Azerbaijan (Iran)

Coordinates: 37°36′N 47°00′E / 37.6°N 47.0°E / 37.6; 47.0
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(Redirected from
Adharbayjan
)
Not to be confused with the Republic of Azerbaijan.
For other uses, see Azerbaijan (disambiguation).

Three provinces of Iranian Azerbaijan region
Part of a series on
Azerbaijanis
Culture
Traditional areas of settlement
Diaspora
Religion
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37°36′N 47°00′E / 37.6°N 47.0°E / 37.6; 47.0 Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (

Azerbaijani: آذربایجان, romanized: Āzarbāyjān, Persian pronunciation: [ɒːzæɾbɒːjˈdʒɒːn], Azerbaijani pronunciation: [ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn]), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan,[1] is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq and Turkey to the west, and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan proper
to the north.

Iranian Azerbaijan includes three northwestern Iranian provinces: West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Ardabil.[2][3] Some authors also include Zanjan in this list, some in a geographical sense,[4] others only culturally (due to the predominance of the Azeri Turkic population there).[5] The region is mostly populated by Azerbaijanis, with minority populations of Kurds, Armenians, Tats, Talysh, Assyrians and Persians.

Iranian Azerbaijan is the land originally and historically called Azerbaijan; the Azerbaijani-populated Republic of Azerbaijan appropriated the name of the neighbouring Azerbaijani-populated region in Iran during the 20th century.

irredentist and politically motivated.[10][11][12]

Following military defeats at the hands of the

Aras River, which comprised the region historically known as Azerbaijan, became the new north-west frontier of the Persian Empire and later Iran.[14] The territories north of the Aras River, which were not known by the name Azerbaijan at the time of their capture by Russia, were absorbed into the Russian Empire, renamed the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic during the country's short-lived independence from 1918 to 1920,[15] incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, and finally became the independent Republic of Azerbaijan when the Soviet Union dissolved
.

Etymology and usage

The name Azerbaijan itself is derived from

Byzantine Greek Adravigánon (᾿Αδραβιγάνων), Armenian Atrpatakan (Ատրպատական), Syriac Adhorbāyghān."[22] The name Atropat in Middle Persian was transformed to Adharbad and is connected with Zoroastrianism. A famous Zoroastrian priest by the name Adarbad Mahraspandan is well known for his counsels.[23] Azerbaijan, due to its numerous fire-temples has also been quoted in a variety of historic sources as being the birthplace of the prophet Zoroaster although modern scholars have not yet reached an agreement on the location of his birth.[24]

In the early 19th century,

Aras River (modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan), through the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828). Following the disintegration of the Russian Empire in 1917, as well as the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, in 1918, the leading Musavat government adopted the name "Azerbaijan" for the newly established Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which was proclaimed on May 27, 1918,[25] for political reasons,[26][27] even though the name of "Azerbaijan" had always been used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran.[6][7][8] Thus, until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan.[7][8][15][28]

History

Main article: History of Iran
Caspian sea and Azerbaijan position on the left side of the map in the 10th century. The original map is in Ṣūrat al-'Arḍ (صورة الارض; "The face of the Earth"), Ibn Hawqal (977), Beyrut, page 419.
An old map of Azerbaijan and its neighboring regions depicted by the Ibn Hawqal 1145 AD
The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154. Azerbaijan in the southwest of the Caspian sea. South is towards the top.

Pre-Islamic period

The oldest kingdom known in Iranian Azerbaijan is that of the

Mannea who ruled a region south-east of Lake Urmia centered around modern Saqqez
. The Manneans were a confederation of Iranian and non-Iranian groups. According to Professor Zadok:

it is unlikely that there was any ethnolinguistic unity in Mannea. Like other peoples of the

Iranian plateau, the Manneans were subjected to an ever-increasing Iranian (i.e., Indo-European) penetration.[29]

The Mannaeans were conquered and absorbed by an Iranian people called Matieni, and the country was called Matiene, with Lake Urmia called Lake Matianus. Matiene was later conquered by the Medes and became a satrapy of the Median empire and then a sub-satrapy of the Median satrapy of the Persian Empire.

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Medes were an:

Indo-European people, related to the Persians, who entered northeastern Iran probably as early as the 17th century BC and settled in the plateau land that came to be known as Media.[30]

After

Farrokh Hormizd
.

