ATSC standards

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(Redirected from
Advanced Television Systems Committee standards
)
"ATSC" redirects here. For other uses, see ATSC (disambiguation).

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Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards are an International set of standards for broadcast and

Trinidad & Tobago. Several former NTSC users, such as Japan, have not used ATSC during their digital television transition, because they adopted other systems such as ISDB developed by Japan, and DVB
developed in Europe, for example.

The ATSC standards were developed in the early 1990s by the

HDTV. The standard is now administered by the Advanced Television Systems Committee. It includes a number of patented elements, and licensing is required for devices that use these parts of the standard. Key among these is the 8VSB modulation system used for over-the-air broadcasts. ATSC technology was primarily developed with patent contributions from LG Electronics, which holds most of the patents for the ATSC standard.[1]

ATSC includes two primary high definition video formats,

standard-definition
formats, although initially only HDTV services were launched in the digital format. ATSC can carry multiple channels of information on a single stream, and it is common for there to be a single high-definition signal and several standard-definition signals carried on a single 6 MHz (former NTSC) channel allocation.

Background

The high-definition television standards defined by the ATSC produce

TV channel
.

ATSC standards are marked A/x (x is the standard number) and can be downloaded for free from the ATSC's website at

H.264
/AVC video coding to the ATSC system.

ATSC supports 5.1-channel

AC-3 format. Numerous auxiliary datacasting
services can also be provided.

Many aspects of ATSC were

MPEG video coding, the AC-3 audio coding, and the 8VSB modulation.[2] The cost of patent licensing, estimated at up to $50 per digital TV receiver,[3] had prompted complaints by manufacturers.[4]

As with other systems, ATSC depends on numerous interwoven standards, e.g., the

EIA-708 standard for digital closed captioning
, leading to variations in implementation.

Digital switchover

See also: Digital television transition in the United States, Digital television in Canada, and Television in Mexico

ATSC

replaced much of the analog NTSC television system[5] in the United States[6][7] on June 12, 2009, on August 31, 2011 in Canada,[8] on December 31, 2012 in South Korea, and on December 31, 2015 in Mexico.[9]

Broadcasters who used ATSC and wanted to retain an analog signal were temporarily forced to broadcast on two separate channels, as the ATSC system requires the use of an entire separate channel. Channel numbers in ATSC do not correspond to RF frequency ranges, as they did with

booster stations
.

Audio

DVB (see below
) allows both.

DTV "Grand Alliance" shootout, but lost out to Dolby AC-3. The Grand Alliance issued a statement finding the MPEG-2 system to be "essentially equivalent" to Dolby, but only after the Dolby selection had been made. Later, a story emerged that MIT had entered into an agreement with Dolby whereupon the university would be awarded a large sum of money if the MPEG-2 system was rejected. Dolby also offered an incentive for Zenith to switch their vote (which they did); however, it is unknown whether they accepted the offer.[10]

Video

The ATSC system supports a number of different display resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame rates. The formats are listed here by resolution, form of scanning (progressive or interlaced), and number of frames (or fields) per second (see also the TV resolution overview at the end of this article).

For transport, ATSC uses the

demultiplexed
into its constituent streams.

MPEG-2

There are four basic display sizes for ATSC, generally known by referring to the number of lines of the picture height. NTSC and PAL image sizes are smallest, with a width of 720 (or 704) and a height of 480 or 576 lines. The third size is HDTV images that have 720 scan lines in height and are 1280 pixels wide. The largest size has 1080 lines high and 1920 pixels wide. 1080-line video is actually encoded with 1920×1088 pixel frames, but the last eight lines are discarded prior to display. This is due to a restriction of the MPEG-2 video format, which requires the height of the picture in luma samples (i.e. pixels) to be divisible by 16.

The lower resolutions can operate either in progressive scan or interlaced mode, but not the largest picture sizes. The 1080-line system does not support progressive images at the highest frame rates of 50, 59.94 or 60 frames per second, because such technology was seen as too advanced at the time. The standard also requires 720-line video be progressive scan, since that provides better picture quality than interlaced scan at a given frame rate, and there was no legacy use of interlaced scan for that format. The result is that the combination of maximum frame rate and picture size results in approximately the same number of samples per second for both the 1080-line interlaced format and the 720-line format, as 1920*1080*30 is roughly equal to 1280*720*60. A similar equality relationship applies for 576 lines at 25 frame per second versus 480 lines at 30 frames per second.

