Edirne
Edirne | |
---|---|
From top down, left to right: Selimiye Mosque, Meriç Bridge, Old Mosque, Trakya University (formerly Karaağaç railway station), Üç Şerefeli Mosque, Grand Synagogue of Edirne, Town Hall, Historical Express | |
Coordinates: 41°40′37″N 26°33′20″E / 41.67694°N 26.55556°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Edirne |
District | Edirne |
Government | |
• Mayor | Recep Gürkan (CHP) |
Elevation | 42 m (138 ft) |
Population (2022)[1] | 180,002 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Postal code | 22000 |
Area code | 0284 |
Website | www |
Edirne (
The city is a commercial centre for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products and has a growing tourism industry. It is the seat of Edirne Province and Edirne District.[5] Its population is 180,002 (2022).[1]
The town is famous in Turkey for its liver.
Names and etymology
The city was founded and named after the Roman emperor Hadrian as Hadrianopolis (Adrianople in English, /ˌeɪdriəˈnoʊpəl/; Ἁδριανούπολις in Greek) on the site of the Greek city of Orestias, which was itself founded on an earlier Thracian settlement named Uskudama.[7] The Ottoman name Edrine (ادرنه) is derived from the Greek name. The name Adrianople was used in English until the Turkish adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1928, after which Edirne became the internationally recognised name.
History
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1400s | 70,000 | — |
1500s | 105,000 | +50.0% |
1700s | 35,000 | −66.7% |
1800s | 33,000 | −5.7% |
1900s | 68,661 | +108.1% |
1927 | 34,528 | −49.7% |
1965 | 78,161 | +126.4% |
1970 | 84,531 | +8.1% |
1975 | 94,449 | +11.7% |
1980 | 105,503 | +11.7% |
1985 | 120,663 | +14.4% |
1990 | 124,361 | +3.1% |
2000 | 140,830 | +13.2% |
2010 | 152,993 | +8.6% |
2014 | 165,979 | +8.5% |
2022 | 180,002 | +8.4% |
The area around Edirne has been the site of numerous major battles and sieges starting from the days of the Roman Empire. The vagaries of the border region between Asia and Europe gave rise to Edirne's claim to be the most frequently contested spot on earth.[8]
Antiquity
The city was reestablished by the Roman Emperor
Medieval and early Ottoman periods
In 813, the city was temporarily seized by
During the period of the
In 1362, the
The city remained the seat of Ottoman power until 1453, when Mehmed II took
Uzunköprü Bridge, the world's longest medieval stone bridge, connects Anatolia with the Balkans on the Ergene River and was erected between 1426 and 1443 by the primary architect, Müslihiddin, during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat II.[14]
Later Ottoman period
That Adrianople/Edirne continued to hold an important place in Ottoman hearts is reflected in the fact that Sultan Mehmed IV left the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople to die here in 1693. The wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, spent six weeks in Edirne (then Adrianople) in the spring of 1717 and left an account of her experiences there in her The Turkish Embassy Letters. Wearing Turkish dress, Montagu witnessed the passage of Sultan Ahmed III to the mosque, visited the young wife-to-be of his vizier, Damad Ibrahim Pasha and was shown around the Selimiye Mosque.[15]
Adrianople was briefly occupied by imperial Russian troops in 1829 during the
Adrianople was a vital fortress defending
Edirne was swiftly reconquered by the Ottomans during the Second Balkan War under the leadership of Enver Pasha (who proclaimed himself the "second conqueror of Adrianople" after Murad I) following the collapse of the Bulgarian army in the region.
The entire Armenian population of the city was deported to Syria and Mesopotamia during the Armenian genocide on 27–28 October 1915 and 17–18 February 1916. Their property and businesses were sold at low prices to Turkish Muslims.[16]
During the Greek War of Independence, the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Balkan-Muslims fled to Edirne and became known as Muhacir.[17]
Administrative arrangements
Adrianople was a
Turkish Republic
Adrianople/Edirne was ceded to Greece by the
From 1934 onwards Edirne was the seat of the
Ecclesiastical history
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (April 2020) |
Adrianople was made the seat of a Greek
Around 1850, from the standpoint of the
Later however, the Roman Catholic diocese was discontinued, and exists only in name as a titular metropolitan archbishopric, under the full name Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto to distinguish it from several other titular sees named Hadrianopolis.