Large parts of the region were conquered by the Kingdom of Armenia. Large parts of the region made up part of historical Armenia. The parts of historical Armenia within what is modern-day Azerbaijan comprise; Nor Shirakan, Vaspurakan, and Paytakaran. Vaspurakan, of which large parts were located in what is modern-day Iranian Azerbaijan is described as the cradle of Armenian civilization.[31]

On 26 May 451 AD, a very important battle was fought that would prove immensely pivotal in

Nvarsak Treaty (484 AD), which affirmed Armenia's right to practice Christianity freely.[32][33]

Arab invaders converted most of its people to Islam and made it part of the caliphate
.

Islamic period

Sasanian and early Islamic period

During the

Sasanian army into battle. He is also mentioned in the Shahnameh
.

The Sasanian army was defeated at the

Caliph Umar on usual terms of paying the annual Jizya
.

Muslims settled in Azerbaijan as they did in many parts of Iran. According to the

Iranian Azerbaijani historian Ahmad Kasravi, more Muslims settled in Azerbaijan compared to other provinces due to the province's plentiful and fertile pastures. Local revolts against the Caliphate were common and the most famous of these revolts was the Persian Khurramite movement
.

Abbasids and Seljuks

Map of Adharbayjan in the 9th-century

After the revolt of

Seljuks
dominated the region in the 11th and early 12th centuries, at which point the linguistic Turkification of the native Iranian populations began. In 1136, Azerbaijan fell to the Atabakan-e-Azerbaijan and Atabakan-e-Maragheh. It was later invaded by the Khwarizm Shah Jalal ad-din who held Azerbaijan until the advent of the Mongol invasions.

In the early years of the 13th century, large parts of Azerbaijan were conquered by the

Mkhargrdzeli, the Georgians conquered Ardabil and Tabriz in 1208, and Qazvin and Khoy in 1210.[34][35][36][37]

Mongols and Turkmens

The

Kara Koyunlu
empire.

Safavid, Afshars and Qajars and loss of the adjacent Caucasian territories

Main articles: Safavid dynasty, Afsharid dynasty, Qajar dynasty, and Khanates of the Caucasus
See also: Russo-Persian Wars, Treaty of Gulistan, and Treaty of Turkmenchay

It was out of Ardabil (ancient Artavilla) that the Safavid dynasty arose to renew the state of Persia and establish Shi'ism as the official religion of Iran. Around the same time, the population of what is now Azerbaijan and Iran were converted to Shiism,[38] and both nations remain the only nations in the world with a significantly Shia majority, with Iran having the largest Shia population by percentage, with the Republic of Azerbaijan having the second-largest Shia population by percentage.[39][40]

After 1502, Azerbaijan became the chief bulwark and military base of the Safavids. It was the chief province from which the various Iranian empires would control their

Erekle II. With the advent of the Qajars, Azerbaijan became the traditional residence of the heirs-apparent. Even until then Azerbaijan remained the main area from where the high-ranked governors would control the various territories and Khanates of the Caucasus while the main power stayed in Tehran
.

Though the first

Republic of Azerbaijan, and Dagestan thanks to the 19th century Russo-Persian Wars.[14]

Since the late 17th/early 18th century, the Russians were actively pursuing an expansionist policy towards its neighbouring empires to its south, namely the Ottoman Empire and the successive Iranian kingdoms. Agha Mohammad Khan's death and the Russian troops entering the Iranian possession of Tbilisi in 1799, led directly to the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), the first of a number of Russo-Persian wars during the 19th century,[41] and the most devastating and humiliating one. By the end of the war in 1813 and the resulting Treaty of Gulistan, Qajar Iran was forced to cede Georgia, most of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan, and Dagestan to Russia. The only Caucasian territories remaining in Iranian hands were what is now Armenia, the Nakhichevan Khanate, and the Talysh Khanate. The next war, the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), resulted in an even more humiliating defeat, with Iran being forced to cede the remaining Caucasian regions,[14] as well as having Russian troops temporarily occupying Tabriz and Iranian Azerbaijan. As Iran was unwilling to allow the Russians to gain possession over its Caucasian territories in the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, the millennia-old ancient ties between Iran and the Caucasus region were only severed by the superior Russian force of Russia through these 19th-century wars.[41]

The area to the North of the river

Aras, which included the territory of the contemporary republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia during the 19th century.[13][14][43][44][45][46][47]

Through the course of the 19th century Iran lost to Russia regions

Aras River
, which is currently the border between Iran and Armenia – Azerbaijan.