A terrestrial (over-the-air) transmission carries 19.39

Mbit/s left after overhead such as error correction, program guide, closed captioning, etc.), compared to a maximum possible MPEG-2 bitrate of 10.08 Mbit/s (7 Mbit/s typical) allowed in the DVD standard and 48 Mbit/s (36 Mbit/s typical) allowed in the Blu-ray disc
standard.

Although the ATSC A/53 standard limits MPEG-2 transmission to the formats listed below (with integer frame rates paired with 1000/1001-rate versions), the U.S. Federal Communications Commission declined to mandate that television stations obey this part of the ATSC's standard. In theory, television stations in the U.S. are free to choose any resolution, aspect ratio, and frame/field rate, within the limits of Main Profile @ High Level. Many stations do go outside the bounds of the ATSC specification by using other resolutions – for example, 352 x 480 or 720 x 480.

"EDTV" displays can reproduce progressive scan content and frequently have a 16:9 wide screen format. Such resolutions are 704×480 or 720×480[citation needed] in NTSC and 720×576 in PAL, allowing 60 progressive frames per second in NTSC or 50 in PAL.

ATSC Standard A/53 Part 4:2009 (MPEG-2 Video System Characteristics)
Resolution Aspect ratio Pixel aspect ratio Scanning Frame rate (Hz)
Vertical Horizontal
1080 1920 16:9 1:1 progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
30 (60 fields/s)
720 1280 16:9 1:1 progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
59.94
60
480 704 4:3 or 16:9 10:11 or 40:33 progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
59.94
60
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
30 (60 fields/s)
640 4:3 1:1 progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
59.94
60
interlaced 29.97 frames/s (59.94 fields/s)
30 frames/s (60 fields/s)

ATSC also supports PAL frame rates and resolutions which are defined in ATSC A/63 standard.

ATSC Standard A/63:1997 (Standard for Coding 25/50 Hz Video)
Resolution Aspect ratio Pixel aspect ratio Scanning Frame rate (Hz)
Vertical Horizontal
1080 1920 16:9 1:1 interlaced 25 (50 fields/s)
progressive 25
720 1280 16:9 1:1 progressive 50
576 720 4:3 or 16:9 SMPTE 259M progressive 25
50
interlaced 25 (50 fields/s)
544 4:3 or 16:9 SMPTE 259M
three quarters 		progressive 25
interlaced 25 (50 fields/s)
480 4:3 or 16:9 SMPTE 259M
two thirds 		progressive 25
interlaced 25 (50 fields/s)
352 4:3 or 16:9 SMPTE 259M
half 		progressive 25
interlaced 25 (50 fields/s)
288 352 4:3 or 16:9 CIF progressive 25

The ATSC A/53 specification imposes certain constraints on MPEG-2 video stream:

  • The maximum bit rate value in the sequence header of the MPEG-2 video stream is 19.4 Mbit/s for broadcast television, and 38.8 Mbit/s for the "high data rate" mode (e.g., cable television). The actual MPEG-2 video bit rate will be lower, since the MPEG-2 video stream must fit inside a transport stream.
  • The amount of MPEG-2 stream buffer required at the decoder (the vbv_buffer_size_value) must be less than or equal to 999,424 bytes.
  • In most cases, the transmitter can't start sending a coded image until within a half-second of when it's to be decoded (vbv_delay less than or equal to 45000 90-kHz clock increments).
  • The stream must include colorimetry information (gamma curve, the precise RGB colors used, and the relationship between RGB and the coded YCbCr).
  • The video must be 4:2:0 (chrominance resolution must be 1/2 of luma horizontal resolution and 1/2 of luma vertical resolution).

The ATSC specification and MPEG-2 allow the use of progressive frames coded within an interlaced video sequence. For example, NBC stations transmit a 1080i60 video sequence, meaning the formal output of the MPEG-2 decoding process is sixty 540-line fields per second. However, for prime-time television shows, those 60 fields can be coded using 24 progressive frames as a base – actually, an 1080p24 video stream (a sequence of 24 progressive frames per second) is transmitted, and MPEG-2 metadata instructs the decoder to interlace these fields and perform 3:2 pulldown before display, as in soft telecine.

