Adriatic Sea
Adriatic Sea | |
---|---|
PSU | |
Shore length1 | 3,739.1 km (2,323.4 mi) |
Max. temperature | 28 °C (82 °F) |
Min. temperature | 9 °C (48 °F) |
Islands | Over 1300 |
Settlements | Ancona, Bari, Durrës, Dubrovnik, Koper, Neum, Pescara, Rijeka, Rimini, Šibenik, Split, Trieste, Venice, Vlorë, Zadar |
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. |
The Adriatic Sea (/ˌeɪdriˈætɪk/) is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, and Slovenia.
The Adriatic contains more than 1,300 islands, mostly located along the Croatian part of its eastern coast. It is divided into three basins, the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, an underwater ridge, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the
The Adriatic Sea sits on the
The Adriatic's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people; the largest cities are
Name
The
The names for the sea in the languages of the surrounding countries include
: Mar Adriàtico. In Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, the sea is often referred to as simply Jadran.Geography
The Adriatic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea,
The Adriatic Sea
The Alps, which also have a large meteorological impact on the Mediterranean, touch the Adriatic in the area around Trieste towards Duino and Barcola.[18]
Country | Mainland | Islands | Total | Coastal fronta | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Croatia | 1,777.3 | 4,058 | 5,835.3 | 526 | |
Italy | 1,249 | 23b | 1,272 | 926 | |
Albania | 396 | 10 | 406 | 265 | |
Montenegro | 249 | 11 | 260 | 92 | |
Slovenia | 46.6 | 0 | 46.6 | 17 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 21.2 | 0 | 21.2 | 10.5 | |
Total | 3,739.1 | 4,102 | 7,841.1 | 1,836.5 | |
Notes: a The distance between the extreme points of each state's coastline, b Not including islands in coastal lagoons[21] | |||||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |
The Adriatic Sea contains
Exclusive economic zone
Number | Country | Area (Km2) |
---|---|---|
1 | Italy | 63,600 |
2 | Croatia | 55,961 |
3 | Albania | 11,105 |
4 | Montenegro | 7,460 |
5 | Slovenia | 192 |
6 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 50 |
Total | Adriatic Sea | 138,600 |
Bathymetry
The Adriatic Sea's average depth is 259.5 metres (851 ft), and its maximum depth is 1,233 metres (4,045 ft); however, the North Adriatic basin rarely exceeds a depth of 100 metres (330 ft).
Hydrology
The coastal water dynamics are determined by the asymmetric coasts and the inflow of the Mediterranean seawater through the Straits of Otranto and further on along the eastern coast.[33] The smooth Italian coast (with very few protrusions and no major islands) allows the Western Adriatic Current to flow smoothly, which is composed of the relatively freshwater mass on the surface and the cold and dense water mass at the bottom.[34] The coastal currents on the opposite shore are far more complex owing to the jagged shoreline, several large islands and the proximity of the Dinaric Alps to the shore. The last produces significant temperature variations between the sea and the hinterland, which leads to the creation of local jets.[32] The tidal movement is normally slight, usually remaining below 30 centimetres (12 in). The amphidromic point is at the mid-width east of Ancona.[35]
The normal tide levels are known to increase significantly in a conducive environment, leading to coastal flooding; this phenomenon is most famously known in Italy—especially Venice—as acqua alta. Such tides can exceed normal levels by more than 140 centimetres (55 in),[36] with the highest tide level of 194 centimetres (76 in) observed on 4 November 1966.[37] Such flooding is caused by a combination of factors, including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, meteorological factors such as sirocco related storm surges,[38] and the basin's geometric shape (which amplifies or reduces the astronomical component). Moreover, the Adriatic's long and narrow rectangular shape is the source of an oscillating water motion (French: seiche) along the basin's minor axis.[39] Finally, Venice is increasingly vulnerable to flooding due to coastal area soil subsidence.[40] Such unusually high tides resulting in flooding have also been observed elsewhere in the Adriatic Sea, and have been recorded in recent years in the towns of Koper, Zadar and Šibenik as well.[41][42][43]
It is estimated that the Adriatic's entire volume is exchanged through the Strait of Otranto in 3.4±0.4 years, a comparatively short period. (For instance, approximately 500 years are necessary to exchange all the
Temperature and salinity
The Adriatic's surface temperature usually ranges from 22 to 30 °C (72 to 86 °F) in the summer, or 12 to 14 °C (54 to 57 °F) in the winter, except along the western Adriatic coast's northern part, where it drops to 9 °C (48 °F) in the winter. The distinct seasonal temperature variations, with a longitudinal gradient in the Northern and transversal gradient in the Middle and Southern Adriatic,
