Adolf Glunz
Adolf Glunz | |
---|---|
JG 7 | |
Commands held | 5./JG 26, 6./JG 26 |
Battles/wars | See battles
|
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |
Other work | |
German Formula Three | |
Years active | 1950 – 1951 |
Best finish | 8th, German Championship in 1950 |
Adolf "Addi" Glunz (11 June 1916 – 1 August 2002) was a German
Born in
In May 1945, Glunz was taken prisoner of war and released in June 1946. He then became a Formula Three race car driver before he founded his own business, giving driving lessons. Glunz died on 1 August 2002 in Lüdenscheid.
Early life and career
Glunz was born on 11 June 1918 in Bresegard, district of Ludwigslust, at the time in the Province of Pomerania of the German Empire. He was the son Karl Glunz, a Beamter, or civil servant, of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. Due to his father's job, the family moved to Hamburg and in 1934 to Heide.[1] Following graduation from school, Glunz began vocational education in mechanical engineering. In Heide, he worked for a company which built glider aircraft, triggering his interest in flying. Aged sixteen, he began building and flying glider aircraft. Glunz then became a flight instructor with the National Socialist Flyers Corps 11/16 of the Nord Gruppe (northern group), teaching members of the Hitler Youth to fly.[2]
From 2 November 1938 to 25 March 1939, Glunz attended the compulsory
World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 9 November 1940, Glunz was transferred from the Ergänzungsstaffel to 4. Staffel of JG 52, a squadron of the II.
On 15 April 1941, the Luftwaffe ordered an attack on the Royal Air Force (RAF) airfield at Manston. Due to adverse weather conditions, the attack was called off, only a Schwarm, a flight of four aircraft, under the leadership of Oberleutnant Siegfried Simsch, assumed to have reached the target. The flight however had found the Luftwaffe airfield at Saint-Omer where II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) was based. In the attack, the Schwarm destroyed nine aircraft, wounding two pilots and five technicians.[7] The pilots Glunz, Simsch, Feldwebel Georg Mayr and Unteroffizier Hans Sembill were punished by Hermann Göring personally.[8]
On 27 April, II. Gruppe was moved again, this time to an airfield at Katwijk where it started receiving the first aircraft of the Bf 109 F series.[7] Glunz was promoted to Unteroffizier (subordinate officer or sergeant) on 1 May.[9] Flying from Katwijk on 7 May, he claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a RAF Supermarine Spitfire fighter 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) east of Deal. On 19 May, he was credited with another Spitfire destroyed, claimed at 12:40 north of Dover.[10][11] This earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse), awarded on 26 May and the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 8 June.[2] On 9 June, II. Gruppe of JG 51 was withdrawn from the Channel Front.[7]
On 13 June, the
Western Front
Glunz joined Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) on 18 July 1941 and was assigned to the II. Gruppe.[17] JG 26 was named after Albert Leo Schlageter, a martyr cultivated by the Nazi Party.[18] At the time, II. Gruppe was commanded by Hauptmann Walter Adolph and based at Moorsele Airfield, Belgium near the English Channel.[19] Glunz made his first check flight with this unit on 24 July and flew his first combat mission on 29 July with 4. Staffel.[20] On 6 August, he flew another mission resulting in no claims or losses.[21] On 21 August, the RAF Fighter Command targeted a chemical plant at Chocques with "Circus" No. 83 and Nr. 84. Following combat, Glunz made a forced landing of Bf 109 E-7 at Saint-Omer.[22] On 27 August, the Fighter Command sent "Circus" No. 85 to saint-Omer and Nr. 86 to the power station at Lille. All three Gruppen of JG 26 were dispatched and intercepted "Circus" No. 85. During this encounter, Glunz claimed his first aerial victory with JG 26, his sixth in total, when he shot down a Spitfire fighter near Bergues.[23] On 3 September, 4. Staffel went to Le Bourget for conversion training to the then new Focke-Wulf Fw 190 radial engine powered fighter. That day, Glunz made his maiden flight on the Fw 190 under the guidance of Oberleutnant Karl Borris who was leading the training program.[24][25] Glunz flew the Bf 109 operationally at least once more. On 8 September, flying a Bf 109 E-7, he participated on a fighter escort mission for two destroyers passing through the Strait of Dover. Later that day, he made another training flight on the Fw 190.[26]