The ATSC specification also allows 1080p30 and 1080p24 MPEG-2 sequences, however they are not used in practice, because broadcasters want to be able to switch between 60 Hz interlaced (news), 30 Hz progressive or PsF (soap operas), and 24 Hz progressive (prime-time) content without ending the 1080i60 MPEG-2 sequence.

The 1080-line formats are encoded with 1920 × 1088 pixel luma matrices and 960 × 540 chroma matrices, but the last 8 lines are discarded by the MPEG-2 decoding and display process.

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC

In July 2008, ATSC was updated to support the

ITU-T H.264
video codec. The new standard is split in two parts:

  • A/72 part 1: Video System Characteristics of AVC in the ATSC Digital Television System[11]
  • A/72 part 2 : AVC Video Transport Subsystem Characteristics[12]

The new standards support

High Profile Level 4.2, while standard HDTV frame rates only require Levels 3.2 and 4, and SDTV frame rates require Levels 3 and 3.1.[dubious – discuss
]

ATSC Standard A/72 Part 1:2008 (Video System Characteristics of AVC)
Resolution Aspect ratio Pixel aspect ratio Scanning Frame rate (Hz) Level
Vertical Horizontal
1080 1920 16:9 1:1 progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
25 		4
progressive 59.94
60
50 		4.2
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
30 (60 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s) 		4
1440 16:9 HDV
(4:3) 		progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
25 		4
progressive 59.94
60
50 		4.2
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
30 (60 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s) 		4
720 1280 16:9 1:1 progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
59.94
60
25
50 		3.2, 4
480 720 4:3 or 16:9 SMPTE 259M
(10:11 or 40:33) 		progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
59.94
60
25
50 		3.1, 4
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
30 (60 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s) 		3
704 4:3 or 16:9 SMPTE 259M
(10:11 or 40:33) 		progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
59.94
60
25
50 		3.1, 4
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
30 (60 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s) 		3
640 4:3 1:1 progressive 23.976
24
29.97
30
59.94
60
25
50 		3.1, 4
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
30 (60 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s) 		3
544 4:3 SMPTE 259M
three quarters
(40:33) 		progressive 23.976
25 		3
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s)
528 4:3 SMPTE 259M
three quarters
(40:33) 		progressive 23.976
25 		3
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s)
352 4:3 SMPTE 259M
half
(20:11) 		progressive 23.976
25 		3
interlaced 29.97 (59.94 fields/s)
25 (50 fields/s)
240 352 4:3 SIF
(10:11) 		progressive 23.976
25 		3
120 176 4:3 SIF half
(10:11) 		progressive 23.976
25 		1.1

Transport stream (TS)

Main article: MPEG transport stream

The

multiplexed
within the transport stream. Transport streams are designed with synchronization and recovery in mind for potentially lossy distribution (such as over-the-air ATSC broadcast) in order to continue a media stream with minimal interruption in the face of data loss in transmission. When an over-the-air ATSC signal is captured to a file via hardware/software the resulting file is often in a .TS file format.

Modulation and transmission

Main articles:
QAM tuner

ATSC signals are designed to use the same 6 MHz bandwidth as analog NTSC television channels (the interference requirements of A/53 DTV standards with adjacent NTSC or other DTV channels are very strict). Once the digital video and audio signals have been compressed and multiplexed, the transport stream can be modulated in different ways depending on the method of transmission.

  • Terrestrial (local) broadcasters use 8VSB modulation that can transfer at a maximum rate of 19.39 Mbit/s, sufficient to carry several video and audio programs and metadata.
  • SCTE
    , to achieve a throughput of 38.78 Mbit/s, using the same 6 MHz channel.

The proposals for modulation schemes for digital television were developed when cable operators carried standard-resolution video as uncompressed analog signals. In recent years, cable operators have become accustomed to compressing standard-resolution video for digital cable systems, making it harder to find duplicate 6 MHz channels for local broadcasters on uncompressed "basic" cable.

