Adelaide
Adelaide Federal division(s) | Spence, Makin, Hindmarsh, Adelaide, Sturt, Boothby, Kingston | ||||||||
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Adelaide (/ˈædɪleɪd/ ⓘ AD-il-ayd,[8][9] locally [ˈædɜlæɪ̯d]; Kaurna: Tarntanya, pronounced [ˈd̪̥aɳɖaɲa]) is the capital and largest city of South Australia,[10] and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide. The traditional owners of the Adelaide region are the Kaurna.[11][12][13] The area of the city centre and surrounding Park Lands is called Tarndanya in the Kaurna language.[14]
Adelaide is situated on the
Named in honour of
Early colonial Adelaide was shaped by the diversity and wealth of its free settlers, in contrast to the convict history of other Australian cities. It was Australia's third most populated city until the post-war era. It has been noted for its leading examples of religious freedom and progressive political reforms, and became known as the "City of Churches" due to its diversity of faiths. Today, Adelaide is known by its many festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its coastline and hills, its large defence and manufacturing sectors and its emerging space sector, including the Australian Space Agency being headquartered here. Adelaide's quality of life has ranked consistently highly in various measures through the 21st century, at one stage being named Australia's most liveable city.[16]
As South Australia's government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the cultural boulevards of North Terrace and King William Street.
History
Before European settlement
The area around modern-day Adelaide was originally inhabited by the Indigenous
The surrounding area was an open grassy plain with patches of trees and shrubs which had been managed by hundreds of generations. Kaurna country encompassed the plains which stretched north and south of Tarntanya as well as the wooded foothills of the Mt Lofty Ranges. The River Torrens was known as the Karrawirra Pari (Red Gum forest river). About 300 Kaurna populated the Adelaide area, and were referred to by the settlers as the Cowandilla.[21]
There were more than 20 local clans across the plain who lived semi-nomadic lives, with extensive mound settlements where huts were built repeatedly over centuries and a complex social structure including a class of sorcerers separated from regular society.[22]
Within a few decades of European settlement of South Australia, Kaurna culture was almost completely destroyed. The last speaker of Kaurna language died in 1929.[23] Extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both,[24] which has included a commitment by local and state governments to rename or include Kaurna names for many local places.[25][26]
19th century
Based on the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield about colonial reform, Robert Gouger petitioned the British government to create a new colony in Australia, resulting in the passage of the South Australia Act 1834. Physical establishment of the colony began with the arrival of the first British colonisers in February 1836. The first governor proclaimed the commencement of colonial government in South Australia on 28 December 1836, near
Adelaide was established as a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of
.As it was believed that in a colony of free settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a
Adelaide's early history was marked by economic uncertainty and questionable leadership.[
Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established after the Murray River was successfully navigated in 1853 by Francis Cadell, an Adelaide resident. South Australia became a self-governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. Secret ballots were introduced, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.[37]
In 1860, the
The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia.[38] Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.[39]
20th century
Adelaide was Australia's third largest city for most of the 20th century.
Adelaide enjoyed a postwar boom, entering a time of relative prosperity. Its population grew, and it became the third most populous metropolitan area in the country, after Sydney and Melbourne. Its prosperity was short-lived, with the return of droughts and the
The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries but neglected cultural facilities which meant South Australia's economy lagged behind.
The
21st century
In the early years of the 21st century, a significant increase in the state government's spending on Adelaide's infrastructure occurred. The Rann government invested A$535 million in a major upgrade of the Adelaide Oval to enable Australian Football League to be played in the city centre[50] and more than A$2 billion to build a new Royal Adelaide Hospital on land adjacent to the Adelaide Railway Station.[51] The Glenelg tramline was extended through the city to Hindmarsh[52] down to East Terrace[53] and the suburban railway line extended south to Seaford.[54]
Following a period of stagnation in the 1990s and 2000s, Adelaide began several major developments and redevelopments. The Adelaide Convention Centre was redeveloped and expanded at a cost of A$350 million beginning in 2012.
Geography
Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The city stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km (56 mi) from
Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation – sandhills, swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. The loss of the sandhills to urban development had a particularly destructive effect on the coastline due to erosion.