Climate
According to the
The predominant winter winds are the bora and sirocco (called jugo along the eastern coast). The bora is significantly conditioned by wind gaps in the Dinaric Alps bringing cold and dry continental air; it reaches peak speeds in the areas of Trieste, Senj, and Split, with gusts of up to 180 kilometres per hour (97 kn; 110 mph). The sirocco brings humid and warm air, often carrying Saharan sand causing rain dust.[58]
City | Mean temperature (daily high) | Mean total rainfall | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | July | January | July | |||||||
°C | °F | °C | °F | mm | in | days | mm | in | days | |
Bari | 12.1 | 53.8 | 28.4 | 83.1 | 50.8 | 2.00 | 7.3 | 27.0 | 1.06 | 2.6 |
Dubrovnik | 12.2 | 54.0 | 28.3 | 82.9 | 95.2 | 3.75 | 11.2 | 24.1 | 0.95 | 4.4 |
Rijeka | 8.7 | 47.7 | 27.7 | 81.9 | 134.9 | 5.31 | 11.0 | 82.0 | 3.23 | 9.1 |
Split | 10.2 | 50.4 | 29.8 | 85.6 | 77.9 | 3.07 | 11.1 | 27.6 | 1.09 | 5.6 |
Venice | 5.8 | 42.4 | 27.5 | 81.5 | 58.1 | 2.29 | 6.7 | 63.1 | 2.48 | 5.7 |
Source: World Meteorological Organization[59] |
Population
Rank | City | Country | Region/County | Population (urban) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bari | Italy | Apulia | 320,475 | ||
2 | Venice | Italy | Veneto | 270,884 | ||
3 | Trieste | Italy | Friuli Venezia Giulia |
205,535 | ||
4 | Durrës | Albania | Durrës | 199,073 | ||
5 | Split | Croatia | Split-Dalmatia | 178,102 | ||
6 | Rimini | Italy | Emilia-Romagna | 150,009 | ||
7 | Rijeka | Croatia | Primorje-Gorski Kotar | 128,384 | ||
8 | Pescara | Italy | Abruzzo | 123,103 | ||
9 | Vlorë | Albania | Vlorë | 117,850 | ||
10 | Ancona | Italy | the Marches |
101,210 | ||
Sources: 2011 Croatian census,[60] Italian National Institute of Statistics (2011),[61] 2011 Albanian Census[62] |
On the Adriatic Sea's coasts and islands, there are numerous small settlements and a number of larger cities. Among the largest are (counterclockwise) Trieste, Venice, Rimini, Ancona, Pescara and Bari in Italy; Vlorë and Durrës in Albania; Split, Zadar and Rijeka in Croatia; Koper in Slovenia. In total, more than 3.5 million people live on the Adriatic coasts.[63] There are also some larger cities that are located very near the coast, such as the Italian cities of Ravenna and Lecce.
Coastal management
Venice, which was originally built on islands off the coast, is most at risk due to subsidence, but the threat is present in the Po delta as well. The causes are a decrease in sedimentation rate due to loss of sediment behind dams, the deliberate excavation of sand for industrial purposes, agricultural use of water, and removal of ground water.[64][65]
The sinking of Venice slowed after
Geology
Geophysical and geological information indicate that the Adriatic Sea and the
An active 200-kilometre (120 mi)
Seafloor sediment
All types of
Coasts
The eastern Adriatic shore's Croatian part is the most indented Mediterranean coastline.[81] Most of the eastern coast is characterised by a karst topography, developed from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform's exposure to weathering. Karstification there largely began after the Dinarides' final uplift in the Oligocene and the Miocene, when carbonate deposits were exposed to atmospheric effects; this extended to the level of 120 metres (390 ft) below the present sea level, exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum. It is estimated that some karst formations are from earlier sea level drops, most notably the Messinian salinity crisis.[70] Similarly, karst developed in Apulia from the Apulian Carbonate Platform.[82]
The largest part of the eastern coast consists of carbonate rocks, while flysch (a particular type of sedimentary rock) is significantly represented in the Gulf of Trieste coast, especially along Slovenia's coast where the 80-metre (260 ft) Strunjan cliff—the highest cliff on the entire Adriatic and the only one of its type on the eastern Adriatic coast—is located,[83] on the Kvarner Gulf coast opposite Krk, and in Dalmatia north of Split.[84] Rocks of the same type are found in Albania and on the western Adriatic coast.[85][86]
There are alternations of maritime and alluvial
Biogeography and ecology
The Adriatic Sea is a unique water body in respect of its overall biogeochemical physiognomy. It exports inorganic nutrients and imports particulate organic carbon and nitrogen through the Strait of Otranto—acting as a mineralization site. The exchange of the substances is made more complex by bathymetry of the Adriatic Sea—75% of water flowing north through the strait recirculates at the Palagruža Sill and North Adriatic adds no more than 3–4% of water to the South Adriatic.[95] This is reflected in its biogeography and ecology, and particularly in the composition and properties of its ecosystems.[96] Its main biogeographic units are the Northern Adriatic, the Central Adriatic, and the Southern Adriatic.[97]