Currently, the Federal Communications Commission requires cable operators in the United States to carry the analog or digital transmission of a terrestrial broadcaster (but not both), when so requested by the broadcaster (the "must-carry rule"). The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in Canada does not have similar rules in force with respect to carrying ATSC signals.

However, cable operators have still been slow to add ATSC channels to their lineups for legal, regulatory, and plant & equipment related reasons. One key technical and regulatory issue is the modulation scheme used on the cable: cable operators in the U.S. (and to a lesser extent Canada) can determine their own method of modulation for their plants. Multiple standards bodies exist in the industry: the

256-QAM
is expected to be included in the ATSC standard.

There is also a standard for transmitting ATSC via satellite; however, this is only used by

direct-broadcast satellite systems; in the U.S. and Canada these have long used either DVB-S (in standard or modified form) or a proprietary system such as DSS or DigiCipher 2
.

Other systems

See also: Digital terrestrial television

Digital terrestrial television broadcasting systems. Countries using ATSC are shown in orange.

ATSC coexists with the

DMB-T/H
dual standard. While China has officially chosen a dual standard, there is no requirement that a receiver work with both standards and there is no support for the ADTB modulation from broadcasters or equipment and receiver manufacturers.

For compatibility with material from various regions and sources, ATSC supports the 480i video format used in the NTSC analog system (480 lines, approximately 60 fields or 30 frames per second), 576i formats used in most PAL regions (576 lines, 50 fields or 25 frames per second), and 24 frames-per-second formats used in film.

While the ATSC system has been criticized as being complicated and expensive to implement and use,[13] both broadcasting and receiving equipment are now comparable in cost with that of DVB.

The ATSC signal is more susceptible to changes in

signal strength is low. For this reason, an additional modulation mode, enhanced-VSB (E-VSB
) has been introduced, allowing for a similar benefit.

In spite of ATSC's fixed transmission mode, it is still a robust signal under various conditions.

rural and have a much lower population density, thereby requiring larger transmitters
and resulting in large fringe areas. In these areas, 8VSB was shown to perform better than other systems.

COFDM is used in both DVB-T and ISDB-T, and for 1seg, as well as DVB-H and HD Radio in the United States. In metropolitan areas, where population density is highest, COFDM is said to be better at handling multipath propagation. While ATSC is also incapable of true single-frequency network (SFN) operation, the distributed transmission mode, using multiple synchronized on-channel transmitters, has been shown to improve reception under similar conditions. Thus, it may not require more spectrum allocation than DVB-T using SFNs. A comparison study found that ISDB-T and DVB-T performed similarly, and that both were outperformed by DVB-T2.[14]

Mobile TV

Main article: ATSC-M/H

Mobile reception of digital stations using ATSC has, until 2008, been difficult to impossible, especially when moving at vehicular speeds. To overcome this, there are several proposed systems that report improved mobile reception:

backward-compatible
with existing tuners, despite being added to the standard well after the original standard was in wide use.

Mobile reception of some stations will still be more difficult, because 18 UHF channels in the U.S. have been removed from TV service, forcing some broadcasters to stay on VHF. This band requires larger antennas for reception, and is more prone to electromagnetic interference from engines and rapidly changing multipath conditions.[citation needed]

Future

ATSC 2.0

ATSC 2.0 was a planned major new revision of the standard which would have been backward compatible with ATSC 1.0. The standard was to have allowed interactive and hybrid television technologies by connecting the TV with the Internet services and allowing interactive elements into the broadcast stream. Other features were to have included advanced video compression, audience measurement, targeted advertising, enhanced programming guides, video on demand services, and the ability to store information on new receivers, including Non-realtime (NRT) content.[15][16][17]

However, ATSC 2.0 was never actually launched, as it was essentially outdated before it could be launched. All of the changes that were a part of the ATSC 2.0 revision were adopted into ATSC 3.0.[18]

ATSC 3.0

Main article: ATSC 3.0
See also: List of ATSC standards § ATSC 3.0

ATSC 3.0 will provide even more services to the viewer and increased bandwidth efficiency and compression performance, which requires breaking backwards compatibility with the current version. On November 17, 2017, the FCC voted 3–2 in favor of authorizing voluntary deployments of ATSC 3.0, and issued a Report and Order to that effect. ATSC 3.0 broadcasts and receivers are expected to emerge within the next decade.[19]

