Adenoid

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For "adenoid" meaning "glandular", "gland-like", or "lymphatic", see
lymphatic
.
Adenoids
Location of the adenoid
Details
SystemLymphatic system
Identifiers
Latintonsilla pharyngea
MeSHD000234
TA98A05.3.01.006
TA25186
FMA54970
Anatomical terminology

In

uvula
.

The term adenoid is also used to represent adenoid hypertrophy, the abnormal growth of the pharyngeal tonsils.[1]

Structure

The adenoid is a mass of

tubal tonsils
.

Development

Adenoids develop from a subepithelial infiltration of

lymphocytes
after the 16th week of embryonic life. After birth, enlargement begins and continues until ages 5 to 7 years.

Function

Part of the immune system, adenoids trap and recognize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. In response, the adenoid produces

immunoglobulins, assisting in the body's immunologic memory.[3]

Microbiome

Species of bacteria such as

Stomatococcus species.[citation needed
]

Clinical significance

Enlargement

3D still showing adenoid hypertrophy.

An enlarged adenoid, or

ping pong ball
and completely block airflow through the nasal passages. Even if the enlarged adenoid is not substantial enough to physically block the back of the nose, it can obstruct airflow enough so that breathing through the nose requires an uncomfortable amount of work, and inhalation occurs instead through an open mouth. The enlarged adenoid would also obstruct the nasal airway enough to affect the voice without actually stopping nasal airflow altogether.

Symptomatic enlargement between 18 and 24 months of age is not uncommon, meaning that snoring, nasal airway obstruction and obstructed breathing may occur during sleep. However, this may be reasonably expected to decline when children reach school age, and progressive shrinkage may be expected thereafter.[citation needed]

Adenoid facies

Enlargement of the adenoid, especially in children, causes an atypical appearance of the face, often referred to as adenoid facies.

hypoplastic maxilla, short upper lip, elevated nostrils, and a high arched palate.[5]

Removal

Surgical removal of the adenoid is a procedure called adenoidectomy. Adenoid infection may cause symptoms such as excessive mucus production, which can be treated by its removal. Studies have shown that adenoid regrowth occurs in as many as 19% of the cases after removal.[6] Carried out through the mouth under a general anaesthetic (or less commonly a topical), adenoidectomy involves the adenoid being curetted, cauterized, lasered, or otherwise ablated. The adenoid is often removed along with the palatine tonsils.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Definition of ADENOID". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  2. ^ Histology at KUMC lymphoid-lymph06
  3. PMID 30844164
    . Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  4. PMID 20129889
    .
  5. ^ Wahba, Mohammed. "Adenoid facies". Radiopaedia.org. Radiology Reference Article. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
  6. S2CID 31941117
    .
  7. ^ "Adenoids". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023.

External links

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