On 18 September, Adolph was killed in action, in consequence command of II. Gruppe was given to Hauptmann Joachim Müncheberg.[27] Glunz received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for fighter pilots in Silver (Frontflugspange für Jagdflieger in Silber) on 1 October.[28] During a landing accident at Moorsele Airfield the following day, he damaged the landing gear of his Fw 190 A-1 (Werknummer 0020).[29] On 5 November, Glunz claimed his first aerial victory flying the Fw 190. A "Rhubarb" flown by No. 611 Squadron was intercepted by Glunz and his wingman off Gravelines. In this encounter, Glunz claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down.[30] His opponent may have been Sergeant William Philip Dales from No. 611 Squadron who was killed in action.[31] On 8 November Fighter Command flew the last "Circus" of the year. "Circus" Nr. 110 targeted the railroad repair facility at Lille. In an air battle which involved Spitfire fighters of Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) No. 412 Squadron, based at RAF Wellingore, Glunz was credited with shooting down a Spitfire fighter 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) north of Calais.[32][33]
His first aerial battle in 1942 occurred on 9 January. Glunz and his wingman, Unteroffizier Josef Siecker, chased two Spitfire fighters from
On 13 March, Glunz attacked a flight of Spitfire fighters from the RCAF
Seageant
On 22 July, command of II. Gruppe was transferred from Müncheberg to Hauptmann Karl-Heinz Meyer, also known as Conny Meyer.[45] Glunz claimed two further Spitfires shot down west of Berck-sur-Mer on 31 July, taking his total to 20 aerial victories claimed. His opponents were fighters from either the American No. 121 or the Norwegian No. 332 Squadron.[46] During the Dieppe Raid on 19 August, on II. Gruppe's third combat air patrol of the day, at 10:28, Glunz was credited with the destruction of a Spitfire west of Dieppe. Glunz also participated on II. Gruppe's fifth and sixth mission of the day. The objective was fighter escort for Dornier Do 217 and providing close air support for German forces.[47] Glunz received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for fighter pilots in Gold (Frontflugspange für Jagdflieger in Gold) on 25 August.[40]
Defense of the Reich
The
Glunz was promoted to
VIII Bomber Command sent 54 B-17 bombers to
Glunz claimed his first
On 20 June, Glunz claimed a No. 403 Squadron Spitfire northeast of Étaples.
On 12 August, VIII Bomber Command send 330 B-17 bombers against the Ruhr and
On 29 August, Glunz received the
VIII Bomber Command again sent its bombers to Münster on 11 November. II. Gruppe encountered unescorted B-17 bombers of the
Squadron leader
The USAAF 8th Air Force bombed the IG Farben chemical plant at Ludwigshafen on 7 January 1944. That day, Glunz claimed an aerial victory over a 4th Fighter Group P-47 near Boulogne.[92] On 14 January, the Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 5. Staffel, Aistleitner, was killed in action. In consequence, Glunz was appointed his successor and was made a Staffelführer, the first non-commissioned officer of JG 26 to hold such a position.[93] On 11 February, VIII Bomber Command sent bombers to Paris and to Frankfurt in an attempt to split German defenses. Defending against this attack, Glunz shot down 351st Bombardment Group B-17 northwest of Poix.[94] On 21 February, the USAAF attacked a number of airfields in western Germany. Intercepting the returning bombers, Glunz claimed a 95th Bombardment Group B-17 shot down west of Bergen aan Zee.[95][96]
