Adoniram Judson
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Adoniram Judson | |
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Ann Hasseltine, 1812–26 (her death) Sarah Hall Boardman, 1834–45 (her death) Emily Chubbuck, 1846–50 (his death) | |
Children | (1) Stillborn son, 1813 to Ann Judson; (2) Roger Williams Judson, 11/11/1814 to Ann Judson (lived only 2 wks); (3) Maria Elizabeth Butterworth Judson, 1/26/1825 - 4/26/1827 to Ann Judson; (4) Abigail Ann Judson, 10/31/1835 to Sarah Judson; (5) Adoniram Judson Jr., 4/7/1837 to Sarah Judson; (6) Elnathan Judson, 7/15/1838 to Sarah Judson; (7) Henry Judson, 12/31/1839 - 7/31/1841 to Sarah Judson; (8) Stillborn son named Luther in 1840 to Sarah Judson; (9) Henry Judson, July 1842 (named in honor of baby Henry who had passed the previous year) to Sarah Judson; (10) Charles Judson, 12/18/1843 - 8/1845 to Sarah Judson; (11) Edward Judson 12/27/1844 to Sarah Judson; (12) Emily Frances Judson, 12/26/1847 to Emily Judson; (13) Charles Judson, 4/13/1850 (passed the same day) to Emily Judson. |
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Adoniram Judson (August 9, 1788 – April 12, 1850) was an American
Judson was one of the first Protestant missionaries to Burma. He translated the Bible into Burmese and established a number of Baptist churches in Burma.
Early life
Judson was born on August 9, 1788, in
Judson's deist views were shaken when his friend Eames fell violently ill and died. Both had been sleeping in separate rooms at an inn, and Judson heard the death throes of the person next door, only to learn from the clerk the next morning that his anonymous neighbor had been Mr. Eames, who had indeed died. The shock of learning the dying neighbor's identity – and that Eames had led Judson away from the Christian faith into skepticism, but was now dead – returned Judson back to the faith of his youth, although he was already attending the Andover Theological Seminary.[3] In 1808, Judson "made a solemn dedication of himself to God".[4] During his final year at the school, Judson decided upon a missionary career.
In 1810, Judson joined a group of mission-minded students who called themselves "The Brethren"; the students inspired the establishment of America's first organized missionary society.[5] Eager to serve abroad, Judson became convinced that "Asia with its idolatrous myriads, was the most important field in the world for missionary effort". He, and three other students from the seminary, appeared before the Congregationalists' General Association to appeal for support. In 1810, the elders voted to form the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
Marriage
On September 19, Judson was appointed by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a missionary to the East. Judson was also commissioned by the Congregational Church, and married
Ministry background
Voyage to India
The Judsons arrived in
On September 6, 1812, he switched to the
Both the local and British authorities did not want Americans evangelizing
Judson offered to Baptists in the United States to serve as their missionary.
Missionaries in Burma
It was another difficult year before the Judsons finally reached their intended destination, Burma. Buddhist Burma, Judson was told by the Serampore Baptists, was impermeable to Christian evangelism. Judson, who already knew Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, immediately began studying Burmese grammar but took over three years to learn to speak it. This was due, in part, to the radical difference in structure between Burmese and Western languages. He found a tutor and spent twelve hours per day studying the language. He and his wife firmly dedicated themselves to understanding it.
During this time they were almost entirely isolated from contact with any European or American. Four years passed before Judson dared even to hold a semi-public service. At first, he tried adapting to Burmese customs by wearing a yellow robe to mark himself as a teacher of religion, but he soon changed to white to show he was not a
He accommodated some Burmese customs and built a
First attempts by the Judsons to interest the natives of Rangoon with the Gospel of Jesus met with almost total indifference.
Judson completed the translation of the Grammatical Notices of the Burman Language the following July and the Gospel of Matthew, in 1817. Judson began public evangelism in 1818 sitting in a zayat by the roadside calling out "Ho! Every one that thirsteth for knowledge!"[7] The first believer was baptized in 1819, and there were 18 believers by 1822.[8]
In 1820, Judson and a fellow missionary named Colman petitioned the Emperor of Burma, King Bagyidaw, in the hope that he would grant freedom for the missionaries to preach and teach throughout the country, as well as remove the sentence of death that was given for those Burmese who changed religion.