Flora and fauna
The unique nature of the Adriatic gives rise to an abundance of endemic flora and fauna. The Croatian National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan identified more than 7,000 animal and plant species in the Adriatic Sea. The Central Adriatic is especially abundant in endemic plant species, with 535 identified species of green, brown and red algae.[98] Four out of five Mediterranean seagrass species are found in the Adriatic Sea. The most common species are Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii, while Zostera marina and Posidonia oceanica are comparatively rare.[99]
A number of
Tuna has been caught by the locals in the upper Adriatic for thousands of years. The very large schools consisted mainly of little tunny and moved as far as the Gulf of Trieste. However, increasing fishing prevented the migration of large schools of fish to the north. The last major tuna catch was made there in 1954 by the fishermen from Santa Croce, Contovello and Barcola.[108]
The Northern Adriatic in particular is rich in endemic fish fauna.[14] Around thirty species of fish are found in only one or two countries bordering the Adriatic Sea. These are particularly due to or dependent upon the karst morphology of the coastal or submarine topography; this includes inhabiting subterranean habitats, karst rivers, and areas around freshwater springs.[109] There are 45 known subspecies endemic to the Adriatic's coasts and islands. In the Adriatic, there are at least 410 species and subspecies of fish, representing approximately 70% of Mediterranean taxa, with at least 7 species endemic to the Adriatic. Sixty-four known species are threatened with extinction, largely because of overfishing.[98] Only a small fraction of the fish found in the Adriatic are attributed to recent processes such as Lessepsian migration, and escape from mariculture.[110]
Protected areas
The biodiversity of the Adriatic is relatively high, and several
There are seven marine protected areas in Croatia: Brijuni and the Lim Canal off the Istria peninsula's coast, near Pula and Rovinj respectively; Kornati and Telašćica in the Middle Adriatic basin, near Zadar; and Lastovo, Bay of Mali Ston (Croatian: Malostonski zaljev) and Mljet in southern Dalmatia.[111] The Brijuni national park encompasses the 743.3-hectare (1,837-acre) archipelago itself and 2,651.7 hectares (6,552 acres) of surrounding sea;[118] it became a national park in 1999.[119] The Lim Canal is a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) ria of the Pazinčica river.[120] The Kornati national park was established in 1980; it covers approximately 220 square kilometres (85 sq mi), including 89 islands and islets. The marine environment encompasses three-quarters of the total area, while the island shores' combined length equals 238 kilometres (148 mi).[121] Telašćica is a nature park established on Dugi Otok in 1988. The park covers 69 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline, 22.95 square kilometres (8.86 sq mi) of land and 44.55 square kilometres (17.20 sq mi) of sea.[122] The Bay of Mali Ston is located at the border of Croatia and Bosnia–Herzegovina, north of the Pelješac peninsula. The marine protected area covers 48 square kilometres (19 sq mi).[111] The Lastovo nature park was established in 2006, and it includes 44 islands and islets, 53 square kilometres (20 sq mi) of land and 143 square kilometres (55 sq mi) of sea surface.[123] The Mljet national park was established in 1960, covering a 24-square-kilometre (9.3 sq mi) marine protection area.[111] In addition, there is a Ramsar wetland reserve in Croatia—the Neretva river's delta.[124]
In Slovenia, the marine and coastal protected nature areas are the
In 2010, Albania established its first marine protection area, the
Pollution
The Adriatic Sea ecosystem is threatened by excessive input of nutrients through drainage from agricultural land and wastewater flowing from cities; this includes both along its coast and from rivers draining into the sea—especially from the
Another source of pollution of the Adriatic is solid waste. Drifting waste—occasionally relatively large quantities of material, especially waste plastic—is transported northwest by the sirocco.[150] Air pollution in the Adriatic Basin is associated with the large industrial centres in the Po River valley and the large industrial cities along the coast.[151][152]
Italy and Yugoslavia established a joint commission to protect the Adriatic Sea from pollution in 1977; the organization later changed with Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro replacing Yugoslavia.[153] Future pollution hazards are addressed and pollution hotspots are assessed not only by nations in the basin but also through regional projects with World Bank support. 27 such hotspots have been determined as of 2011, 6 warranting an urgent response.[154]