In 2018, archaeologists discovered remains of a
Geography
Climate
Edirne has a borderline
Climate data for Edirne (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
33.5 (92.3) |
37.1 (98.8) |
42.6 (108.7) |
44.1 (111.4) |
41.9 (107.4) |
39.9 (103.8) |
35.8 (96.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
44.1 (111.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
30.1 (86.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
8.4 (47.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
0.7 (33.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
1.2 (34.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −19.5 (−3.1) |
−19.0 (−2.2) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−14.9 (5.2) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65.8 (2.59) |
53.3 (2.10) |
52.8 (2.08) |
44.0 (1.73) |
57.5 (2.26) |
46.0 (1.81) |
39.6 (1.56) |
24.0 (0.94) |
39.2 (1.54) |
66.1 (2.60) |
66.4 (2.61) |
70.5 (2.78) |
625.2 (24.61) |
Average precipitation days | 10.50 | 9.57 | 11.57 | 11.23 | 11.70 | 9.90 | 6.47 | 4.57 | 6.40 | 8.90 | 10.00 | 11.47 | 112.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 68.2 | 98.9 | 130.2 | 171.0 | 229.4 | 255.0 | 288.3 | 279.0 | 198.0 | 136.4 | 87.0 | 58.9 | 2,000.3 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.2 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 6.6 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 5.5 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[22] |
Quarters
Edirne consists of 24 quarters:[23]
- 1. Murat
- Abdurrahman
- Babademirtaş
- Barutluk
- Çavuşbey
- Dilaverbey
- Fatih
- Istasyon
- Karaağaç
- Kocasinan
- Medresealibey
- Menzilahir
- Meydan
- Mithatpaşa
- Nişancıpaşa
- Sabuni
- Sarıcapaşa
- Şükrüpaşa
- Talatpaşa
- Umurbey
- Yancıkçışahin
- Yeniimaret
- Yıldırımbeyazıt
- Yıldırımhacısarraf
Attractions
Edirne is famed for its many mosques, medreses and other Ottoman monuments.
Mosques
The
Work started on the Eski Cami (
Further away from the centre, the complex of Sultan Beyazid II, built between 184 and 1488, and has a lovely semi-rural location. It is the most complete surviving mosque complex in Edirne, consisting of an imaret (soup kitchen), darüşşifa (hospital), timarhane (asylum), hospice, tıp medrese (medical school), tabhane (accommodation for dervishes) bakery and assorted depots. Some parts of the complex now house a museum to the history of Islamic medicine.[27]
Edirne Palace
Other religious monuments
Dating back to 1909, the Grand Synagogue of Edirne was restored and re-opened in March 2015.[29][30][31] A Roman Catholic and two Bulgarian Orthodox churches are also to be found in the city.
Other historic monuments
Edirne has three historic covered bazaars: the Kavaflar Arastası (Cobblers Arcade), next to the Selimiye Mosque and constructed to bring in an income to support the külliye; the Bedesten next to the Eski Cami which was supported by the income from the shops; and the Semiz Ali Paşa Çarşısı (Ali Pasha Bazaar, AKA Kapalı Çarşı), another work of Sinan dating back to 1568.[32] The Kavaflar Arastası is the place to come to buy miniature versions of the handmade brooms with mirrors set into them that used to play a part in marriage ceremonies as well as to buy soap in the shape of fruits.
Of the original Roman Hadrianopolis only slight remains of the fortifications survive near the so-called Macedonian Tower,[33] itself probably a part of the defences although much patched-up and altered over the ensuing centuries.
Edirne Museum (Edirne Müzesi) contains collections of local archaeology and ethnography. In the grounds outside can be seen an example of the sort of dolmen to be seen at nearby Lalapaşa.
In the town centre stand the Rüstem Pasha (1560–61) and Ekmekcioğlu Ahmed Pasha caravanserais, designed to accommodate travellers - in the case of the Rüstem Pasha by Mimar Sinan - in the 16th century. The Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai now serves as the Kervansaray Hotel.
The Balkan Wars Memorial Cemetery is located close to the ruins of the Edirne Palace, with an Unknown Soldier monument featuring an Ottoman soldier in front of its entrance.[34]
The Meriç and Tunca rivers, which flow around west and south of the city, are crossed by elegant arched bridges dating back to early Ottoman times.