Bagyidaw disregarded their appeal and threw one of their Gospel tracts to the ground after reading a few lines. The missionaries returned to Rangoon and met with the fledgling church there to consider what to do next. The progress of Christianity would continue to be slow with much risk of endangerment and death in the Burmese Empire.
It took Judson 12 years to make 18 converts. His wife, Ann, was even more fluent in the spoken language of the people than her more academically literate husband. She befriended the wife of the viceroy of
A printing press had been sent from Serampore, and a missionary printer, George H. Hough, who arrived from America with his wife in 1817, produced the first printed materials in Burmese ever printed in Burma, which included 800 copies of Judson's translation of the Gospel of Matthew. The chronicler of the church, Maung Shwe Wa, concludes this part of the story, "So was born the church in Rangoon–logger and fisherman, the poor and the rich, men and women. One traveled the whole path to Christ in three days; another took two years. But once they had decided for Christ they were his for all time."[9]
One of the early disciples was U Shwe Ngong, a teacher and leader of a group of intellectuals dissatisfied with Buddhism, who were attracted to the new faith. He was a
Judson, instead of welcoming him to the faith, pressed him further asking if he believed what he had read in the gospel of Matthew that Jesus the son of God died on the cross. U Shwe Ngong shook his head and said, "Ah, you have caught me now. I believe that he suffered death, but I cannot believe he suffered the shameful death on the cross."[10] Not long after, he came back to tell Judson, "I have been trusting in my own reason, not the word of God…. I now believe the crucifixion of Christ because it is contained in scripture."
The essence of Judson's preaching was a combination of conviction of the truth with the rationality of the Christian faith, a firm belief in the authority of the Bible, and a determination to make Christianity relevant to the Burmese mind without violating the integrity of Christian truth, or as he put it, "to preach the gospel, not anti-Buddhism."
By 1823, ten years after his arrival, membership of the little church had grown to 18, and Judson finished the first draft of his translation of the New Testament in Burmese.
Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)
Two opposite hungers triggered the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824: Burma's desire for more territory, and Britain's desire for more trade. Burma threatened Assam and Bengal; Britain responded by attacking and absorbing two Burmese provinces into her India holdings to broaden her trade routes to East Asia. The war was a rough interruption of the Baptists' missionary work. English-speaking Americans were too easily confused with the enemy and suspected of spying.
Judson was imprisoned for 17 months during the war between the United Kingdom and Burma, first at Ava and then at Aung Pinle. Judson and Price were violently arrested. Officers led by an official executioner burst into the Judson home, threw Judson to the ground in front of his wife, bound him with torture thongs, and dragged him off to the prison of Ava.
Twelve months later, Judson and Price, along with a small group of surviving Western prisoners, were marched overland for six more months of misery in a primitive village near Mandalay. Of the sepoy British prisoners-of-war imprisoned with them, all but one died. He spent 20 months in prison.
After her husband was released by the Burmese, Ann wrote that one good result of the war could be that terms of the treaty which ceded Burmese provinces to the British might provide opportunity to expand the witness of the mission into unreached parts of the country.
On October 24, 1826, Ann died at Amherst (now
The collapse of Burma's armies brought Judson out of prison, but his release was not complete freedom. In 1826, several months after the surrender, Burma pressed Judson into service as a translator for the peace negotiations.