Subsequently, the Russians were very influential in Northern Iran including Azerbaijan (as Northern Iran fell into

Iranian Constitutional Revolution
as a result to this Russian influence.

Contemporary age

See also:
Russian Invasion of Tabriz, 1911; Persian campaign (World War I); and Azerbaijan People's Government

The Russian (Tsarist) army occupied Iranian Azerbaijan in 1909 and again in 1912–1914 and 1915–1918, followed by Ottoman forces in 1914–1915 and 1918–1919; Bolshevik forces occupied Iranian Azerbaijan and other parts of Iran in 1920–1921,

Bolshevik revolution in Russia. Iranian nationalism is partly the product of Azerbaijani intellectuals.[50][51]
Azerbaijani provinces have played a major in the cultural and economic life of Iran in both the Pahlavi era as well as the Iranian Constitutional and Islamic revolution.

Monuments

The Iranian provinces of Azerbaijan, both West and East, possess a large number of monuments from all periods of history.[52]

Geography

Iranian Azerbaijan is generally considered the north-west portion of Iran comprising the provinces of

Republic of Azerbaijan,[54] Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq. There are 17 rivers and two lakes in the region. Cotton, nuts, textiles, tea, machinery, and electrical equipment are the main industries. The northern, alpine region, which includes Lake Urmia
, is mountainous, with deep valleys and fertile lowlands.

The region is bounded in the north by

Gilan
.

Mountains

  • Sarein spa. The mountain is known for its beautiful vistas, including the Shirvan gorge, where few climbers ever venture. Elevation of Sabalan is 4,811 m (15,784 ft).[55]
  • East Azerbaijan
    .
  • Eynali is a small mountain range in north of Tabriz, Iran. The range has a couple of peaks including Eynali (1,800 m or 5,910 ft), Halileh (1,850 m or 6,070 ft), Pakeh-chin (1,945 m or 6,381 ft), Bahlul (1,985 m or 6,512 ft) and the highest one Dand (2,378 m or 7,802 ft).[56]
  • East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Tulips are cultivated on the rich volcanic soil of Mount Bozgush, and medicinal herbs such as pennyroyal, thyme, borage, nettle and liquorice grow wild on the mountain's slopes. Mount Bozgush is a stratovolcano composed mostly of andesite
    .

Rivers

Aras River near Joulfa

Most of the biggest rivers in Azerbaijan flow into either

endorheic
). Some of the major rivers are:

Biosphere reserve

Mountains of Arasbaran

Aras River in the north, Meshgin Shahr County and Moghan in the east, Sarab County in the south, and Tabriz and Marand
counties in the west.

Lakes

Plain

The

Aras river extending to Iran.[61]

The

West Azerbaijan Province, situated on western side of Lake Urmia and the eastern side of Turkish border.[62]

Politics

In Azerbaijan

Province Governor-general Representative of the Supreme Leader
East Azerbaijan
Easmaeil Jabbarzadeh
 Mohsen Mojtahed Shabestari
West Azerbaijan
 Ghorbanali Saadat
Mehdi Ghoreyshi
Ardabil Province
 Majid Khodabakhsh
Hassan Ameli
Zanjan Province
 Asadollad Darvish Amiri Ali Khatami

Assembly of Experts

Of the 86 members of

Chairmen of the Assembly of Experts
since 1983 to 2007.

  • 5 representative of East Azerbaijan.
  • 3 representative of West Azerbaijan.
  • 2 representative of Ardabil Province.
  • 1 representative of Zanjan Province.
Name Province
Hashem Hashemzadeh Herisi
East Azerbaijan
Mohsen Mojtahed Shabestari
East Azerbaijan
Mohammad Feyzi
East Azerbaijan
Mohammad Taghi Pourmohammadi
East Azerbaijan
Ali Malakouti
East Azerbaijan
Asghar Dirbaz
West Azerbaijan
Ali Akbar Ghoreyshi
West Azerbaijan
Javad Mojtahed Shabestari
West Azerbaijan
Hassan Ameli
Ardabil Province
Fakhraddin Mousavi
Ardabil Province
Mohammad Reza Doulabi
Zanjan Province