On 22 February, the Eighth Air Force and Fifteenth Air Force dispatched 1,396 bombers, escorted by 965 fighter aircraft, to various Luftwaffe airfields and the German aircraft industry. The attack force had already come under attack by other Luftwaffe units, dispersing the fighter protection, when II. Gruppe intercepted the formation. At 12:50, Glunz claimed his first B-17 shot down that day west of Dorsten. The bomber may have belonged to the 91st or 384th Bombardment Group. In a further attack on the formation at 12:55 northeast of Wesel, Glunz claimed an Herausschuss over another B-17 which was not confirmed. Glunz again attacked the formation at 13:10 and claimed a further B-17 Herausschuss. Flying his second mission of the day, Glunz claimed an aerial victory over a P-47 escort fighter of the 78th Fighter Group at 15:30 northwest of Geilenkirchen. At 15:35, he was credited with a B-17 shot down southwest of Grevenbroich. Another B-17 claimed at 15:40 near Geilenkirchen was not confirmed.[97][98] In total, he had claimed six aerial victories that day, four confirmed and two were unconfirmed, bringing his total to 58 aerial victories.[99][100]
Glunz was transferred to 6. Staffel on 25 February where he was appointed deputy Staffelkapitän to Leutnant Friedrich Lange. Command of 5. Staffel was passed to Hauptmann Walter Matoni.[101] On 2 March, Lange was killed in action and Glunz was officially appointed Staffelkapitän of 6. Staffel on 3 March.[102] He was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1944.[103] In preparation of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of German-occupied Western Europe, the Eighth Air Force and the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, began attacking Luftwaffe airfields in France and Belgium on 9 May. Glunz led II. Gruppe that day and joined up with fighters from I. Gruppe of JG 26. In the first attack on the bombers, Glunz shot down a B-24 bomber from the 466th Bombardment Group (Heavy) east of Turnhout. On his second attack, he shot down another B-24 bomber belonging to the 453rd Bombardment Group south-southwest of Turnhout.[104] Two days later he was credited with an Herausschuss of a B-24 bomber from the 44th Bombardment Group northeast of Châteaudun.[105]
On 6 June, Allied forces launched the
Glunz was awarded the
End of war
On 17 December, II. Gruppe moved to an airfield at
Glunz flew his last mission of the war, a training flight on the Fw 190 D-9, on 3 February 1945.
Glunz is credited with 71 aerial victories achieved in 574 combat missions. He engaged the enemy on 238 occasions and claimed all but three victories over the Western Front. Glunz was never shot down or wounded all this time. The nearest he came to losing an aircraft in combat was on 13 October 1944, when a broken oil pipe caused his engine to fail while fighting with two P-47 fighters.[128][129]
Later life
After his return, Glunz had to be rectified as pilot and obtained a civilian pilot license in Switzerland. He then founded a company for aerial photography.[127] Glunz also became a motor racing driver. On 11 June 1950, he took third place in the XV Eifelrennen, a Formula Three motor race, driving a Scampolo 501 DKW.[130] Theodor Weissenberger, his former commanding officer with JG 7, had also participated in this race and was involved in a fatal accident that day.[131] On 20 August 1950, he participated in the Großer Preis von Deutschland (German Grand Prix) held on the Nürburgring.[132] At the end of the 1950 German Formula 3 Championship, he finished in eighth place, tied with Oscar Frank with three points.[133] In 1951, Glunz participated in various races of the 1951 German Formula 3 Championship, but did not score any points.[134]
Following his racing career, he took a course on driver's education and founded his own driving school in Lüdenscheid where he lived with his wife Iris.[135] Glunz died 1 August 2002 in Lüdenscheid.[131][136]
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Glunz was credited with 71 aerial victories.[137] Spick also lists Glunz with 71 aerial victories claimed in 574 combat missions. This figure includes three aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and further 68 victories over the Western Allies, including 20 heavy bombers.[138] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 69 aerial victory claims, plus eleven further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes three aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 66 over the Western Allies, including 17 four-engined bombers.[139]
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Glunz did not receive credit.
This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
This along with the & (ampersand) indicates an endgültige Vernichtung (final destruction)—a coup de grâce inflicted on an already damaged heavy bomber.
This along with the ! (exclamation mark) indicates that a heavy bomber was damaged.