History
Settlements along the Adriatic dating to between 6100 and 5900 BC appear in Albania and Dalmatia on the eastern coast, related to the
Roman era
Roman economic and military influence in the region began to grow with the creation by 246 BC of a major naval base at Brundisium (now
During the Roman period, Brundisium, on the western shore, and Apollonia and Dyrrachium (originally called Epidamnos, now
Another city on the Italian coast of the Adriatic that increased in importance during the Roman era was Ravenna. During the reign of Augustus, it became a major naval base as part of his program to re-organize the Roman navy to better protect commerce in the Mediterranean.[169] During the 4th century AD the emperors of the Western Roman Empire had moved their official residence north from Rome to Mediolanum (now Milan) in order to be better able to control the military frontier with the Germanic tribes. In 402 AD, during a period of repeated Germanic invasions of Italy, the capital was shifted to Ravenna because nearby marshes made it more defensible, and the Adriatic provided an easy escape path by sea.[170] When the Western Empire fell in 476 AD Ravenna became the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy.[171]
Middle Ages
In the
The last part of the period saw the rise of the
The
Venice regained Dalmatia in 1409 and held it for nearly four hundred years, with the republic's apex of trading and military power in the first half of the 15th century.
Early modern period
In 1648, the Holy Roman Empire lost its claim on its former Italian lands, formally ending the Kingdom of Italy; however, its only outlet on the Adriatic Sea, the Duchy of Ferrara, was already lost to the Papal States.[196] The 17th century's final territorial changes were caused by the Morean or Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War, when in 1699 Venice slightly enlarged its possessions in Dalmatia.[197] In 1797, the Republic of Venice was abolished after the French conquest.[198] The Venetian territory was then handed over to Austria and briefly ruled as part of the Archduchy of Austria. The territory was turned back over to France after the Peace of Pressburg in 1805 when the territory in the Po valley became an integral part of the new Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.[199] The new kingdom included the province of Romagna, thus removing the Papal State from the Adriatic coast;[200] however, Trieste, Istria and Dalmatia were joined into a set of separate provinces of the French Empire: the Illyrian Provinces.[199] These were created in 1809 through the Treaty of Schönbrunn; they represented the end of Venetian rule on the eastern Adriatic coast, as well as the end of the Republic of Ragusa.[201] The Adriatic Sea was a minor theatre in the Napoleonic Wars; the Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 involved the British Royal Navy contesting the Adriatic's control by the combined navies of France, Italy and the Kingdom of Naples. During the campaign, the Royal Navy occupied Vis and established its base there in Port St. George.[202] The campaign reached its climax in the 1811 Battle of Lissa,[citation needed] and ended with British and Austrian troops seizing the coastal cities on the eastern Adriatic coast from the French.[203] Days before the Battle of Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna awarded the Illyrian Provinces (spanning from the Gulf of Trieste to the Bay of Kotor) to Austria.[204] The Congress of Vienna also created the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia which encompassed the city of Venice, the surrounding coast and a substantial hinterland, and was controlled by Austria.[205] In the Apennine peninsula's south, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was formed in 1816 by unifying the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.[206]
Modern period
The process of
The
Late 20th century
During
During the
Boundaries
Italy and Yugoslavia defined their Adriatic continental shelf delimitation in 1968,
Adriatic Euroregion
The
Disputes
The former Yugoslav republics' land borders were decided by demarcation commissions implementing the
Croatia and Slovenia started negotiations to define maritime borders in the
The maritime boundary between Bosnia–Herzegovina and Croatia was formally settled in 1999, but a few issues are still in dispute—the
Economy
Fishing
The Adriatic Sea
The largest volume of fish harvesting was in Italy, where the total production volume in 2007 stood at 465,637 tonnes (458,283 long tons).[245] In 2003, 28.8% of Italian fisheries production volume was generated in the Northern and central Adriatic, and 24.5% in Apulia (from the Southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea). Italian fisheries, including those operating outside the Adriatic, employed 60,700 in the primary sector, including aquaculture (which comprises 40% of the total fisheries production). The total fisheries output's gross value in 2002 was $1.9 billion.[253]