Islamic Consultative Assembly

Of the 290 members of Islamic Consultative Assembly, 44 are representative of Azerbaijan region. in the Azerbaijan region 40/44 Azerbaijani are in parliament the members of the Fraction of Turkic regions.[64]

Electorate According to County
[65]
Electoral district of East Azerbaijan
19
Tabriz, Osku and Azarshahr
6i
Mianeh
2 n
Kaleybar, Khoda Afarin
1
Marand and Jolfa
1
Sarab
1
Bostanabad
1
Maragheh and Ajabshir
1
Hashtrud and Charuymaq
1
Bonab
1
Varzaqan
1
Ahar and Heris
1
Shabestar
1
Malekan
1
Electoral district of West Azerbaijan
12
Urmia
3j
Miandoab, Shahin Dezh, Takab
2 o
Khoy, Chaypareh
1
Mahabad
1 (Kurd)
Bukan
1 (Kurd)
Maku, Poldasht, Showt, Chaldoran
1
Nagadeh, Oshnavieh
1 (Kurd)
Salmas
1
Piranshahr, Sardasht
1 (Kurd)
Electoral district of Ardabil Province
7
Ardabil, Nir, Namin and Sareyn
3k
Germi
1
Meshginshahr
1
Khalkhal and Kowsar
1
Parsabad and Bilesavar
1
Electoral district of Zanjan Province
5
Zanjan, Tarom
2m
Abhar, Khorramdarreh
1
Khodabandeh
1
Ijrud, Mahneshan
1

Cabinet of Iran

Consulate

Country Name City Province
 Turkey Turkish Consulate in Tabriz[70] Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
Turkish Consulate in Urmia[71] Urmia
West Azerbaijan
 Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan Consulate in Tabriz[72] Tabriz
East Azerbaijan

Military

Several

Iranian Army and Sepah
divisions and brigades are based in Azerbaijan, including:

Type Name City Province
Operational Headquarter of Army in North-West Northwestern Operational Headquarter of Ground Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran Army Urmia
West Azerbaijan
Division (military) of Army 64th Infantry Division of Urmia Urmia
West Azerbaijan
Division (military) of Army 21st Infantry Division of Azerbaijan Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
Logistic Headquarter of Army Maraqeh District 4 Headquarter Maragheh
East Azerbaijan
Brigade of Army 40th Infantry Separate Brigade of Sarab Sarab & Ardabil
Ardabil Province
Brigade of Army 41st Infantry Separate Brigade of Qushchi Urmia
West Azerbaijan
Separate Brigade of Army 36th Armored Separate Brigade of Mianeh
Mianeh
East Azerbaijan
Army Training Centre of Army 03 Ajabshir Recruit Training Centre Ajab Shir
East Azerbaijan
Military airbase of Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation
 Havanirooz Tabriz Base Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
Military airbase of Air force
Tactical Air Base 2
, or Paygah Dovvom-e Shekari		 Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
Agency of Navy Navy Office of Tabriz Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
Provincial Corps Ardabil Hazrat Abbas Provincial Corps Ardabil Ardabil province
Provincial Corps West Azerbaijan Shohada Provincial Corps Urmia
West Azerbaijan
Provincial Corps East Azerbaijan Ashura Provincial Corps Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
Provincial Corps Zanjan Ansar al-Mahdi Provincial Corps Zanjan Zanjan province

Economy

Industry and mining of Iranian Azerbaijan in North-west

The economy in Iranian Azerbaijan is based on Heavy industries, food industries, agriculture, and handicraft. The biggest economic hub is Tabriz which contains the majority of heavy industries and food industries. Iranian Azerbaijan has two free trade zones designated to promote international trade: Aras Free Zone and Maku Free Zone. The agriculture industry in Iranian Azerbaijan is relatively better than many other parts of the country because of comparatively higher precipitation. Handicrafts are mostly a seasonal industry mostly in rural areas during wintertime when the agriculture season is finished. There are 500 important production and industrial unit in this area.[73] in October 2016, 500 Regional economic giant was introduced in 5 areas and 19 groups.[74][75]

Free trade zones and exhibition centers

Heavy industries

Industries include machine tools, vehicle factories, oil refineries, petrochemical complexes, food processing, cement, textiles, electric equipment, and sugar milling. Oil and gas pipelines run through the region. Wool, carpets, and metalware are also produced. In some factories and major companies in Azerbaijan include:

  • ISO 9001 audited, and has received several awards of quality and exporting.[77]
    ITMCO is listed as one of Iran's 100 fortune brands.
  • Iran Khodro Tabriz to develop tires for the Peugeot 206 models.[79]
  • Mashin Sazi Tabriz (MST) is a manufacturer of industrial machinery and tools in Tabriz. The major products of the factory are turning machines, milling machines, drilling machines, grinding machines, and tools.
  • Maz-Man of Belarus, and produces Kamaz trucks, JAC light trucks, and its own designed minibus. Its headquarters is in Tabriz
    .
  • Amico is an Iranian truck manufacturer established in 1989 and located in Jolfa near Tabriz. This company produces light and heavy diesel vehicles.[80]
  • Iran Khodro Tabriz, whose headquarters is in Tehran, is the leading Iranian vehicle manufacturer; it has the country's largest car factory in Tehran and five other vehicle factories. The company's original name was "Iran National".[81] Until 2014, Iran Khodro Tabriz had a capacity of 520,000 vehicles,[82] building 150 Samand Arisan cars per day instead of the Bardo Pick-up Paykan.[83] The site also produces 100 IKCO Samands per day.[84]
  • Other major petrochemical companies, oil refineries and industries include Machine works Company of Tabriz, Iranian Diesel Engine Manufacturing (IDEM), Tabriz Oil Refinery, Tabriz Petrochemical, and Copper Mine Songon.

Rugs and carpets

East Azarbaijan.[85]
Azerbaijani carpets and rugs are important:

Food industries

More than fifty percent of entire Iranian food exports are carried from Iranian Azerbaijan.

Shirin Asal, Aydin, Shoniz, Anata, Baraka and Chichak manufacturers.[citation needed] Outside of Tabriz Minoo Industrial Group in Khorramdarreh is another nationally recognized food manufacturer.[91]

Agriculture

The principle crops of the region are grains, fruits, cotton, rice, nuts, and tobacco.

Demographics

People

See also: Iranian Azerbaijanis, List of Iranian Azerbaijanis, Demographics of Iran, and Ethnic minorities in Iran

Kermanshah.h[111]

Smaller groups, such as

Persians
also inhabit the region.

Religion

The majority of

West Azerbaijan province (near the cities of Urmia, Khoy and Salmas) and have population about 200,000 people in this area.[115]

Immigration

Azerbaijani people mostly live in northwest parts of Iran, but large Azerbaijani populations can be found in

Varliq and Azari are printed by the Azerbaijani people in Tehran
.

Population

Four provinces of Iranian Azerbaijan
See also: Azerbaijani population by urban area

According to the population census of 2012, the four provinces of

Zanjan (2012 pop. 1,015,734), and Ardabil (2012 pop. 1,248,488) have a combined population of 9 million people.[124]

Administrative divisions

Azerbaijan's major cities are

Ardabil Province) and Major cities non-capital of Province's Azerbaijan are Khoy and Maragheh.[105][106]

Rank City County Province Population
(2016) 		Image
1 Tabriz Tabriz County
East Azerbaijan
 1,558,693[124]
2 Urmia Urmia County
West Azerbaijan
 736,224[124]
3 Ardabil Ardabil County
Ardabil Province
 529,374[124]
4 Zanjan Zanjan County
Zanjan Province
 486,495[124]
5 Khoy Khoy County
West Azerbaijan
 198,845[124]
6 Maragheh Maragheh County
East Azerbaijan
 175,255[124]
7 Miandoab Miandoab County
West Azerbaijan
 134,425[124]
8 Marand Marand County
East Azerbaijan
 130,825[124]
9 Ahar Ahar County
East Azerbaijan
 100,641[124]

New 2014 administrative divisions

Kurdistan Province.[127][128][129][130][131]

Culture

Safavid
era.

Caucasian peoples. Although the Azerbaijani language is not an official language of Iran it is widely used, mostly orally, among the Iranian Azerbaijanis.[citation needed
]

Literature

Many poets that came from Azerbaijan wrote poetry in both

Seyid Abulgasim Nabati, Ali Mojuz
and others.

An influential piece of post-World War II Azerbaijani poetry,

Mohammad Hossein Shahriar. This poem, published in Tabriz in 1954 and written in colloquial Azerbaijani, became popular among Iranians and the people of Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. In Heydar Babaya Salam
, Shahriar expressed his identity as an Iranian attached to his homeland, language, and culture. Heydar Baba is a hill near Khoshknab, the native village of the poet.