This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Caldwell, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
| |||||||||
Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[140] Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 7 June 1941 | |||||||||
1 | 7 May 1941 | 07:46 | Spitfire | 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Deal[10] | 2 | 19 May 1941 | 12:40 | Spitfire | north of Dover[10] Canterbury |
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[140] Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 4 October 1941 | |||||||||
3 | 26 June 1941 | 09:33 | DB-3[141] | 5 | 3 July 1941 | 18:23 | DB-3 | northeast of Barysaw[141] | |
4 | 3 July 1941 | 18:20 | DB-3 | northeast of Barysaw[141] | |||||
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[140] On the Western Front — 4 October – 31 December 1941 | |||||||||
6 | 27 August 1941 | 08:25 | Spitfire | Bergues[142] | 8 | 8 November 1941 | 13:08 | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Calais[142] |
7 | 5 November 1941 | 10:40 | Spitfire | Gravelines[142] | |||||
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[140] On the Western Front — 1 January – 31 December 1942 | |||||||||
9 | 9 January 1942 | 15:36 | Spitfire | southwest of Le Touquet[143] | 17 | 8 June 1942 | 13:59 | Spitfire | west-northwest of Dunkirk[144] |
10 | 12 February 1942 | 17:08 | Spitfire | east of Eu[143] | 18 | 28 June 1942 | 21:16 | Spitfire | Hastings[144] |
11 | 13 March 1942 | 16:29 | Spitfire | over the sea, off Dungeness[143]
|
19 | 31 July 1942 | 15:01 | Spitfire | west of Berck-sur-Mer[145] |
12 | 10 April 1942 | 17:43 | Spitfire | Étaples[143] | 20?[Note 3] | 31 July 1942 | 15:08 | Spitfire | west of Berck-sur-Mer[145] |
13 | 14 April 1942 | 18:50 | Spitfire | Calais[144] | 21 | 19 August 1942 | 10:28 | Spitfire | west of Dieppe[145] |
14 | 25 April 1942 | 16:43 | Spitfire | Abbeville[144] | 22 | 5 September 1942 | 11:41 | Spitfire | west of Berck-sur-Mer[147] |
15 | 17 May 1942 | 11:35 | Spitfire | Ardres[144] | 23 | 2 November 1942 | 16:57 | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Berck-sur-Mer[147] |
16 | 5 June 1942 | 15:50 | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Ault[144] | |||||
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[139] On the Western Front — 1 January – October 1943 | |||||||||
—
|
3 February 1943 | 15:30 | Spitfire[148] | 35 | 20 June 1943 | 13:35 | Spitfire | northeast of Étaples[149] southeast of Étaples | |
24 | 17 February 1943 | 10:50 | Spitfire | Ardres[66] | 36 | 22 June 1943 | 09:20 | B-17 | west of Bergen op Zoom[149] |
25 | 26 February 1943 | 10:37 | Spitfire | Saint-Omer[66] | 37 | 26 June 1943 | 18:54 | P-47 | northwest of Neufchâtel[149] |
26 | 8 March 1943 | 14:06?[Note 4] | Spitfire | Rouen[66] | —
|
26 June 1943 | 18:55 | P-47 | northwest of Neufchâtel[149] |
27 | 14 March 1943 | 17:59 | Spitfire | 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Boulogne[66] | —
|
4 July 1943 | 17:25?[Note 5] | Spitfire | Eu[149] near Amiens |
28 | 28 March 1943 | 18:41 | Mosquito | south of Lille[66] | — [Note 6]
|
12 August 1943 | 09:05 | B-17& | coal-mine Hagen[151] |
29 | 28 March 1943 | 18:42 | Mosquito | south of Lille[66] | 38 | 12 August 1943 | 09:28 | B-17 | PQ NP-4, Mönchengladbach[151] |
30 | 3 April 1943 | 16:08 | Spitfire | Le Touquet[66] | 39 | 17 August 1943 | 17:50?[Note 7] | B-17 | Hasselt/Antwerp[151] northwest of Schouwen |
31 | 4 April 1943 | 14:42 | Spitfire | southwest of Dieppe[66] | —
|
19 August 1943 | 12:30 | B-26! | northern France[146] |
32 | 5 April 1943 | 15:38?[Note 8] | B-17* | Dinteloord[66] | 40 | 31 August 1943 | 19:32 | B-17 | south of Le Tréport[151] |
33 | 11 June 1943 | 16:42 | Spitfire | north of Doullens[149] | 41 | 3 September 1943 | 10:35 | B-17 | east of Paris[151] |
34 | 16 June 1943 | 07:07 | Spitfire | 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Cap Gris-Nez[149] | —
|
3 October 1943 | 16:00 | Spitfire[151] | |
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[150] On the Western Front — October – 31 December 1943 | |||||||||
42 | 10 October 1943 | 15:41 | B-17 | north of Deelen[151] Harskamp |
46 | 26 November 1943 | 11:03 | B-17 | La Neuville, near Beauvais[152] |
—
|
