Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito | |
---|---|
Adult | |
Larva | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Diptera |
Family: | Culicidae |
Genus: | Aedes |
Subgenus: | Stegomyia |
Species: | A. aegypti
|
Binomial name | |
Aedes aegypti (
Hasselquist, 1762) [1] | |
Subspecies[2][3] | |
| |
Global Aedes aegypti predicted distribution in 2015, (blue=absent, red=present) | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Aedes aegypti (
Biology
Aedes aegypti is a 4–7 millimetres (5⁄32–35⁄128 in) long, dark
Males live off fruit
The lifespan of an adult Ae. aegypti is two to four weeks depending on conditions,[11] but the eggs can be viable for over a year in a dry state, which allows the mosquito to re-emerge after a cold winter or dry spell.[12]
Hosts
Mammalian
Distribution
Aedes aegypti originated in Africa and was spread to the New World through slave trade,[15] but is now found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions[16] throughout the world.[17] Ae. aegypti's distribution has increased in the past two to three decades worldwide, and it is considered to be among the most widespread mosquito species.[18]
In 2016,
In continental Europe, Aedes aegypti is not established but it has been found in localities close to Europe such as the Asian part of Turkey.[23] However, a single adult female specimen was found in Marseille (Southern France) in 2018. On the basis of a genetic study and an analysis of the movements of commercial ships, the origin of the specimen could be traced as coming from Cameroon, in Central Africa.[23]
Genomics
In 2007, the
Vector of disease
Aedes aegypti is a
Aino virus (AINOV),
This mosquito also
The yellow fever mosquito can contribute to the spread of
Bite prevention methods
The
- Although Aedes aegypti mosquitoes most commonly feed at dusk and dawn, indoors, in shady areas, or when the weather is cloudy, "they can bite and spread infection all year long and at any time of day."[31][32]
- Once a week, scrub off eggs sticking to wet containers, seal or discard them. The mosquitoes prefer to breed in areas of stagnant water, such as flower vases, uncovered barrels, buckets, and discarded tires, but the most dangerous areas are wet shower floors and toilet tanks, as they allow the mosquitos to breed in the residence. Research has shown that certain chemicals emanating from bacteria in water containers stimulate the female mosquitoes to lay their eggs. They are particularly motivated to lay eggs in water containers that have the correct amounts of specific fatty acids associated with bacteria involved in the degradation of leaves and other organic matter in water. The chemicals associated with the microbial stew are far more stimulating to discerning female mosquitoes than plain or filtered water in which the bacteria once lived.[33]
- Wear long-sleeved clothing and long pants when outdoors during the day and evening.
- Use mosquito netting over the bed if the bedroom is not air conditioned or screened, and for additional protection, treat the mosquito netting with the insecticide permethrin.
Insect repellents containing DEET (particularly concentrated products) or
Population control efforts
Insecticides
Genetic modification
Ae. aegypti has been
The mosquito control effect is nontoxic and species-specific, as the OX513A mosquitoes are Ae. aegypti and only breed with Ae. aegypti. The result of the self-limiting approach is that the released insects and their offspring die and do not persist in the environment.[42][43]
In Brazil, the modified mosquitoes were approved by the National Biosecurity Technical Commission for releases throughout the country. Insects were released into the wild populations of Brazil, Malaysia, and the Cayman Islands in 2012.[44][45] In July 2015, the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, started releasing the OX513A mosquitoes.[46][47] In 2015, the UK House of Lords called on the government to support more work on genetically modified insects in the interest of global health.[48] In 2016, the United States Food and Drug Administration granted preliminary approval for the use of modified mosquitoes to prevent the spread of the Zika virus.[49]
Another proposed method consists in using radiation to sterilize male larvae so that when they mate, they produce no progeny.[50] Male mosquitoes do not bite or spread disease.