4K on February 23, 2016. With the test considered a success, South Korea announced that ATSC 3.0 broadcasts would start in February 2017.[20]

On March 28, 2016, the Bootstrap component of ATSC 3.0 (System Discovery and Signalling) was upgraded from candidate standard to finalized standard.[21]

On June 29, 2016, NBC affiliate WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina, a station known for its pioneering roles in testing the original DTV standards, launched an experimental ATSC 3.0 channel carrying the station's programming in 1080p, as well as a 4K demo loop.[22]

Structure/ATSC 3.0 System Layers[23]
  1. Bootstrap: System Discovery and Signalling
  2. Physical Layer: Transmission (
    OFDM
    )
  3. Protocols: IP, MMT
  4. Presentation: Audio and Video standards (to be determined),
    standard-definition
    multicast, Immersive Audio
  5. Applications: Screen is a web page

ATSC 3.0 advantages

  1. Better image quality. ATSC 3.0 allows
    wide color gamut (WCG), and high frame rate
    (HFR).
  2. Reception upgrades. ATSC 3.0 allows the same aerial to receive more channels with better quality.
  3. Portable devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and car infotainment systems can receive TV signals.
  4. Enhanced emergency alerts. Emergency signals can be geographically oriented and inform only the specific areas where they are required.
  5. Audience measure. Telecommunication companies can easily take audience data gatherings.
  6. Targeted advertising with the assistance of local network Wi-Fi.
  7. Content variety and diversification.

Countries and territories using ATSC

North America

  •  Antigua and Barbuda 2018
  •  Bahamas On December 14, 2011, the Bahamas' national public broadcaster ZNS-TV announced that it would adopt ATSC, in line with the United States and its territories.[24]
  •  Barbados
  •  Canada adopted ATSC, with full-power analog stations in specified "mandatory markets" (which included provincial capitals, and cities with a population of 300,000 or higher) shutting down on August 31, 2011. The CBC only converted its originating stations to digital; it was given permission to operate its repeaters in mandatory markets (such as CBKST in Saskatoon) for an additional year, but later announced that it would shut down all of its analog repeaters on July 31, 2012—citing budget issues and their distribution network as being obsolete.[25]
  •  Dominica
  •  Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic announced its adoption on August 10, 2010, completing the transition on September 24, 2015, but most companies were not able to meet the deadline and the government had to move it forward to the year 2021.[26]
  •  Grenada
  •  Haiti
  •  Jamaica Will convert to ATSC 3.0 instead of 1.0. The conversion will begin in 2022 and is expected to be completed by 2023.[27]
  •  Mexico began converting to ATSC in 2013;[28] a full transition was scheduled for December 31, 2015,[9] but due to technical and economic issues for some transmitters, the full transition was extended to December 31, 2016.
  •  Trinidad and Tobago will convert to ATSC 3.0 instead of ATSC 1.0. The conversion process will begin in March 2023 and is expected to be completed by 2026.[29]
  •  United States Full-power television stations in the United States ended analog television service on June 12, 2009. Analog low-power stations and translators were all wound down by July 13, 2021.[30][31]

South America

  •  Guyana
  •  Suriname Suriname has undergone transitioning from analogue NTSC broadcasts to digital ATSC broadcasts. Channel ATV started with ATSC broadcasts in the Paramaribo area in June 2014, which was followed by ATSC broadcasts from stations in Brokopondo, Wageningen and Albina. The stations in Brokopondo, Wageningen and Albina broadcast both the channels of ATV (i.e., ATV and TV2) and STVS.[32] In 2016 all channels in Suriname had already made the switch to ATSC.

Asia/Pacific

Patent holders

The following organizations hold patents for the development of ATSC technology, as listed in the patent pool administered by MPEG LA. As of March 2024 about 77% of the patents are expired. By February 2025 all of the relevant patents registered in USA and Canada are expected to expire.

