Adult comics
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2012) |
Adult comics | |
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Fantagraphics Books |
The catch-all term adult comics typically denotes
Adult comics can be defined as intended for audience of 16 years or older.[1]
In English-speaking countries
Early days
Roger Sabin traces the history of adult comics back to the political cartoons published in broadsheets since the 19th century.
Sold under the counter in places such as tobacco stores and burlesque houses, millions of Tijuana Bibles were sold at the height of their popularity in the 1930s. They went into a steep decline after World War II and by the mid-1950s only a small trickle of new product was still appearing on the market, mainly in the form of cheaply printed, poorly drawn and tasteless little eight pagers which sold for 10 cents each in run-down candy stores and gas stations, circulating mainly among delinquent teenagers.
Starting in 1932, Norman Pett drew a strip called Jane for the British Daily Mirror newspaper. The heroine would often find herself in awkward situations where she would lose her clothing for one reason or another. The strip was written to some extent for a military audience to boost the morale of troops away from home. Winston Churchill said that Jane was Britain's "secret weapon".[2]
In the United States,
Pulp magazines were also known for their violence.
In the 1950s Irving Klaw published a line of underground fetish and bondage comics by artists like Eric Stanton, John Willie, and Gene Bilbrew. These never achieved widespread popularity but were kept in print for many years, sold through Klaw's mail order catalog to the same customers who bought his bondage photographs of Bettie Page. Not quite obscene enough to warrant prosecution, they skirted the limits of legality by avoiding full frontal nudity in their depictions.
The Comics Code Authority
In 1954, a psychologist Dr. Fredric Wertham came out with a book Seduction of the Innocent that claimed that the rise in juvenile delinquency being reported in the news at the time was fueled by comic books. He claimed that Batman and Robin were encouraging homosexuality, and decried the bondage seen in Wonder Woman's comic book. EC Comics came under criticism for the graphic violence and gore seen in its crime and horror books. EC publisher William Gaines was called before a Senate committee to testify, but he remained defensive saying that he was already censoring the more extreme things from his books. Partly in order to avoid the government imposing a solution, the other major publishers banded together to form the Comics Code Authority which would screen comics before they went to press, and only allow the Code mark to appear if the comic passed their standards.
The Code was alarmingly strict. It barred publishers from using the words 'crime,' 'horror' or 'terror' in their titles, thus forcing EC to abandon some of their most popular titles. Police officers could not be portrayed in a negative light, and if a villain committed murder, he would have to be caught and punished by the end of the story. No mention was allowed of vampires, werewolves or zombies, another swipe at EC. Years later when Marvel introduced zombies into their books, they had to call them 'zuvembies' in order to pass the Code. In general, DC and Marvel were supportive of the Code, but EC struggled to cope with the new rules, and eventually abandoned most of their titles to focus on Mad Magazine, which did not need Code approval.
The code also contained provisions against suggestive or salacious illustration, and required that females be drawn realistically without undue exposure. This was a knock at Fiction House's good girl art covers, and may have contributed to Fiction House's closure.
Magazines and comic strips
North American comic books tend to be around 7 by 10 inches in size. Magazines vary, but are usually larger. Comic books tended to have a Comic Code label marking them as suitable for children, while magazines had no such requirement. This led to magazines becoming one of the most common formats for adult comics.
In the mid-1960s,
From 1965, Warren Publishing started publishing two black and white magazines, Creepy and Eerie, commissioning work from the artists who had worked on EC's horror line. Warren added Vampirella in 1969, and then the science fiction magazine titled 1984 (later 1994) starting in the year 1978. The large format of these titles meant that they could be sold with other magazines aimed at adults rather than displayed in comic racks where the child-oriented titles were found.
The publishers of the American humor magazine National Lampoon discovered the French adult magazine Métal hurlant, and in 1977 started publishing Heavy Metal translating the work of Milo Manara, Caza, Vittorio Giardino, Jean-Claude Forest, Jean Giraud(a.k.a. Moebius) and Guido Crepax for an English audience. Heavy Metal also provided a forum for the work of American creators such as Richard Corben and Howard Chaykin.
In 1974,
In 1983, Warren went bankrupt, but more recently, Dark Horse Comics has been reprinting some of Warren's old stories, and has revived the Creepy and Eerie magazines.