Geology
Adelaide and its surrounding area is one of the most seismically active regions in Australia. On 1 March 1954 at 3:40 am Adelaide experienced its largest recorded earthquake to date, with the epicentre 12 km from the city centre at Darlington, and a reported magnitude of 5.6.[62][63] There have been smaller earthquakes in 2010,[64] 2011,[65] 2014,[66] 2017,[67] 2018[68] and 2022.[69]
The uplands of the Adelaide Hills, part of the southern Mount Lofty Ranges to the east of Adelaide, are defined on their western side by a number of arcuate faults (the Para, Eden, Clarendon and Willunga Faults), and consist of rocks such as siltstone, dolomite and quartzite, dating from the Neoproterozoic to the middle Cambrian, laid down in the Adelaide Rift Complex, the oldest part of the Adelaide Superbasin.[70]
Most of the Adelaide metropolitan area lies in the downthrown St Vincent Basin and its embayments, including the Adelaide Plains Sub-basin, and the Golden Grove, Noarlunga and Willunga Embayments. These basins contain deposits of Tertiary marine and non-marine sands and limestones, which form important aquifers.[71] These deposits are overlain by Quaternary alluvial fans and piedmont slope deposits, derived from erosion of the uplands, consisting of sands, clays and gravels,[72] interfingering to the west with transgressive Pleistocene to Holocene marine sands and coastal sediments of the shoreline of Gulf St Vincent.[73]
Urban layout
Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, Colonel
Light successfully persisted with his choice of location against this initial opposition. Recent evidence suggests that Light worked closely with George Kingston as well as a team of men to set out Adelaide, using various templates for city plans going back to Ancient Greece, including Italian Renaissance designs and the similar layouts of the American cities Philadelphia and Savannah–which, like Adelaide, follow the same layout of a central city square, four complementing city squares surrounding it and a parklands area that surrounds the city centre.[75]
The benefits of Light's design are numerous: Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily navigable
Suburban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous former outlying villages and "country towns", as well as the satellite city of
New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth. The O-Bahn Busway is an example of a unique solution to Tea Tree Gully's transport woes in the 1980s.[77] The development of the nearby suburb of Golden Grove in the late 1980s is an example of well-thought-out urban planning.
In the 1960s, a
In 2008, the
Housing
Historically, Adelaide's suburban residential areas have been characterised by single-storey detached houses built on 1,000-square-metre (1⁄4-acre) blocks. A relative lack of suitable, locally-available timber for construction purposes led to the early development of a brick-making industry, as well as the use of stone, for houses and other buildings. By 1891, 68% of houses were built of stone, 15% of timber, and 10% of brick, with brick also being widely used in stone houses for quoins, door and window surrounds, and chimneys and fireplaces.[80]
There is a wide variety in the styles of these houses. Until the 1960s, most of the more substantial houses were built of red brick, though many front walls were of ornamental stone. Then cream bricks became fashionable, and in the 1970s, deep red and brown bricks became popular.[
Up to the 1970s, most houses were of "double brick" construction on concrete footings, with timber floors laid on joists supported by "dwarf walls". Later houses have mainly been of "
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Two-storey house in North Adelaide. Much of Adelaide's early housing was built with bluestone.
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Heritage-listed bluestone 19th-century house in the city centre
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Tudor Revival house in Unley Park
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House in Lockleys with two distinguishing features that characterise Adelaide houses: a brush fence and red brick veneer.
Climate
Adelaide has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen climate classification.[83] The city has hot, dry summers and cool winters with moderate rainfall. Most precipitation falls in the winter months, leading to the suggestion that the climate be classified as a "cold monsoon".[84] Rainfall is unreliable, light and infrequent throughout summer, although heavy falls can occur. The winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. Frosts are occasional, with the most notable occurrences in 1908 and 1982. Hail is common in winter.
Adelaide is a windy city with significant wind chill in winter, which makes the temperature seem colder than it actually is. Snowfall in the metropolitan area is extremely rare, although light and sporadic falls in the nearby hills and at Mount Lofty occur during winter. Dewpoints in the summer typically range from 8 to 10 °C (46 to 50 °F). There are usually several days in summer where the temperature reaches 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) or above; the frequency of these temperatures has been increasing in recent years.[85] Temperature extremes range from -0.4 °C (31.4 °F), 8 June 1982 to 47.7 °C (117.9 °F), 24 January 2019. The city features 90.6 clear days annually.