Most of the growth of Baptist churches in Burma was in British-ruled territory, rather than the Burmese-ruled kingdom. Most of the growth came from animist tribes, rather than from the major population group, the Buddhist Burmese. The first Burmese pastor Judson ordained was Ko-Thah-a, one of the original group of converts, who refounded the church at
Karen apostle
The Karen people were a hunted minority group of ancient
In 1828, the former Karen bandit, "whose rough, undisciplined genius, energy and zeal for Christ" (Sarah B Judson) had caught the notice of the missionaries, was sent south with a new missionary couple, the Boardmans, into the territory of the strongly animistic, non-Buddhist Karen. Ko Tha Byu was no sooner baptized, when he set off into the jungle alone to preach to his fellow tribe members. Astonishingly, he found them prepared for his preaching. Their ancient oracle traditions, handed down for centuries, contained some startling echoes of the
The core of what they called their "Tradition of the Elders" was a belief in an unchangeable, eternal, all-powerful God, creator of heaven and earth, of man, and of woman formed from a rib taken from the man (Genesis). They believed in humanity's temptation by a devil, and its fall, and that some day a Great Messiah would come to its rescue. They lived in expectation of a prophecy that white foreigners would bring them a sacred parchment roll.
While the Boardmans and Ko Tha Byu were penetrating the jungles to the south, Judson shook off a paralyzing year-long siege of depression that overcame him after the death of his wife and set out alone on long canoe trips up the Salween River into the tiger-infested jungles to evangelize the northern Karen. Between trips, he worked unceasingly at his lifelong goal of translating the entire Bible into Burmese. When he finished it at last in 1834, he had been labouring on it for 24 years.[11] It was printed and published in 1835.
In April of that same year, he married
On June 2, 1846, Judson married for the third time, to writer Emily Chubbuck,[3] who he had commissioned to write memoirs for Sarah Hall Boardman. They had a daughter born in 1847.
Sarah Cummings and Jason Tuma arrived in 1832. Cummings proved her mettle at once, choosing to work alone with Karen evangelists in the
In 1835, a second single woman,
Judson developed a serious lung disease and doctors prescribed a sea voyage as a cure. On April 12, 1850, he died at age 61 on board ship in the Bay of Bengal and was buried at sea, having spent 37 years abroad with only one trip back home to America. A memorial to Judson was built on Burial Hill in Plymouth, Massachusetts.[13]
Legacy
By the time of Judson's death, he had translated the Bible into Burmese as well as a half-completed Burmese-English dictionary.[7] Burma at the time had 100 churches, and over 8,000 believers.
By 2006, Myanmar had the third largest number of Baptists worldwide,[14] behind the United States and India. The majority of adherents are Karen, Kachin and Chin.
Judson compiled the first ever Burmese-English dictionary; missionary E. A. Steven completed the English-Burmese half. Every dictionary and grammar written in Burma in the last two centuries has been based on ones originally created by Judson.[citation needed] Judson "became a symbol of the preeminence of Bible translation for" Protestant missionaries.[15] In the 1950s, Burma's Buddhist prime minister U Nu told the Burma Christian Council "Oh no, a new translation is not necessary. Judson's captures the language and idiom of Burmese perfectly and is very clear and understandable."[16] Though the Bible has been translated numerous times into Burmese, Judson's translation remains the most popular version in Myanmar.[citation needed]
Each July, Baptist churches in Myanmar celebrate "Judson Day," commemorating his arrival as a missionary.
Judson's change to the validity of
Judson Harmon, a former Governor of Ohio, was named after him.[citation needed]
In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Adoniram Judson was named in his honor.[18]
Published works
- Burmese Bible, as well as portions published before the entire text was translated
- A Burmese-English dictionary (English-Burmese portion completed posthumously, see below)
- A Burmese Grammar
- Two hymns: Our Father, God, Who art in Heaven and Come Holy Spirit, Dove Divine
See also
- John Alexander Stewart (scholar), another first compiler (with C.W. Dunn) of a Burmese-English dictionary
References
- ^ Judson, Edward (1883). The Life of Adoniram Judson. New York, A. D. F. Randolph & Company.
- ^ a b c d William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 332
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 534.
- ISBN 0817011218. p. 50
- ^ The Traveling Team website, History of Mission: Ann Judson
- ^ Maung Shwe Wa & Sowards, Burma Baptist Chronicle, 1963, Board of Publications Burma Baptist Convention Rangoon, p. 66
- ^ a b Missions Box website, Adoniram Judson (1788-1850)
- ^ Benge, Janet; Benge, Geoff, Adoniram Judson: Bound for Burma.