14 October 1943 | 14:00 | P-47[151] | vicinity of Budel | 47 | 1 December 1943 | 10:03 | Spitfire | 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Arras[152] |
43 | 11 November 1943 | 14:55 | B-17 | southwest of Dordrecht[152] | 48 | 1 December 1943 | 10:03?[Note 9] | Spitfire | 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Arras[152] |
—
|
11 November 1943 | 14:57 | B-17[152] | southwest of Dordrecht | 49 | 21 December 1943 | 11:50 | Spitfire | Vimy Ridge, southwest of Douai[152] |
44 | 14 November 1943 | 10:06 | Mosquito | Lens, southwest of Lille[152] | 50 | 31 December 1943 | 15:00 | B-17 | Plaçamen, west-northwest of Lorient[152] |
45 | 26 November 1943 | 10:40 | P-47 | Chantilly[152] Domont |
|||||
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[150] On the Western Front — 1 January – 25 February 1944 | |||||||||
51 | 7 January 1944 | 13:45?[Note 10] | P-47 | vicinity of Boulogne[153] | 55 | 22 February 1944 | 13:10 | B-17* | 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Wesel[153] |
52 | 11 February 1944 | 14:05 | B-17 | 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Poix[153][Note 11] | 56 | 22 February 1944 | 15:30 | P-47 | 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Geilenkirchen[153] |
53 | 21 February 1944 | 15:50 | B-17 | 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Bergen aan Zee[153] | 57 | 22 February 1944 | 15:35 | B-17 | southwest of Grevenbroich[153] |
54 | 22 February 1944 | 12:50 | B-17 | 7 km (4.3 mi) west of Dorsten[153] | —
|
22 February 1944 | 15:40 | B-17 | Geilenkirchen[153] |
—
|
22 February 1944 | 12:55 | B-17*[153] | —
|
25 February 1944 | 17:00 | B-17[153] | ||
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[150] On the Western Front — 3 March 1944 – 1 January 1945 | |||||||||
58 | 9 May 1944 | 09:51 | B-24 | 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Turnhout[153] | 65 | 21 September 1944 | 17:18 | C-47 | Nijmegen[153] |
59 | 9 May 1944 | 09:57 | B-24 | 7 km (4.3 mi) south-southwest of Turnhout[153] | 66 | 2 October 1944 | 12:15 | Spitfire | south of Nijmegen[153] |
60 | 11 May 1944 | 14:00?[Note 12] | B-24* | northeast of Châteaudun[153] | 67 | 13 October 1944 | 15:00 | P-38 | Düren[153] |
61 | 10 June 1944 | 17:56 | P-47 | north of Lisieux[153] | 68 | 24 December 1944 | 12:27 | P-47 | Liège[153] |
62 | 10 June 1944 | 17:58 | P-47 | north of Lisieux[153] | 69 | 24 December 1944 | 12:28 | P-47 | Liège[153] |
63 | 10 June 1944 | 17:58 | P-47 | north of Lisieux[153] | 70 | 1 January 1945 | 09:25 | Spitfire | south of Brussels-Evere airfield[153] |
64 | 18 June 1944 | 17:29 | P-51 | Coutances[153] |
Awards
- Pilot Badge (4 October 1940)[154]
- Iron Cross (1939)
- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for fighter pilots in Gold with Pennant "200"
- German Cross in Gold on 15 October 1942 as Feldwebel in the 4./Jagdgeschwader 26[51][Note 13]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Dates of rank
1 May 1941: | Unteroffizier (subordinate officer or sergeant)[9] |
1 August 1941: | Feldwebel (technical sergeant)[28] |
1 January 1943: | Oberfeldwebel (master sergeant)[2] |
1 April 1944: | Leutnant (second lieutenant)[103] |
1 October 1944: | Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)[154] |
Notes
- ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[3]
- ^ According to Patzwall and Schumann on 15 October 1942.[51][52]
- ^ According to Caldwell, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock this claim is listed as Glunz's 20th aerial victory.[146][145] Mathews and Foreman list this claim as unconfirmed.[140]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:08.[140]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:45.[150]
- ^ According to Caldwell, this endgültige Vernichtung (final destruction) was counted as Glunz's 38th aerial victory.[146]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:35.[150]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:40.[140]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:05.[150]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:40.[150]
- ^ There are several places called Poix, and it is unclear which this one was. However, it may be noted that there was an important Luftwaffe airfield at Poix-de-Picardie.