The average sea temperature ranges from 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) in August to 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) in February.[86]
Climate data for Adelaide (Kent Town) 1991–2020 averages, 1977–2020 extremes | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 47.7 (117.9) |
44.7 (112.5) |
42.2 (108.0) |
36.9 (98.4) |
31.1 (88.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
39.0 (102.2) |
43.0 (109.4) |
45.2 (113.4) |
47.7 (117.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) |
29.7 (85.5) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
0.9 (33.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 21.2 (0.83) |
20.0 (0.79) |
24.9 (0.98) |
37.6 (1.48) |
59.3 (2.33) |
77.7 (3.06) |
71.1 (2.80) |
66.9 (2.63) |
59.6 (2.35) |
40.0 (1.57) |
31.0 (1.22) |
28.3 (1.11) |
536.5 (21.12) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.7 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 8.2 | 12.7 | 14.6 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 13.5 | 9.9 | 8.3 | 7.2 | 121.2 |
Average afternoon relative humidity (%)
|
36 | 36 | 40 | 45 | 55 | 61 | 59 | 54 | 50 | 44 | 40 | 38 | 47 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 325.5 | 285.3 | 266.6 | 219.0 | 167.4 | 138.0 | 148.8 | 186.0 | 204.0 | 257.3 | 273.0 | 294.5 | 2,765.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 74 | 75 | 71 | 65 | 53 | 45 | 48 | 54 | 55 | 64 | 65 | 67 | 61 |
Source: Bureau of Meteorology.[87][88][89] |
Liveability
Adelaide was consistently ranked in the world's 10
In June 2021, The Economist ranked Adelaide the third most liveable city in the world, behind Auckland and Osaka.[94] In June 2023, Adelaide was ranked the twelfth most liveable city in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit.[95]In December 2021, Adelaide was named the world's second National Park City, after the state government had lobbied for this title.[96][97]
It was ranked the
Governance
Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the
As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the
Reflecting South Australia's status as Australia's most centralised state, Adelaide elects a substantial majority of the South Australian House of Assembly. Of the 47 seats in the chamber, 34 seats (three-quarters of the legislature) are based in Adelaide, and two rural seats include Adelaide suburbs.
Local governments
The Adelaide metropolitan area is divided between nineteen
Demography
Adelaide's inhabitants are known as Adelaideans.[103][104]
Compared with Australia's other state capitals, Adelaide is growing at a rate similar to Sydney and Hobart (see List of cities in Australia by population). In 2020, it had a metropolitan population (including suburbs) of more than 1,376,601,[105] making it Australia's fifth-largest city. Some 77%[106] of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states.
Major areas of population growth in recent years have been in outer suburbs such as Mawson Lakes and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 366,912 houses, 57,695 semi-detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,413 flats, units or apartments.[107]
About one sixth (17.1%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census.
Adelaide is ageing more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. More than a quarter (27.5%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 25.6%. Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15-year-olds), who comprised 17.7% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.3%.[107]
Ancestry and immigration
Birthplace[note 1] | Population |
---|---|
Australia | 953,200 |
England | 78,486 |
India | 42,933 |
Mainland China | 24,921 |
Vietnam | 16,564 |
Italy | 15,667 |
Philippines | 12,826 |
New Zealand | 10,238 |
Scotland | 9,381 |
Malaysia | 8,509 |
Afghanistan | 7,909 |
Germany | 7,680 |
Greece | 7,590 |
Nepal | 7,055 |
South Africa | 6,983 |
Pakistan | 5,432 |
Iran | 5,147 |
At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[108]
- English (35.7%)
- Australian (29.2%)[note 2]
- Scottish (7.9%)
- Irish (7.5%)
- Italian (7.1%)
- German (6.3%)
- Chinese (4.5%)
- Indian (3.3%)
- Greek(2.9%)
- Vietnamese (1.7%)
- Australian Aboriginal (1.6%)[N 1]
- Dutch (1.6%)
- Filipino (1.4%)
- Polish (1.3%)
Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 31.3% of the total population at the 2021 census. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (5.7%), India (3.1%), Mainland China (1.8%), Vietnam (1.2%) and Italy (1.1%).[110]
Suburbs including
Suburbs such as
At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Adelaide's population identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 2][110]
Language
At the 2016 census, 75.4% of the population spoke
Religion
Adelaide was founded on a vision of religious tolerance that attracted a wide variety of religious practitioners. This led to it being known as The City of Churches.