In 2007, Croatia's production in live weight reached 53,083 tonnes (52,245 long tons).[245] In 2006, the total Croatian fisheries production volume was 37,800 tonnes (37,200 long tons) of catch and 14,200 tonnes (14,000 long tons) from marine aquaculture. Croatian fisheries employed approximately 20,000. The 2006 marine capture catch in Croatian waters consisted of sardines (44.8%), anchovies (31.3%), tunas (2.7%), other pelagic fish (4.8%), hake (2.4%), mullet (2.1%), other demersal fish (8.3%), crustaceans (largely lobster and Nephrops norvegicus) (0.8%), shellfish (largely oysters and mussels) (0.3%), cuttlefish (0.6%), squids (0.2%) and octopuses and other cephalopods (1.6%). Croatian marine aquaculture production consisted of tuna (47.2%), oysters and mussels (28.2% combined) and bass and bream (24.6% combined).[254]
In 2007, Albanian fisheries production amounted to 7,505 tonnes (7,386 long tons),[245] including aquaculture production, which reached 1,970 tonnes (1,940 long tons) in 2006. At the same time, Slovenian fisheries produced a total of 2,500 tonnes (2,460 long tons) with 55% of the production volume originating in aquaculture, representing the highest ratio in the Adriatic. Finally, the Montenegrin fisheries production stood at 911 tonnes (897 long tons) in 2006, with only 11 tonnes coming from aquaculture.[255] In 2007, the fisheries production in Bosnia–Herzegovina reached volume of 9,625 tonnes (9,473 long tons) and 2,463 tonnes (2,424 long tons) in Slovenia.[245]
Tourism
The countries bordering the Adriatic Sea are significant tourist destinations. The largest number of tourist overnight stays and the most numerous tourist accommodation facilities are recorded in Italy, especially in the Veneto region (around Venice). Veneto is followed by the Emilia-Romagna region and by the
All countries along the Adriatic coast, except Albania and Bosnia–Herzegovina, take part in the Blue Flag beach certification programme (of the Foundation for Environmental Education), for beaches and marinas meeting strict quality standards including environmental protection, water quality, safety and services criteria.[256] As of January 2012, the Blue Flag has been awarded to 103 Italian Adriatic beaches and 29 marinas, 116 Croatian beaches and 19 marinas, 7 Slovenian beaches and 2 marinas, and 16 Montenegrin beaches.[257] Adriatic tourism is a significant source of income for these countries, especially in Croatia and Montenegro where the tourism income generated along the Adriatic coast represents the bulk of such income.[258][259] The direct contribution of travel and tourism to Croatia's GDP stood at 5.1% in 2011, with the total industry contribution estimated at 12.8% of the national GDP.[260] For Montenegro, the direct contribution of tourism to the national GDP is 8.1%, with the total contribution to the economy at 17.2% of Montenegrin GDP.[261] Tourism in Adriatic Croatia has recently exhibited greater growth than in the other regions around the Adriatic.[262]
-
Rimini is a major seaside tourist resort in Italy.
-
TheGuinness World Record for its 2,689 boats and over 16,000 sailors on the starting line.[263]
-
View of Ulcinj, Montenegro
-
The Zlatni Rat (Golden Cape) on the island of Brač
-
ThePalace of the Emperor Diocletian in Split
-
The coast of Neum, the only town to be situated along Bosnia and Herzegovina's 20 km (12 mi) of coastline
-
Portorož is the largest seaside tourist centre in Slovenia.
Country | Region | CAF beds* | Hotel beds | Overnight Stays |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | — | ? | ? | 2,302,899 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Neum municipality | c. 6,000 | 1,810 | 280,000 |
Croatia | Adriatic Croatia |
1,028,793 | 119,042 | 67,231,198 |
Italy | Friuli Venezia Giulia |
152,847 | 40,921 | 8,656,077 |
Veneto | 692,987 | 209,700 | 60,820,308 | |
Emilia-Romagna | 440,999 | 298,332 | 37,477,880 | |
the Marches | 193,965 | 66,921 | 10,728,507 | |
Abruzzo | 108,747 | 50,987 | 33,716,112 | |
Molise | 11,711 | 6,383 | 7,306,951 | |
Apulia** | 238,972 | 90,618 | 12,982,987 | |
Montenegro | — | 40,427 | 25,916 | 7,964,893 |
Slovenia | Seaside municipalities | 24,080 | 9,330 | 1,981,141 |
*Beds in all collective accommodation facilities; includes "Hotel beds" figure also shown separately **Includes both Adriatic and Ionian sea coasts |
Transport
There are nineteen Adriatic Sea ports (in four different countries) that each handles more than a million tonnes of cargo per year. The largest cargo ports among them are the Port of Trieste (the largest Adriatic cargo port in Italy), the Port of Venice, the Port of Ravenna, the Port of Koper (the largest Slovenian port),[272] the Port of Rijeka (the largest Croatian cargo port), and the Port of Brindisi.