Azerbaijan is mentioned favorably on many occasions in

Iran's greatest authors and poets
. Examples:

گزیده هر چه در ایران بزرگان
زآذربایگان و ری و گرگان
All the nobles and greats of Iran,
Choose from Azerbaijan, Ray, and Gorgan.
—

Vis o Ramin

از آنجا بتدبیر آزادگان
بیامد سوی آذرآبادگان
From there the wise and the free,
set off to Azerbaijan
—Nizami

به یک ماه در آذرآبادگان
ببودند شاهان و آزادگان
For a month's time, The Kings and The Free,
Would choose in Azerbaijan to be
—Ferdowsi

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Nine historical sites in Azerbaijan have been designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO:

Colleges and universities

There are many universities in Azerbaijan, included units and centers: public university and private university, Islamic Azad University, Payame Noor University, Nonprofit educational institutions, University of Applied Science and Technology.

Some of the most prestigious public universities in the area are:

Row Colleges and universities City Province
1 University of Tabriz Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
2
University of Urmia
 Urmia
West Azerbaijan
3
Mohaghegh Ardabili University
 Ardabil
Ardabil Province
4 University of Zanjan Zanjan
Zanjan Province
5 Sahand University of Technology Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
6 Urmia University of Technology Urmia
West Azerbaijan
7 Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan
Zanjan Province
8 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
9 Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia
West Azerbaijan
10 Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil
Ardabil Province
11 Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan
Zanjan Province
12 Tabriz Islamic Arts University Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
13 Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
14 University of Maragheh Maragheh
East Azerbaijan
15 Maragheh observatory Maragheh
East Azerbaijan
16 University of Bonab Bonab
East Azerbaijan

Architecture

Azeri style is a style (sabk) of architecture when categorizing Iranian architecture development in Azerbaijan history. Landmarks of this style of architecture span from the late 13th century (Ilkhanate) to the appearance of the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century CE.[144]

Ashik

Ashiks by Azerbaijani traditional clothing in Nowruz-Tabriz

Ashik is a mystic bard, balladeer, or troubadour who accompanied his song be it a hikaye or a shorter original composition with a long-necked lute. The modern Azerbaijani ashiq is a professional musician who usually serves an apprenticeship, masters playing saz, and builds up a varied but individual repertoire of Turkic folk songs.[145] and The Coffeehouse of Ashiks is a coffeehouse in cities of Azerbaijan where ashiks perform Turkish hikaye.[146] In cities, towns, and villages of Iranian Azerbaijan ashiks entertain audiences in coffeehouses.[147]

Azerbaijan Cultural and Literature Foundation

Azerbaijan Cultural and Literature Foundation, was founded for the purpose of research, study and promote the study of the culture, art, language, literature, and history of Azerbaijan in four provinces (

West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, and Zanjan) of Azerbaijan region.[148]

Transportation

Air

Iranian Azerbaijan is connected to other parts of Iran and the world via several air routes. There are seven civil airports in the region and the biggest Airport in the region is

Tabriz International Airport
located in north-west of Tabriz. The other Airports are:

Row Airport City Province
1
Tabriz International Airport
 Tabriz
East Azerbaijan
2
Urmia Airport
 Urmia
West Azerbaijan
3 Ardabil Airport Ardabil
Ardabil Province
4 Zanjan Airport Zanjan
Zanjan Province
5 Sahand Airport Bonab
East Azerbaijan
6 Khoy Airport Khoy
West Azerbaijan
7 Parsabad-Moghan Airport Parsabad
Ardabil Province

Air lines

An ATA Airlines A320-200 landing at Tabriz International Airport

Ata Airlines is an airline based in Tabriz, Iran. Operates scheduled domestic services and international services in the Middle East, as well as charter services including Europe. Its main base is Tabriz International Airport. This airplane company is in Azerbaijan with Eram Air
.

Bridge

Railway

Azerbaijan is connected to the rest of Iranian railways through a line that connects Tabriz to

Jolfa city in the north of East Azerbaijan province and is connected to the railways of Nakhichevan
. Tabriz–Jolfa railway is one of the oldest railways in Iran that was built between 1912 and 1916. This railway line is the only part of Iranian railways that has an electric line. Tabriz also connected to Turkey through Tabriz-Razi railways which were built 1960–1961. The most important railways station in Azerbaijan is
Republic of Azerbaijan
.