The historic Karaağaç railway station has been restored to house Trakya University's Faculty of Fine Arts.[34] The Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum are in the surrounding park.[35]
Festivals
The
Kakava, an international festival celebrated by the Romani people in Turkey is held on 5–6 May each year.[37]
Bocuk Gecesi is a festival of Balkan origin celebrated in mid-January on what is expected to be the coldest day of the year. It is a sort of Turkish take on Halloween.[38]
Economy
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2007) |
Edirne's economy largely depends on agriculture. 73% of the working population work in agriculture, fishing, forests and hunting. The lowlands are productive. Corn, sugar beets and sunflowers are the leading crops. Melons, watermelons, rice, tomatoes, eggplants and viniculture are important.
The through highway that connects Europe to Istanbul, Anatolia and the Middle East passes through Edirne.
Industry is developing. Agriculture-based industries (agro-industries) are especially important for the city's economy.
Education
Universities
- Erasmus programme of the EU.
High schools
- Beykent Educational Institutions
- 80th Year of Republic Anatolian High School (80. Yıl Cumhuriyet Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
- Edirne Anatolian Teacher Training High School (Edirne Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi in Turkish: It has been transformed into Edirne Social Sciences High School)
- Edirne Anatolian Technical High School (Edirne Anadolu Teknik Lisesi in Turkish)
- Edirne Beykent High School of Science (Özel Edirne Beykent Fen Lisesi)
- Edirne Beykent High School of Anatolian (Özel Edirne Beykent Anadolu Lisesi)
- Edirne High School (Anatolian High School) (Edirne Lisesi in Turkish)
- Edirne Ilhami Ertem High School (Edirne İlhami Ertem Lİsesi in Turkish)
- Edirne Industrial Vocational High School (Edirne Endüstri Meslek Lisesi in Turkish)
- Edirne Milli Piyango Trade Profession High School (Edirne Milli Piyango Ticaret Meslek Lisesi)
- Edirne Suleyman Demirel Science & Maths High School (Edirne Fen Lisesi in Turkish)
- Edirne Yildirim Anatolian High School (Edirne Anadolu Lisesi - Yıldırım Anadolu Lisesi in Turkish)
- Edirne Fine Arts High School (Edirne Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi in Turkish)
Gallery
-
Interior view of the Grand Synagogue of Edirne
-
Interior view of the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne
-
View of the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne
-
View of the Selimiye Mosque, Edirne
-
A house in Edirne from the Ottoman period
-
Interior of Eski Cami (Old Mosque)
-
A historic elementary school building
-
Edirne Main Street
-
Mehmet IV Hunting Lodge
-
St. George church, Edirne
-
Fatih Bridge over the Tunca River, with the Kasr-ı Adalet (Justice Pavilion) tower in the background
-
Ghazi Mihal Mosque
-
Part of Muradiye Mosque mihrab
-
Muradiye Mosque front
-
Maarif Su Terazisi in Edirne.
-
Macedonia Tower, A Roman Tower that was formerly converted into a clock tower that is still standing.
Twin cities
Notable people
- Sultans
- Bayezid I (1360—1403), Ottoman sultan from 1389 to 1402
- Mahmud I (1696—1754), Ottoman sultan from 1730 to 1754
- Mehmed the Conqueror(1432–1481), Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople (today Istanbul)
- Mustafa II (1664–1703), Ottoman sultan from 1695 to 1703
- Osman III (1699—1757), Ottoman sultan from 1754 to 1757
- Şahin Giray (1745-1787), last khan of Crimea
- Historical
- Caleb Afendopolo (before 1430-1499), Jewish polyhistor
- Athanasius I of Constantinople (1230—1310), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
- Athanasius V of Jerusalem (died 1844), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
- Hagop Baronian (1843—1891), Ottoman Armenian writer, satirist, educator
- Elijah Bashyazi (c. 1420—1490), Karaite Jewish hakham
- Theodore Branas, Byzantine general
- Nikephoros Bryennios (ethnarch), Byzantine general
- Abraham ben Raphael Caro, 18th-century Ottoman rabbi
- Karpos Papadopoulos (1790s-1871), Member of the Filiki Eteria
- Anthim the Iberian (1650-1716), Georgian theologian, scholar, calligrapher, philosopher; assassinated by Ottomans in Edirne.
