva". 2015.
  3. ^
    PMID 35251356
    .
  4. ^ a b "Get the facts: Added sugars". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Sugar 101". American Heart Association. April 17, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  6. PMID 30245821
    .
  7. ^ a b c "Hidden in Plain Sight". SugarScience, University of California at San Francisco. 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  8. ISBN 978-0-309-18652-0
    . Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  9. PMID 23102182
    .
  10. S2CID 41400074
    .
  11. ^ Baltz, Courtney (2020). "TaxRx: Ultra-Processed Foods, Added Sugar, and the Social Cost of Obesity". Food and Drug Law Journal. 75: 38.
  12. ^
    PMID 12796354
    .
  13. ^ John Ydstie (April 24, 2003). "Sugar Industry Takes on the World Health Organization". NPR.
  14. S2CID 7287748
    .
  15. ^ See Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 Archived 2015-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (January 8, 2021). "Added Sugars on the New Nutrition Facts Label". FDA.
  17. ^ Charles, Dan (May 20, 2016). "An 'Added Sugar' Label Is On The Way For Packaged Food". NPR. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  18. ^ "Added and free sugars should be as low as possible | EFSA". www.efsa.europa.eu.
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