Active lines this railway included: Tabriz–Tehran, Tabriz–Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, and Tabriz–Turkey.

Metro

Tabriz Metro opened on 28 August 2015 with 7 km length and 6 stations.[149] It will encompass 5 lines (4 lines are underground subway and 1 line is planned to connect Tabriz to Sahand) and the total planned length is 75 kilometres (47 mi). Line 1 is the first line under construction that connects Shah-Golu in the southeast to Laleh district in the southwest after passing through the city center of Tabriz.[150]

  • Tabriz Urban Railway Organization (TURO), El-Gölü Station
    Tabriz Urban Railway Organization (TURO), El-Gölü Station
  • Tabriz Railway Station
    Tabriz Railway Station

Roads

A network of Iranian national roads connects cities and populated areas of Azerbaijan to each other and to other parts of Iran. The only freeway in Azerbaijan is Freeway 2 (Iran) which connects Tabriz to Tehran and it is planned to construct the rest of the freeway up to the Iran-Turkey border at Bazargan. Other roads and highways include Road 32 (Iran) which connects Tehran to Tabriz and continues to the Iran-Turkey border at Bazargan. Here is a list and map of roads that pass through Azerbaijan.

type Number Road Distance (km) Distance (mi) City of Origin City of Destination Location Image
Freeways
 Freeway 2 (Iran) 600 370 Tehran Tabriz (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 11 (Iran) 325 202
Jolfa
(Az) 		Baneh
Highways and Roads Road 12 (Iran) 572 355 Bazargan (Az) Bileh Savar (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 14 (Iran) 460 290
Razi, Ardabil
(Az) 		Salmas (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 16 (Iran) 428 266 Astara Serow (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 21 (Iran) 978 608 Ilam
Jolfa
(Az)
Highways and Roads Road 22 (Iran) 428 266 Sarakhs
Khalkhal
(Az)
Highways and Roads Road 23 (Iran) 390 240 Miandoab (Az) Hamadan
Highways and Roads Road 24 (Iran) 142 88 Hashtrud (Az) Bonab (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 26 (Iran) 151 94 Miandoab (Az) Piranshahr (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 27 (Iran) 245 152 Khomarlu (Az) Tabriz (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 31 (Iran) 539 335 Parsabad (Az) Manjil
Highways and Roads Road 32 (Iran) 880 550 Tehran Bazargan (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 33 (Iran) 155 96 Ardabil (Az) Bileh Savar (Az)
Highways and Roads Road 35 (Iran) 155 96 Zanjan (Az) Khorramabad

Media

Sahand TV main building

TV and radio

Native language instruction

Azerbaijani language is not taught in Iranian schools; but for the first time at the level of academic education since 2016, Azerbaijani language and literature launched in Azerbaijan for

Tabriz University.[151]

Newspapers

Sport

Sport Olympiad

For the first time, Sports Olympiad of northwest in 23 sports to host

East Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces.[156]

Sahand Stadium; has a capacity of about 70,000 and is located in Tabriz.

Major sport clubs

Representatives of Azerbaijani in the top two leagues:

Football
Futsal
Volleyball
Basketball
  • Shahrdari Tabriz
Cycling Team

Major sport events

Sports facilities

Large and important stadiums:

See also

Notes

^a Reporting and estimation World Factbook and Library of Congress
New America Foundation
^d Reporting and estimation Minority Rights Group International
Britannica Encyclopaedia
^f Reporting and estimation Ethnologue
^g Reporting and estimation Encyclopædia Iranica, The number of Turkic speakers in Iran today is estimated about 16 million, The majority are ethnic Azeris
^h Just in Sonqor County
Shahabaddin Bimegdar, Mohammad Esmaeil Saeidi
Rohollah Hazratpour and Nader Ghazipour
Reza Karimi, Sodeif Badri and Mohammad Feyzi
^m Ali Waqfchi and Fereydun Ahmadi
^n Fardin Farmand and Yaqub Shivyari
^o Homayun Hashemi and Jahanbakhsh Mohebbinia

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Sources

External links

Azerbaijani edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
South Azerbaijani edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan_(Iran)&oldid=1217537516"