The largest passenger ports in the Adriatic are the Port of Split (the largest Croatian passenger port) and ports in Ancona (the largest Italian passenger seaport in the Adriatic).[273][274][275][276] The largest seaport in Montenegro is the Port of Bar.[277] In 2010, the Northern Adriatic seaports of Trieste, Venice, Ravenna, Koper and Rijeka founded the North Adriatic Ports Association to position themselves more favourably in the EU's transport systems.[278][279]
The port of Trieste is of particular importance for Central Europe because this is where the Transalpine Pipeline begins, supplying 100 percent of southern Germany, 90 percent of Austria and 50 percent of the Czech Republic with crude oil.[280]
Port | Country, Region/County | Cargo (tonnes) | Passengers |
---|---|---|---|
Ancona | the Marches |
10,573,000 | 1,483,000 |
Bari | Italy, Apulia | 3,197,000 | 1,392,000 |
Barletta | Italy, Apulia | 1,390,000 | — |
Brindisi | Italy, Apulia | 10,708,000 | 469,000 |
Chioggia | Italy, Veneto | 2,990,000 | — |
Durrës | Albania, Durrës | 3,441,000 | 770,000 |
Koper | Slovenian Istria |
18,000,000 | 100,300 |
Manfredonia | Italy, Apulia | 1,277,000 | — |
Monfalcone | Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia |
4,544,000 | — |
Ortona | Italy, Abruzzo | 1,340,000 | — |
Ploče | Croatia, Dubrovnik-Neretva | 5,104,000 | 146,000 |
Porto Nogaro | Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia | 1,475,000 | — |
Rabac | Croatia, Istria | 1,090,000 | 669,000 |
Ravenna | Italy, Emilia-Romagna | 27,008,000 | — |
Rijeka | Croatia, Primorje-Gorski Kotar | 15,441,000 | 219,800 |
Split | Croatia, Split-Dalmatia | 2,745,000 | 3,979,000 |
Trieste | Italy, Friuli Venezia Giulia | 39,833,000 | — |
Venice | Italy, Veneto | 32,042,000 | 1,097,000 |
*Ports handling more than a million tonnes of cargo or serving more than a million passengers per year Sources: National Institute of Statistics (2007 data, Italian ports, note: the Port of Ancona includes Ancona and Falconara Marittima;[281] passenger traffic below 200,000 is not reported),[273] Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2008 data, Croatian ports, note: the Port of Rijeka includes the Rijeka, Bakar, Bršica and Omišalj terminals;[282] the Port of Ploče includes the Ploče and Metković terminals),[274][283] Durrës' Chamber of Commerce and Industry – Albania (2007 data, Port of Durrës),[275] SEOnet (2011 data, Port of Koper)[284]
|
Oil and gas
In the 2000s, investigation works aimed at discovering gas and oil reserves in the Middle and Southern Adriatic basins intensified, and by the decade's end, oil and natural gas reserves were discovered southeast of the Bari, Brindisi—Rovesti and Giove oil discoveries. Surveys indicate reserves of 3 billion
Gallery
-
Port of Durrës, the largest port in Albania
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Port of Rijeka, the largest cargo port in Croatia
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Port of Koper, the largest port in Slovenia
-
Port of Trieste, the largest cargo port in the Adriatic
-
Port of Bar, the largest seaport in Montenegro
-
Port of Ancona, a large passenger port
See also
- Geography of Albania
- Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Geography of Croatia
- Geography of Europe
- Geography of Italy
- Geography of Montenegro
- Geography of Slovenia
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External links
- Region 5 – Western Africa, Mediterranean, Black Sea Nautical Charts from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- Nautical Chart 54131 (Adriatic Sea) from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- the seashore of our posterity – video recording of Albanian, Croatian, and Montenegrin coasts