The Jewish community of the city dates back to 1840. Eight years later, 58 Jews lived in the city.[120] A synagogue was built in 1871, when 435 Jews lived in the city. Many took part in the city councils, such as Judah Moss Solomon (1852–66). Three Jews have been elected to the position of city mayor.[121] In 1968, the Jewish population of Adelaide numbered about 1,200;[122] in 2001, according to the Australian census, 979 persons declared themselves to be Jewish by religion.[120] In 2011, over 1,000 Jews were living in the city, operating an Orthodox and a Reform school, in addition to a virtual Jewish museum.[123]
The "
Economy
South Australia's largest employment sectors are health care and social assistance,[125][126] surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006–07.[125][126] In 2009–10, manufacturing in SA had average annual employment of 83,700 persons compared with 103,300 for health care and social assistance.[125] Health care and social assistance represented nearly 13% of the state average annual employment.[127] The Adelaide Hills wine region is an iconic and viable economic region for both the state and country in terms of wine production and sale. The 2014 vintage is reported as consisting of 5,836 t (5,744 long tons; 6,433 short tons) red grapes crushed valued at A$8,196,142 and 12,037 t (11,847 long tons; 13,269 short tons) white grapes crushed valued at $14,777,631.[128]
The retail trade is the second largest employer in SA (2009–10), with 91,900 jobs, and 12 per cent of the state workforce.[127]
Manufacturing, defence technology, high-tech electronic systems and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries all play a role in the SA economy. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia were made in Adelaide at the Holden Elizabeth Plant in Elizabeth.[129] The site ceased operating in November 2017.
The collapse of the State Bank in 1992 resulted in large levels of state public debt (as much as A$4 billion). The collapse meant that successive governments enacted lean budgets, cutting spending, which was a setback to the further economic development of the city and state. The debt has more recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a AAA+ Credit Rating.[130]
The global media conglomerate News Corporation was founded in, and until 2004 incorporated in, Adelaide and it is still considered its "spiritual" home by its founder, Rupert Murdoch.[131] Australia's largest oil company, Santos, prominent South Australian brewery, Coopers, and national retailer Harris Scarfe also call Adelaide their home.
In 2018, at which time more than 80 organisations employed 800 people in the space sector in South Australia, Adelaide was chosen for the headquarters of a new Australian Space Agency.[132] The agency opened its in 2020. It is working to triple the size of the Australian space industry and create 20,000 new jobs by 2030.[133]
Defence industry
Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over A$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product.
Others, such as Saab Systems and Raytheon, are in or near
Employment statistics
As of November 2015[update], Greater Adelaide had an unemployment rate of 7.4% with a youth unemployment rate of 15%.[136]
The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally.[137] Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%.[138] The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.[139]
House prices
Over the decade March 2001 – March 2010, Metropolitan Adelaide median house prices approximately tripled. (approx. 285% – approx. 11%p.a. compounding) In the five years March 2007 – March 2012, prices increased by approx. 27% – approx. 5%p.a. compounding. March 2012 – March 2017 saw a further increase of 19% – approx. 3.5%p.a. compounding.[140][141][142][143]
In summary:
March | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | $140,000 | $170,000 | $200,000 | $250,000 | $270,000 | $280,000 | $300,000 | $360,000 | $350,000 | $400,000 |
% change | 21% | 18% | 25% | 8% | 4% | 7% | 20% | −3% | 14% | |
March | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
Median | $400,000 | $380,000 | $393,000 | $413,000 | $425,000 | $436,000 | $452,000 | $470,000 | $478,500 | |
% change | 0% | −5% | 3% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 4% | |||
All numbers approximate and rounded. Since March 2012, the REISA[144] no longer release a median house price for the Adelaide Metropolitan area, so figures retrieved are from Dept of the Premier and Cabinet.[143] |
Each quarter, The Alternative and Direct Investment Securities Association (ADISA) publishes a list of median house sale prices by suburb and Local Government Area.[citation needed] (Previously, this was done by REISA[144]) Due to the small sizes of many of Adelaide's suburbs, the low volumes of sales in these suburbs, and (over time) the huge variations in the numbers of sales in a suburb in a quarter, statistical analysis of "the most expensive suburb" is unreliable; the suburbs appearing in the "top 10 most expensive suburbs this quarter" list is constantly varying. Quarterly Reports for the last two years can be found on the REISA website.[145]
Education and research
Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the
Adelaide is also the hometown of mathematician Terence Tao.