- Theoklitos Polyeidis (1698-1759), Greek scholar, teacher, translator, priest and monk
- Dionysius V of Constantinople (1820-1891), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
- Joseph Halévy (1827—1917), Ottoman-born Jewish-French Orientalist and traveler
- Abdulcelil Levni (died 1732), Ottoman court painter and miniaturist
- Neşâtî (?–1674), Ottoman poet
- Georgi Valkovich (1833—1892), Bulgarian physician, diplomat and politician
- Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi (died 1732), Ottoman Georgian statesman and ambassador
- Stefanos Koumanoudis (1818-1899), Greek archaeologist, university teacher, writer and translator
- Charles XII, Swedish king who stayed in the city for most of 1713[39]during his exile in the Ottoman Empire
- Baháʼu'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí faith, lived in Edirne from 1863 to 1868. He was exiled here by the Ottoman Empire before being banished to the Ottoman penal colony in Akka. Referred to Adrianople in his writings as the "Land of Mystery".[40]
- Contemporary
- Cem Adrian (born 1980), Turkish singer-songwriter, author, producer and film director
- Şevket Süreyya Aydemir (1897—1976), Turkish writer, intellectual, economist, historian
- Atılay Canel (born 1955), Turkish football coach
- Cavit Erdel (1884—1933), Ottoman Army officer and Turkish Army general
- Hüsrev Gerede (1884-1962), Ottoman and Turkish Army officer, politician and diplomat
- Avra Theodoropoulou (1880-1863), Greek musician and activist
- Ragıp Gümüşpala (1897-1964), 11th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
- Acun Ilıcalı (born 1969), Turkish television personality and producer
- Haşim İşcan (1898-1968), Turkish high school teacher, province governor and the first elected mayor of Istanbul
- Kemal Kerinçsiz (born 1960), Turkish ultra-nationalist lawyer
- Özlem Kolat (born 1984), Turkish classical clarinet player
- Michael Petkov (1850-1921), Bulgarian Eastern Catholic priest
- Muharrem Korhan Yamaç (born 1972), Paralympics, world and European champion disabled sport shooter
- Nikos Zachariadis (1903—1973), General Secretary of the Communist Party of Greece
See also
References
https://www.academia.edu/23674853/Edirne_Ta%C5%9F_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCleri_Edirne_Stone_Bridges
- ^ TÜİK. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ "Edirne". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
- ^ "Edirne". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
- Conquest of Adrianople
- ^ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Gazete, Banka (15 November 2021). "Edirne'de tava ciğeri fiyatı 43 lira oldu". Gazete Banka. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Edirne". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ISBN 0-7126-9850-7.
- ISBN 9783319562056.
- ^ Saint-Guillain, G. (1216) Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204, Routledge, p. 66
- ^ "It served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 until 1458 and flourished as an administrative, commercial, and cultural centre." "Edirne" Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 December 2014
- ^ John Kingsley Birge, The Bektashi Order of Dervishes, 1982 (p 60 - 62)
- ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
- ^ "Edirne, the city of history and culture". Hürriyet Daily News. 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ISBN 1853816795.
- ISBN 978-0-85771-930-0.
- ^ "Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans". Ieg-ego.eu.
- ^ Cagaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey; Who is a Turk. Routledge. p. 47.
- ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.
- ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
- ^ Remains of 1500-year old Byzantine church found in Turkey's northwest
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- ISBN 978-9758176199.
- ISBN 978-9758176199.
- ISBN 978-9758176199.
- ^ "Saraylar" (in Turkish). Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı. 25 December 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ "Edirne Sinagogu 46 yıl sonra yeniden ibadete açıldı". Sabah (in Turkish). 26 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ "Büyük Sinagog'da 46 yıl sonra ilk ibadet". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 26 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ Özmen, Engin (25 March 2015). "Edirne'de Büyük Sinagog açılışa hazır". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ISBN 978-9758176199.
- ^ "Fortifications and Macedonian Tower in Edirne | Turkish Archaeological News". turkisharchaeonews.net. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- ^ a b "Anıtlar" (in Turkish). Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı. 25 December 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ "Edirne Anıtları-Lozan Anıtı" (in Turkish). Edirne Vergi Dairesi Başkanlığı. 25 December 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- ISBN 978-1351547963.
- ^ "Kakava'da ateş yakıldı". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ YÜCEL/KEŞAN (Edirne), (DHA), Ünsal. "Balkan geleneği 'Bocuk Gecesi', 15 Ocak'ta yapılacak". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- ^ "Adrianopel" in Nordisk familjebok (2nd edition, 1904)
- ^ "Bahaʼi Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Page 196". Reference.bahai.org. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
Further reading
- Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib (1991). "Edirne". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 2 (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 683–686. ISBN 90-04-07026-5.
- Wasti, Syed Tanvir (July 2004). "The 1912-13 Balkan Wars and the Siege of Edirne". S2CID 145595992.
- Yerolympous, Alexandra. "A Contribution to the Topography of 19th Century Adrianople". Balkan Studies: 49–72.