Administrative geography of the United Kingdom

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Administrative units of the United Kingdom and its dependent territories
Administrative units of the United Kingdom

The administrative geography of the United Kingdom is complex, multi-layered and non-uniform. The United Kingdom, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe, consists of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. For local government in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each have their own system of administrative and geographic demarcation. Consequently, there is "no common stratum of administrative unit encompassing the United Kingdom".[1]

Because there is no written document that comprehensively encompasses the

history of the formation of the United Kingdom, a variety of terms are used to refer to its constituent parts, which are sometimes called the four countries of the United Kingdom.[2] The four are sometimes collectively referred to as the Home Nations
, particularly in sporting contexts. Although the four countries are important for legal and governmental purposes, they are not comparable to administrative subdivisions of most other countries.

The United Kingdom also contains 17 dependent territories which aren't officially a part of the UK but are represented by it in places like the UN.

Historically, the subnational divisions of the UK have been the

ITL (formerly NUTS) and ISO 3166-2:GB
systems.

History

Euler diagram of the British Isles

This structure was formed by the

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
.

Wales was incorporated into the English legal system through the

Northern Ireland law).[4]

direct rule by the Westminster government and some abortive attempts at reinstating devolved government during the Troubles, the present-day Northern Ireland Assembly was established in 1998, and is currently in operation following a number of periods of suspension. The complex history of Northern Ireland has led to differing views as to its status. The term "Province" is often used by unionist and British commentators to refer to Northern Ireland, but not by nationalists.[5]

Overview of administration

Following

NUTS1 regional model with its own International Territorial Level model, continuing the treatment of the 3 Home Nations alongside the 9 Regions of England
.

Overview of administrative divisions of the UK
Country United Kingdom[L]
Part of UK England
[L]
Scotland[L] Northern Ireland[L]
Authority area
combined authority
areas,[C] other areas
Lieutenancy area Ceremonial counties Preserved counties Lieutenancy areas
Lieutenancy areas
County type Non-metropolitan Metropolitan Unique
County council area Two-tier council area[C] Unitary authority areas[C][U] None None City of London[C] Isles of Scilly[C][S] Principal areas[C] Council areas[C] Districts[C]
District Non-metropolitan districts[B][C] Metropolitan boroughs[B][C] London boroughs[C]
Parish
[C]
[T]
Wards Civil parishes Communities[M] Communities Civil parishes
Notes

The markers above link to relevant articles where available.

[B] Can have city, borough or royal borough status
[C] Has a council
[L] Has a legislature
[M] May have a council
[S] Sui generis unitary authority. Not a county nor part of Cornwall. Powers similar to a mainland county.
[T] Can have city, town, village or neighbourhood status. Not all areas of England have parishes.
[U] County council areas comprising one district. The council is at either county or district level.

Local government

England

England has no devolved national legislature or government.

The highest level subdivisions of England are the nine

metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and unitary authorities. The counties are further divided into districts (which can be called cities, boroughs, royal boroughs, metropolitan boroughs or districts). The unitary authorities
effectively combine the functions of counties and districts.

Below the district level,

civil parishes
exist, though not uniformly. Parish or town councils exist for villages and small towns; they only rarely exist for communities within urban areas.

Commonly, though not administratively, England's geography is divided into

Lord Lieutenant
, who is the monarch's representative.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland has the

United Kingdom Parliament – known as "direct rule" in contrast to devolution
.

For local government, Northern Ireland is divided into 11

districts
, which are unitary authorities.

Northern Ireland is divided into six traditional counties. Though widely used, these no longer serve any administrative purpose.

Scotland

Scotland has a devolved

Scottish Executive
, since 1999. Since 2007 the Scottish Executive has been called the Scottish government.

For local government, Scotland has 32

community councils
throughout the country, although these are not universal. Scottish community councils have few if any powers beyond being a forum for raising issues of concern.

Wales

Wales has an elected, devolved legislature, the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh: Senedd Cymru), from which the Welsh Government is drawn. For local government, Wales consists of 22 unitary authorities: 10 county boroughs, 9 Counties, and 3 Cities. Below these are community councils, which have powers similar to those of English parish councils.

The 22 unitary authorities are grouped into preserved counties, which are used for ceremonial purposes. Although based on the counties used for local government between 1974 and 1996, they no longer have an administrative function.

Democratic representation

Parliaments

Each of the 650 electoral areas or divisions called

plurality bloc vote system, and before the Reform Act 1832
nearly all constituencies in England returned two MPs.

The devolved

additional member system
of elections, which combines single-member constituencies with multi-member electoral regions.

Elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly are held under the single transferable vote (STV) system, in 18 multi-member constituencies.

Local government

The

local authority level, or else used to divide the electorate into electoral districts
for voting. It is the primary unit of British electoral geography.

Informal divisions

There are also many informal, historical and special purpose regional designations. Some such as the

defined by geography but do not form any official entity
.

International subdivisions

The UK's

.

Dependent territories

The United Kingdom has 17 dependent territories in total: three "Crown Dependencies" in the British Isles and in the English Channel and fourteen "overseas territories" scattered around the world.

Unlike other former colonial powers, the British Government does not classify its overseas possessions (or the crown dependencies, which share historical ties with the British Crown) as subdivisions of the United Kingdom itself; rather, each is treated in law as a separate jurisdiction. Most have their own legislatures and a degree of autonomy usually exceeding that of the devolved UK nations, including fiscal independence.

Out of the 14 overseas territories, 10 are autonomous, two used primarily as military bases, one uninhabited, and one an Antarctic claim.

However, the UK retains varying degrees of responsibility in all of the territories, currently ranging from full political control to a largely ceremonial presence. The main reserved matters are the areas of diplomacy, international treaties, defence and security. The UK also retains in all territories a residual responsibility for 'good governance', a loosely defined constitutional concept recently exemplified by its imposition of direct rule following alleged serious corruption in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The UK parliament at Westminster, and the British Government through the Privy Council, both retain the power to legislate for the overseas territories – though by convention will usually only do so with each local government's consent.

The three Crown Dependencies within the British Isles are self-governing[6] possessions of the British Crown. They are distinct from the British overseas territories of the United Kingdom.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ United Nations Economic and Social Council (August 2007). "Ninth United Nations Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names" (PDF). unstats.un.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  2. ^ Scottish Parliament. "Your Scotland questions; Is Scotland a country?". scottish.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008. As the UK has no written constitution in the usual sense, constitutional terminology is fraught with difficulties of interpretation and it is common usage nowadays to describe the four constituent parts of the UK (Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland) as "countries".
  3. ^ Bryne, T., Local Government in Britain, (1994)
  4. ^ Macinnes, Professor Allan I. (17 February 2017). "Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom". BBC. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  5. S2CID 155060595
    .
  6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Background briefing on the Crown dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man
  7. ^ Commons, The Committee Office, House of. "House of Commons – Crown Dependencies – Justice Committee". publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links