Primary and secondary education
There are two systems of primary and secondary schools, a public system operated by the South Australian Government's Department for Education, and a private system of independent and Catholic schools.[150] South Australian schools provide education under the Australian Curriculum for reception to Year 10 students. In Years 10 to 12, students study for the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE). They have the option of incorporating vocational education and training (VET) courses or a flexible learning option (FLO).[151] South Australia also has 24 schools that use International Baccalaureate programs as an alternative to the Australian Curriculum or SACE. These programs include the IB Primary Years Programme, the IB Middle Years Programme, and the IB Diploma Programme.[152]
For South Australian students who cannot attend a traditional school, including students who live in rural or remote areas, the state government runs the Open Access College (OAC), which provides virtual teaching. The OAC has a campus in Marden which caters to students from reception to Year 12 and adults who haven't been able to complete their SACE.[153][154] Guardians are also able to apply for their child to be educated from home as long as they provide an education program which meets the same requirements as the Australian Curriculum as well as opportunities for social interaction.[155]
Tertiary education
There are three public universities local to Adelaide, as well as one private university and three constituent colleges of foreign universities.
The University of Adelaide, with 25,000 students,[158] is Australia's third-oldest university and a member of the leading "Group of Eight". It has five campuses throughout the state, including two in the city-centre, and a campus in Singapore. The University of South Australia, with 37,000 students,[159] has two North Terrace campuses, three other campuses in the metropolitan area and campuses in the regional cities of Whyalla and Mount Gambier. The University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia have had multiple proposals to merge into a single university. A proposal in 2018 failed due to uncertainty as to the new name and leadership of the merged university.[160] In 2022, the universities announced a new merger proposal, with the name and leadership issues settled and support from the South Australian government.[161]
The Adelaide College of Divinity is at Brooklyn Park.
There are several South Australian TAFE (Technical and Further Education) campuses in the metropolitan area that provide a range of vocational education and training. The Adelaide College of the Arts, as a school of TAFE SA, provides nationally recognised training in visual and performing arts.
Research
In addition to the universities, Adelaide is home to research institutes, including the Royal Institution of Australia, established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two-hundred-year-old Royal Institution of Great Britain.[163] Many of the organisations involved in research tend to be geographically clustered throughout the Adelaide metropolitan area:
- The east end of Hanson Institute;[165] National Wine Centre.
- The west end of North Terrace: South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), located next to the Royal Adelaide Hospital.
- The
- DSTO; BAE Systems (Australia); Lockheed MartinAustralia Electronic Systems.
- ; Lockheed Martin Australia Electronic Systems.
- Research Park at Thebarton: businesses involved in materials engineering, biotechnology, environmental services, information technology, industrial design, laser/optics technology, health products, engineering services, radar systems, telecommunications and petroleum services.
- Science Park (adjacent to Flinders University): Playford Capital.
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide
- The Joanna Briggs Institute, a global research collaboration for evidence-based healthcare with its headquarters in North Adelaide.
-
Mitchell Building, University of Adelaide
-
The Hawke Building, part of UniSA's City West Campus
-
Flinders University buildings from the campus hills
-
Torrens University
-
South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
Cultural life
While established as a
The Royal Adelaide Show is an annual agricultural show and state fair, established in 1839 and now a huge event held in the Adelaide Showground annually.