Underground comics
Adult comics continued underground in the late 1960s outside the umbrella of the CCA. The
Independent publishers
In 1966, Wally Wood hit upon the idea of publishing his own comic, and selling it through comic book specialty shops. Recruiting star creators from among his friends, witzend featured one-off strips on a wide variety of themes by the likes of Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, Frank Frazetta, Gil Kane and Art Spiegelman.
.Canadian
Avatar Press began providing a showcase for the works of Alan Moore and Al Rio in 1996. Top Shelf Productions was formed in 1997, publishing Moore and Melinda Gebbie's Lost Girls erotic graphic novel.
Mainstream publishers
The publisher of
Intrigued by Warren's success with their black and white titles,
By the 1980s, there was a growing trend towards grim and gritty anti-heroes and increasing violence in comics.
In 1986,
In 1993, DC started up their
In 2001, Marvel Comics withdrew from the Comics Code Authority, and set up their own content rating system, and an adult-oriented Max imprint. In January 2011, DC announced that they were withdrawing from the Comics Code as well, and the sole remaining CCA member Archie Comics withdrew the day after, bringing the code to its end.
Erotic comics
Some adult comics are
Early comics produced for gay and bisexual male readers often focused on sexual situations, such as
Europe
The French comics anthology
In France in 1962,
In 1965, the Belgian artist Guy Peellaert released the first graphic novel, The Adventures of Jodelle. In Italy, Guido Crepax starting publishing Valentina in Linus magazine. In 1966, also in Italy, the artist Sandro Angiolini put out the first issue of Isabella. In 1968, Yves Duval and Dino Attanasio started writing/drawing a sexy strip called Candida for the Belgian magazine Cine-Revue.
In England, in 1969, writer Jo Addams and artist Luis Roca started publishing the Scarth A.D. 2195 strip in the newspaper, The Sun. In 1972, Don Lawrence started producing a strip Carrie for Mayfair magazine. In 1976, John Richardson started drawing the strip Amanda also for The Sun.
In 1977, the British anthology .
In 1978, the Belgian company Casterman started putting out the magazine À Suivre attracting submissions by many of the same contributors who were seen in Metal Hurlant. Catalan Communications and more recently NBM Publishing have also published adult works from Europe mostly as standalone graphic novels, although NBM now has an anthology magazine called Sizzle.
In 1979, the British magazine
Horacio Altuna is an Argentine artist who has done many four page strips for Playboy Magazine's Spanish, Italian and German editions.
Japanese manga
In Japan, comic books (
Some of the first specialized manga magazines were aimed at adult men. Weekly Manga Times debuted in 1956, and originally focused on erotic fiction and 'porno manga'. Weekly Manga Goraku first came out in 1964, and was also aimed at the relatively older demographic of men from their 30s through to their 50s. Manga Action and Young Comic debuted in 1967, followed by Big Comic in 1968, with Weekly Young Jump following in 1979, and Weekly Young Magazine in 1980. Manga with the word 'young' in the title tend to be aimed at a younger demographic of 15-30s.
Notable artists and writers
- Horacio Altuna
- Milton Caniff
- Philippe "Zep" Chappuis
- Howard Chaykin
- Richard Corben
- Molly Crabapple
- Guido Crepax
- Robert Crumb
- Kim Deitch
- Kevin Eastman
- Will Elder
- Frank Frazetta
- Neil Gaiman
- Melinda Gebbie
- Dave Gibbons
- Jean Giraud
- Gilbert Hernandez
- Jaime Hernandez
- Adam Hughes
- Ralf Koenig
- Harvey Kurtzman
- Touko "Tom of Finland" Laaksonen
- Milo Manara
- Suehiro Maruo
- Frank Miller
- Alan Moore
- Al Rio
- Terry Moore
- Harvey Pekar
- Spain Rodriguez
- Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri
- Dave Sim
- Art Spiegelman
- Frank Thorne
- U-jin
- Alberto Vargas
- Bastien Vivès
- Bill Ward
- Larry Welz
- John Willie
- Wally Wood
- Hiroki Yagami
- Toshiki Yui
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 0-415-29139-9) p. 15
- ^ "Death of 'Jane', the model who helped win war". 8 December 2000.
- ^ Japan Magazine Publishers Association Magazine Data 2007 Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- Media related to Adult comics at Wikimedia Commons