Using CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing to engineer the genome of Aedes aegypti genes like ECFP (enhanced cyan fluorescent protein), Nix (male-determining factor gene), Aaeg-wtrw (Ae. aegypti water witch locus), Kmo (kynurenine 3-monoxygenase), loqs (loquacious), r2d2 (r2d2 protein), ku70 (ku heterodimer protein gene) and lig4 (ligase4) were targeted to modify the genome of Aedes aegypti. The new mutant will become incapable of pathogen transmission or result in population control.[51]
Infection with Wolbachia
In 2016 research into the use of a bacterium called
Fungus infection
Taxonomy
The species was first named (as Culex aegypti) in 1757 by
To stabilise the nomenclature, a petition to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was made by P. F. Mattingly, Alan Stone, and Kenneth L. Knight in 1962.[59] It also transpired that, although the name Aedes aegypti was universally used for the yellow fever mosquito, Linnaeus had actually described a species now known as Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius.[59] In 1964, the commission ruled in favour of the proposal, validating Linnaeus' name, and transferring it to the species for which it was in general use.[60]
The yellow fever mosquito belongs to the tribe Aedini of the dipteran family
Subspecies
Two subspecies are commonly recognized:
This classification is complicated by the results of Gloria-Soria et al., 2016. Although confirming the existence of these two major subspecies, Gloria-Sora et al. finds greater worldwide diversity than previously recognized and a large number of distinct populations separated by various geographic factors.[2][3]
References
- ^ a b Neal L. Evenhuis; Samuel M. Gon III (2007). "22. Family Culicidae" (PDF). In Neal L. Evenhuis (ed.). Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum. pp. 191–218. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
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- ^ a b Roland Mortimer (nd). "Micscape Microscopy and Microscope Magazine". www.microscopy-uk.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
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- ^ Catherine Zettel; Phillip Kaufman. "Yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti". University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Roland Mortimer. "Aedes aegypti and dengue fever". Onview.net Ltd, Microscopy-UK. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
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- ^ "Aedes aegypti". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 9 June 2017.
- ^ "Mosquitoes capable of carrying Zika virus found in Washington, D.C." University of Notre Dame. 2016.
- ^ Climate Crisis Could Expose Half a Billion More People to Tropical Mosquito-Borne Diseases by 2050, Common Dreams, Jessica Corbett, March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
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- ^ Heather Kowalski (May 17, 2007). "Scientists at J. Craig Venter Institute publish draft genome sequence from Aedes aegypti, mosquito responsible for yellow fever, dengue fever". J. Craig Venter Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
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- ^ Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU) (2021). "Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762)". www.wrbu.si.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
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- ^ "Travelers' Health Outbreak Notice". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
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- ^ "Protection against Mosquitoes, Ticks, & Other Arthropods - Chapter 2 - 2016 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
- ^ "Prevent Tick and Mosquito Bites | Division of Vector-Borne Diseases | NCEZID | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
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- ^ a b c Kate Kelland (16 December 2015). "Lawmakers call for British trials of genetically modified insects". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
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- ^ Griffiths, Elle (January 31, 2016). "Zika outbreak 'caused by release of genetically modified mosquitoes in Brazil'". mirror.
- ^ "Can GM mosquitoes rid the world of a major killer?". the Guardian. July 14, 2012.
- ^ Justine Alford via IFLScience (25 July 2014). "Brazil To Unleash Genetically Modified Mosquitoes". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
- ^ no by-line (30 April 2015). "Modified mosquitoes enter the war against dengue in São Paulo". G1. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
- ^ "Release potential of GM insects to fight disease and pests". Parliament UK. House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
- ^ "Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) In Support of an Investigational Field Trial of OX513A Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes" (PDF). US FDA. March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ Tirone, Jonathan (12 February 2016). "UN Readies Nuclear Solution to Destroy the Zika Virus". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
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- Carl von Linné (1757): Iter Palæstinum, Eller, Resa til Heliga Landet, Förrättad Infrån år 1749 til 1752
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- ^ Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 19 (4): 208–219. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-03-01.
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- ^ "Journal of Medical Entomology Policy on Names of Aedine Mosquito Genera and Subgenera". Entomological Society of America. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
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External links
- Aedes aegypti on the entomology Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures Web site University of Florida, March 2019.
- Aedes aegypti University of Sydney, Australia Archived 2019-03-28 at the Wayback Machine very brief, undated
- Aedes aegypti and dengue fever microscopy-uk.org.uk, undated
- United States CDC page on dengue fever containing information on prevalence of Aedes aegypti worldwide and past efforts to eradicate it
- Aedes aegypti on Walter Reed Hospital page Distribution, taxonomy, references etc.
- The ecology and biology of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictusand the resistance of Aedes albopictus against organophosphates in Penang, Malaysia M.S. thesis, June 2006
- Aedes aegypti Community Eradication using copepods. The Monte Verde Story (Honduras) January 2019
- VectorBase's genomic resource for Aedes aegypti Archived 2019-08-01 at the Wayback Machine
Archived 2019-08-01 at the Wayback Machine