Adelaide's arts scene flourished in the 1960s and 1970s with the support of successive premiers from both major political parties. The renowned
Over time, the Adelaide Festival expanded to include Adelaide Writers' Week and WOMADelaide, and other separate festivals were established, such as the Adelaide Cabaret Festival (2002), the Adelaide Festival of Ideas (1999), the Adelaide Film Festival (2013), FEAST (1999, a queer culture), Tasting Australia (1997, a food and wine affair), and Illuminate Adelaide (2021). With the Festival, the Fringe, WOMADelaide, Writers' Week and the Adelaide 500 street motor racing event (along with evening music concerts) all happening in early March, the period became known colloquially as "Mad March".
In 2014, Ghil'ad Zuckermann founded the Adelaide Language Festival.[173][174]
There are many international cultural fairs, most notably the German Schützenfest and Greek Glendi. Adelaide holds an annual Christmas pageant, the world's largest Christmas parade.
North Terrace institutions
As the state capital, Adelaide has a great number of cultural institutions, many of them along the boulevard of
Further west, the
Performing arts and music venues
The Adelaide Festival Centre (which includes the Dunstan Playhouse, Festival Theatre and Space Theatre), on the banks of the Torrens, is the focal point for much of the cultural activity in the city and home to the State Theatre Company of South Australia. Other live music and theatre venues include the Adelaide Entertainment Centre; Adelaide Oval; Memorial Drive Park; Thebarton Theatre; Adelaide Town Hall; Her Majesty's Theatre; Queen's Theatre; Holden Theatres; and the Hopgood Theatre.
The
Live music
In 2015, it was said that there were now more live music venues per capita in Adelaide than any other capital city in the southern hemisphere,
In addition to its own
.Adelaide has produced musical groups and individuals who have achieved national and international fame. These include the
Noted rocker Jimmy Barnes (formerly lead vocalist with Cold Chisel) spent most of his youth in the northern suburb of Elizabeth. Paul Kelly grew up in Adelaide and was head prefect at Rostrevor College. The first Australian Idol winner, Guy Sebastian, hails from the north-eastern suburb of Golden Grove.[179]
Television
Adelaide is served by numerous digital free-to-air television channels:[citation needed]
- ABC
- ABC HD (ABC broadcast in HD)
- ABC TV Plus
- ABC Me
- ABC News
- SBS
- SBS HD (SBS broadcast in HD)
- SBS World Movies HD
- SBS Viceland HD
- SBS Food
- NITV
- SBS WorldWatch
- Seven
- 7HD(Seven broadcast in HD)
- 7Two
- 7mate
- 7Bravo
- 7flix
- Racing.com
- Nine
- 9HD(Nine broadcast in HD)
- 9Gem
- 9Go!
- 9Life
- 9Gem HD
- 9Rush
- Extra
- 10
- 10 HD(10 broadcast in HD)
- 10 Bold
- 10 Peach
- 10 Shake
- TVSN
- Gecko TV
- C44 Adelaide (Adelaide's community TV station)
All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both
.As part of a nationwide phase-out of
The
All the major broadcasting networks also operate online on-demand television services, alongside internet-only services such as
.Radio
There are 20 radio stations that serve the metropolitan area, as well as four stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area; six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations.[182]
Sport
The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are
Adelaide has developed a strong culture of attracting crowds to major sporting events.
Since 1884,
For two years, 1997 and 1998, Adelaide was represented in Australia's top level
Adelaide has two professional basketball teams, the men's team being the
Since 1999 Adelaide and its surrounding areas have hosted the
The 2024 Women's Tour Down Under cycle stage race was held in and around Adelaide, South Australia from 12 to 14 January 2024
Adelaide maintains a franchise in the
Adelaide also has an ice hockey team, Adelaide Adrenaline in the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL). It was national champions in 2009 and plays its games at the IceArenA.[186]
The Australian Grand Prix for World Championship Formula One racing was hosted by Adelaide from 1985 to 1995 on the Adelaide Street Circuit which was laid out in the city's East End as well as the eastern parklands including the Victoria Park Racecourse.[187] The Grand Prix became a source of pride, and losing the event to Melbourne in a surprise announcement in mid-1993 left a void that has since been filled with the Adelaide 500 for V8 Supercar racing, held on a modified version of the same street circuit. The Classic Adelaide, a rally of classic sporting vehicles, is also held in the city and its surrounds.
Adelaide formerly had three horse racing venues.