Organizations[35] Active patents Expired patents (03-2024) Total patents[1]
LG Electronics 120 234 354
Zenith Electronics 1 53 54
Panasonic 1 49 50
Samsung Electronics 0 25 25
Columbia University 0 16 16
Mitsubishi Electric 0 14 14
JVC Kenwood
 0 6 6
Cisco Technology, Inc.
 0 4 4
Vientos Alisios Co., Ltd. 0 1 1
Philips 0 1 1

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "ATSC Patent List" (PDF). MPEG LA. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  2. ^ "TV makers to fight royalties". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  3. ^ FCC Opens Inquiry Into Patent Costs For Digital TVs[permanent dead link], Dow Jones, February 25, 2009
  4. ^ Amtran affiliate accuses Funai of unfair competition Archived February 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Lisa Wang, Taipei Times, February 24, 2009
  5. ^ "Best Buy Exits the Analog TV Business, Outlines Plans to Help With Digital Broadcast Transition". businesswire.com (Press release). Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  6. ^ A New Era in Television Broadcasting Archived November 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – DTVTransition.org
  7. ^ "Congress delays DTV switch". Christian Science Monitor. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  8. ^ "Erreur 404/404 Error | CRTC". crtc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007.
  9. ^ a b "DOF - Diario Oficial de la Federación". dof.gob.mx. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  10. ^ Keith J. Winsteln (November 8, 2002), "MIT Getting Millions For Digital TV Deal" (PDF), The Tech, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2009
  11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ Nick (October 16, 2008). "ATSC vs DVB for North American amateurs". nsayer.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  14. ^ Julian Clover DVB-T far superior to ISDB, DVB-T2 beats them both Archived June 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, in broadbandtvnews November 2, 2010
  15. ^ 2013_electronic.indd Archived May 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) . Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  16. ^ George Winslow. "With ATSC 2.0, Broadcasting Gets Facelift Archived March 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". Broadcasting & Cable, June 6, 2011.
  17. ^ "A/103:2012, Non-Real-Time Content Delivery" (PDF). atsc.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  18. ^ "ATSC 3.0: Everything You Need to Know About Broadcast TV's Next Big Thing". July 24, 2020.
  19. ^ "FCC Authorizes Next Gen TV Broadcast Standard". Federal Communications Commission. November 16, 2017. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
  20. ^ Tribbey, Chris (March 7, 2016). "ATSC 3.0 Passes Key Test, But Is It Ready to Graduate?". Broadcasting & Cable: 16–17.
  21. ^ "First Element of ATSC 3.0 Approved for Standard". tvtechnology.com. March 28, 2016. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  22. ^ "WRAL Launches ATSC 3.0 Service". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  23. ^ "Overview - ASTC 3.0 System Layers". Archived from the original (PNG) on October 4, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  24. ^ Bahamas national TV to get multi-million dollar digital upgrade – video Archived April 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. The Bahamas Investor. Retrieved on May 11, 2014.
  25. ^ "CRTC allows CBC to continue broadcasting analog television signals in 22 markets until August 2012". News Releases. Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  26. ^ Advanced Television Systems Committee, Dominican Republic Adopts ATSC Digital Television Standard Archived August 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, August 12, 2010
  27. ^ "Digital Television Switchover in Jamaica set to begin in 2022". The Gleaner. Gleaner Company. December 7, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  28. ^ Dibble, Sandra (May 30, 2013). "New turn for Tijuana's transition to digital broadcasting". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  29. ^ "Notice". Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Low Power Television (LPTV) Service", CDBS Database, Federal Communications Commission, May 17, 2011, archived from the original on April 1, 2013, retrieved April 3, 2013
  31. ^ FCC Public Notice: "THE INCENTIVE AUCTION TASK FORCE AND MEDIA BUREAU ANNOUNCE PROCEDURES FOR LOW POWER TELEVISION, TELEVISION TRANSLATOR AND REPLACEMENT TRANSLATOR STATIONS DURING THE POST-INCENTIVE AUCTION TRANSITION", May 17, 2017
  32. ^ "FAQ digitale telivisie (DTC)". Telecommunication Authority of Suriname. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  33. ^ "N. Korea in the process of introducing digital TV broadcasting". Yonhap News Agency. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  34. ^ "North Korean television sets still receive South Korean signals". News Focus International. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  35. ^ "Licensors Included in the ATSC Patent Portfolio License". MPEG LA. Retrieved July 11, 2019.

Further reading

  • Harcourt Brace
    .

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATSC_standards&oldid=1215715237"