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:05.[150]
- ^ According to Caldwell and Obermaier on 1 November 1942.[50][157]
References
Citations
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d e Stockert 2012, p. 35.
- ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
- ^ a b Schumann 2017, p. 3.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 147.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 151.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2002, p. 149.
- ^ Braatz 2010, pp. 44–45.
- ^ a b Schumann 2017, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2002, p. 156.
- ^ Barbas 2005, p. 328.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 26.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 27, 41.
- ^ a b Schumann 2017, p. 9.
- ^ Barbas 2005, p. 329.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 49.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 153.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 3.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 533.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 153, 158.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 160.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 168–169.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 170–172.
- ^ Weal 1996, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 174.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 528.
- ^ a b c Schumann 2017, p. 11.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 536.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 187.
- ^ Schumann 2017, p. 14.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 188–190.
- ^ Caldwell 1991, p. 97.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 201.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 204–210.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 216.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 223–224.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 226–227.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 230–231.
- ^ a b c d Schumann 2017, p. 17.
- ^ Thomas 2015, p. 38.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 240–241.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 249–250.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 255.
- ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 367.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 265.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 269–276, 279.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 268.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 286.
- ^ a b c Caldwell 1996, p. 301.
- ^ a b Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 139.
- ^ Schumann 2017, p. 18.
- ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 314.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2010, p. 550.
- ^ a b Caldwell 1998, p. 14.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 23−24.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 24.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 30.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 39−40.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Franks 2015, p. 238.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 43–44.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2010, p. 554.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 98–99.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 101–102.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 103.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 105–106.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 114.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 131–133.
- ^ Weal 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Weal 2011, p. 28.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 140–142.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 144.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Schumann 2017, p. 26.
- ^ Prien et al. 2010, pp. 547, 550.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 161–162.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 163–165.
- ^ Weal 2011, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 165–167.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 174–175.
- ^ Weal 2011, p. 46.
- ^ Bowman 2009, p. 80.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 183–185.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 186–187, 189.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 192–193.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 196–197.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 201.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 211–212.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 215.
- ^ Forsyth2011, p. 37.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 215−217.
- ^ Forsyth2011, pp. 36–37.
- ^ a b Spick 1996, p. 188.
- ^ Weal 2011, p. 61.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 219.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 224−225.
- ^ a b Schumann 2017, p. 31.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 254–255.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 256.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 266–267.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 272.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 281.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 282.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 289.
- ^ Weal 2011, p. 77.
- ^ Hinchliffe 1999, p. 198.
- ^ Heaton & Lewis 2014, p. 42.
- ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 37.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 318.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 344.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 353.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 360.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 367.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 387−388.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 392−393.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 408−411.
- ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 495.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, pp. 426−427.
- ^ Caldwell 1998, p. 445.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 105.
- ^ a b Schumann 2017, p. 45.
- ^ Spick 1996, p. 187.
- ^ Weal 1996, p. 50.
- ^ 1950 German Formula 3 Championship, 11th June 1950 - Eifelrennen, Round 1.
- ^ a b Schumann 2017, p. 48.
- ^ 1950 German Formula 3 Championship, 20th August 1950 - Großer Preis von Deutschland, Round 4.
- ^ 1950 German Formula 3 Championship, Championship Standings.
- ^ 1951 German Formula 3 Championship, Championship Standings.
- ^ Schumann 2017, p. 47.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 38.
- ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1616.
- ^ Spick 1996, pp. 237–238.
- ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 393–394.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 393.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 41.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003a, p. 533.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2004, p. 371.
- ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2004, p. 372.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2004, p. 373.
- ^ a b c Caldwell 1998, p. 501.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 375.
- ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 553.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2010, p. 555.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 394.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2010, p. 556.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2010, p. 557.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Caldwell 1998, p. 502.
- ^ a b c Schumann 2017, p. ii.
- ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 201.
- ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 85.
- ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 66.
- ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 337.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 197.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 84.
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