The World Solar Challenge race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations, although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 20-years' history spanning nine races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. Adelaide hosted the 2012 World Bowls Championships[188] at Lockleys Bowling Club, becoming the third city in the world to have held the championships twice, having previously hosted the event in 1996.
Dirt track speedway is also popular in Adelaide with three operating speedways. Adelaide Motorsport Park, located adjacent to the Adelaide International Raceway road racing circuit at Virginia (24 km (15 mi) north of the city centre) has been in continuous operation since 1979 after the closure of the popular Rowley Park Speedway. Gillman Speedway located in the semi-industrial suburb of Gillman, has been in operation since 1998 and caters to Motorcycle speedway and Sidecars, while the Sidewinders Speedway located in Wingfield is also a motorcycle speedway dedicated to Under-16 riders and has been in operation since 1978.
In 2016, backed by South Australia's
Adelaide is home to the Great Southern Slam, the world's largest roller derby tournament. The tournament has been held biennially over Australia's Queen's Birthday holiday weekend since 2010. In 2014, and 2016 the tournament featured 45 teams playing in two divisions. In 2018, the tournament has expanded to 48 teams competing in three divisions.
Infrastructure
Transport
Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east–west and north–south routes. The city itself has a metropolitan public transport system managed by and known as the Adelaide Metro. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the O-Bahn Busway, 6 commuter rail lines (diesel and electric), and a small tram network operating between inner suburb Hindmarsh, the city centre, and seaside Glenelg. Tramways were largely dismantled in the 1950s, but saw a revival in the 2010s with upgrades and extensions.
Road transport in Adelaide has historically been easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having been able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, such arterial roads often experience traffic congestion as the city grows.[190]
The Adelaide metropolitan area has one freeway and four expressways. In order of construction, they are:
- The Tailem Bend, where it then continues as National Highway 1 south-east to Melbourne.
- The Southern Expressway (M2), connecting the outer southern suburbs with the inner southern suburbs and the city centre. It duplicates the route of South Road.
- The Southern Expressway and the Northern Expressway via a motorway with no traffic lights. As of 2020 the motorway's northern half is complete (save for a small link under construction at Croydon Park), connecting the Northern Expressway to Adelaide's inner north-west; the section running through Adelaide's inner west and inner south-west is awaiting funding.
- The Port River Expressway (A9), connects Port Adelaide and Outer Harbor to Port Wakefield Road at the northern "entrance" to the metropolitan area.
- The Northern Expressway (Max Fatchen Expressway) (M2), is the northern suburbs bypass route connecting the Sturt Highway (National Highway 20) via the Gawler Bypass to Port Wakefield Road at a point a few kilometres north of the Port River Expressway connection.
- The Northern Connector, completed in 2020, links the North South Motorway to the Northern Expressway.
-
ACustom Coachesbodied Scania bus on King William Street.
-
An Adelaide Metro Alstom Citadis and Flexity Classic
-
The Mount Osmond Interchange on the South Eastern Freeway; like many cities with urban sprawl, Adelaide has been criticised for car dependency.
Airports
The Adelaide metropolitan area has two commercial airports, Adelaide Airport and Parafield Airport. Adelaide Airport, in Adelaide's south-western suburbs, serves in excess of 8 million passengers annually.[191] Parafield Airport, Adelaide's second airport 18 kilometres (11 miles) north of the city centre, is used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation purposes. Parafield Airport served as Adelaide's main aerodrome until the opening of the Adelaide Airport in February 1955. Adelaide Airport serves many international and domestic destinations including all Australian state capitals.
Adelaide is also home to a military airport, known as Edinburgh Airport, located in the northern suburbs. It was built in 1955 in a joint initiative with the United Kingdom for weapon development.
Health
Adelaide's two largest hospitals are the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) in Adelaide Parklands, a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Adelaide (800 beds), and the Flinders Medical Centre (580 beds) at Bedford Park, affiliated with Flinders University. The RAH also operates additional campuses for specialist care throughout the suburbs including the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre (150 beds) at Northfield and the Glenside Campus (129 beds) for acute mental health services.