- ^ Moffett, Samuel Hugh, A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II: 1500-1900 - Volume 2.
- ^ Field Partner website, Four Lessons From the Life Of Adoniram Judson - Pt 3
- ^ Gerald H. Anderson, Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1999, p. 346
- ^ Barlow, Fred. "Abraham Judson, Burma's First Missionary". Burmese Bible. Retrieved June 4, 2006. (English text is at the bottom.)
- ^ "The First Baptist Missionary". FBC Plymouth. March 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
- ^ Christian History Institute website, Unforgettable, article by Rosalie Hall Hunt published in #90 in 2006
- ^ Richard V. Pierard (Spring 2006). "The Man Who Gave the Bible to the Burmese". Christian History & Biography. 90: 16–21.
- ^ a b c Rosalie Hall Hunt (Spring 2006). "Unforgettable". Christian History & Biography. 90: 39–41.
- ^ Baptist Press website, Adoniram Judson’s spiritual descendants in Massachusetts, article by Tobin Perry, published December 9, 2019
- ^ U.S. Department of Transportation website, Adoniram Judson
Further reading
- Anderson, Courtney. To the golden shore: The life of Adoniram Judson (Little, Brown, 1956), The standard biography
- Brackney, William H. "The Legacy of Adoniram Judson." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 22.3 (1998): 122+ online
- Bradshaw, Robert I. "the life and Work of Adoniram Judson, Missionary to Burma." (1992). online
- Clement, Jesse (1852). Memoir of Adoniram Judson. Auburn, NY: Derby and Miller. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- Duessing, Jason G. 2012. Adoniram Judson: A Bicentennial Appreciation of the Pioneer American Missionary. B & H Academic.
- James, Helen. "Adoniram Judson and the Creation of a Missionary Discourse in Pre-Colonial Burma." Journal of Burma Studies 7.1 (2002): 1-28. online
- Judson, Edward. The Life of Adoniram Judson (1883) online.
- Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions (Penguin Books, 1986) pp 293–95
- Wayland, Francis. 1853. A memoir of the Life and Labors of the Rev. Adoniram Judson
- Torbet, Robert. 1955. Venture of Faith: The Story of the American Baptist Missionary Society
- Leonard, Bill J., editor. 1994.Dictionary of Baptists in America
- Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, Norman W. Cox, editor
- Burmese Encyclopedia: Vol 12, p-444, printed in 1966
Primary sources
- Knowles, James D. 1829. Memoir of Mrs Ann H. Judson, 252–259
- Mason, Francis. 1843. The Karen Apostle, or, Memoir of Ko tha Byu, the First Karen convert
- H. P. Cochrane, Among the Burmans: A Record of Fifteen Years
- Judson, Emily C. 1848. Memoir of Sarah Boardman Judson, Member of the American mission to Burma. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman.
External links
- Adoniram Judson biographies
- Life and Work of Judson Archived April 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- SBHLA bio of Judson
- Google E-text of an 1853 Biography Volume One
- Google E-text of an 1853 Biography Volume Two
- A memorial church to Adoniram and Ann Judson
- Online Burmese Bible
- Online Burmese Bible (Compatible with Burmese Wikipedia) — Translated from The Original Tongues by Rev. A. Judson, D.D.
- "Adoniram Judson". Find a Grave. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- Hymn: "Come, Holy Spirit, Dove Divine" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- Judson, Edward. The Life of Adoniram Judson. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1883
- Judson's Burmese-English dictionary, revised and enlarged by Robert C. Stevenson, Rangoon: Government Printing, Burma, 1893.
- The Judson Burmese-English dictionary, revised and enlarged by Robert C. Stevenson, revised and edited by F.H. Eveleth, Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press, 1921.
- Adoniram and Ann Judson Archived April 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- Missiology website, The Judson Centennial, 1814-1914, edited by Howard B. Grose and Fred P. Haggard (online copy)
- Missiology website, A Century of Baptist Foreign Missions; An Outline Sketch, by Sophie Bronson Titterington, published by the American Baptist Publication Society (1891) (online copy)