Other major public hospitals are the
In 2017, the RAH was relocated from the city's East End to a new AU$2.3 billion facility built over former railyards in the West End.[192] The state-of-the-art hospital forms part of a new biomedical precinct called BioMed City that collocates the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), the University of Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences building, the University of South Australia's Health Innovation Building, and the state's Dental Hospital.[193][194] SAHMRI is building a $300 million second facility due to be completed by 2022 to house the Australian Bragg Centre with Australia's first proton therapy unit.[195] There are also plans for the Women's and Children's Hospital to be relocated to the precinct adjacent the RAH by 2024.[196]
The largest provider of community health care within Adelaide is the not-for-profit Royal District Nursing Service (RDNS), which provides out of hospital care and hospital avoidance care.
Energy
Adelaide's energy requirements were originally met by the
The electricity retail market was opened to competition in 2003 and although competition was expected to result in lower retail costs, prices increased by 23.7% in the market's first year.[200] In 2004, the privatisation was deemed to be a failure with consumers paying 60% more for their power and with the state government estimated to lose $3 billion in power generation net income in the first ten years of privatisation.[201] In 2012, the industry came under scrutiny for allegedly reducing supply by shutting down generators during periods of peak demand to force prices up. Increased media attention also revealed that in 2009 the state government had approved a 46% increase in retail prices to cover expected increases in the costs of generation while generation costs had in fact fallen 35% by 2012.[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.[202]
Privatisation led to competition from a variety of companies who now separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity. Electricity generation comes from a range of technologies and operators. ElectraNet operates the high-voltage electricity transmission network. SA Power Networks distributes electricity to end users. The largest electricity and gas retailing companies are also the largest generating companies.
The largest fossil fuel power stations are the
In 2011, South Australia generated 18% of its electricity from wind power, and had 51% of the installed capacity of wind generators in Australia.[204]
Due to almost universal blackouts within the city during September 2016,[205] the state worked with Tesla to produce the world's largest electricity battery at Hornsdale Power Reserve which has increased that state's electrical security to the extent in which large blackouts are no longer an event.[206]
Water
The provision of water services is by the government-owned
A
Communications
AdelaideFree WiFi is a citywide free Wi-Fi network covering most of the inner city areas of Adelaide, primarily the Adelaide CBD and Northern Adelaide precincts.[208] It was officially launched at the Adelaide Central Markets on Tuesday 25 June 2014.[208][209][210] It is provided by Internode,[211] with infrastructure provided by outdoor Cisco WiFi N access points attached to the top of lighting poles, as well as inside cafes and businesses across the city.
See also
- Lists
- Images of Adelaide
- List of Adelaide obsolete suburb names
- List of Adelaide parks and gardens
- List of Adelaide railway stations
- List of Adelaide suburbs
- List of films shot in Adelaide
- List of people from Adelaide
- List of protected areas in Adelaide
- List of public art in South Australia
- List of public transport routes in Adelaide
- List of South Australian commercial icons
- List of sporting clubs in Adelaide
- List of tallest buildings in Adelaide
- Sister cities of the City of Adelaide (the Local government area that governs the city centre)
- Tourist attractions in South Australia
Notes
- ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
- Anglo-Celtic group.[109]
- ^ Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.
- ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
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Further reading
- Pascoe, J.J. (1901). History of Adelaide and vicinity : with a general sketch of the province of South Australia and biographies of representative men. Adelaide: Hussey & Gillingham. ISBN 9780858720329.
- Buttress, Philip, ed. (2013). "Adelaide". Adelaide: A literary city. University of Adelaide Press. JSTOR 10.20851/j.ctt1sq5x41. (full text)
- Gargett, Kathryn; Marsden, Susan (1996). Adelaide, a Brief History. State History Centre, History Trust of South Australia in association with OCLC 35990524.
- Marsden, Susan; Stark, Paul; Sumerling, Patricia (1990). Heritage of the city of Adelaide: an illustrated guide. Corp. of the City of Adelaide. OCLC 27614046.
- Whitelock, Derek; Baker, Tony (2000). Adelaide : a sense of difference. Australian Scholarly Publishing. OCLC 1058005288.
External links
- Adelaide City Council > Official City Guide
- Adelaide City Council
- Adelaide Beaches Guide
- Kids in Adelaide Retrieved 12 May 2020.