Aegis Combat System

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Aegis combat system
)
guided missile cruiser, launched in 1987. Beginning with USS Bunker Hill (CG-52), this version is equipped with the Mark 41 VLS, whereas earlier versions were equipped with the Mark-26 twin-arm missile launcher system
.

The Aegis Combat System is an American integrated naval weapons system, which uses computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets. It was developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and it is now produced by Lockheed Martin.

Initially used by the United States Navy, Aegis is now used also by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Spanish Navy, Royal Norwegian Navy, Republic of Korea Navy, and Royal Australian Navy, and is planned for use by the Royal Canadian Navy. As of 2022, a total of 110 Aegis-equipped ships have been deployed, and 71 more are planned (see operators).

Aegis BMD (Ballistic Missile Defense) capabilities are being developed as part of the NATO missile defense system.[1]

Etymology

The word "Aegis" is a reference that dates back to Greek mythology, with connotations of a protective shield, as the Aegis was the buckler (shield) of Zeus, worn by Athena.

Overview

Diagram of the Aegis Combat System (Baseline 2-6)

The Aegis Combat System (ACS) implements advanced command and control (command and decision, or C&D, in Aegis parlance). It is composed of the Aegis Weapon System (AWS), the fast-reaction component of the Aegis Anti-Aircraft Warfare (AAW) capability, along with the

Tomahawk
Land Attack Cruise Missiles (TLAM). Shipboard torpedo and naval gunnery systems are also integrated.

AWS, the heart of Aegis, comprises the

megawatt) radar is able to perform search, tracking, and missile guidance functions simultaneously with a track capacity of well over 100 targets at more than 100 nautical miles (190 km).[3] However, the AN/SPY-1 Radar is mounted lower than the AN/SPS-49 radar system and so has a reduced radar horizon.[4]

The Aegis system communicates with the Standard missiles through a radio frequency (RF) uplink using the AN/SPY-1 radar for

mid-course update missile guidance during engagements, but still requires the AN/SPG-62 fire-control radar
for terminal guidance. This means that with proper scheduling of intercepts, a large number of targets can be engaged simultaneously.

The computer-based command-and-decision (C&D) element is the core of the Aegis Combat System and came from the Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) threat evaluation and weapons assignment (TEWA) function.[5] This interface makes the ACS capable of simultaneous operation against almost all kinds of threats.

In December 2019, Lockheed Martin released a promotional video heralding the 50th anniversary of the Aegis combat system.[6]

Development

USS Norton Sound
in 1980. The installation containing the fixed radar arrays of the AN/SPY-1A system can be seen mounted at the top of the forward superstructure

Aegis was initially developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, which was later acquired by General Electric. The division responsible for the Aegis systems became Government Electronic Systems. This, and other GE Aerospace businesses, were sold to Martin Marietta in 1992.[7] This became part of Lockheed Martin in 1995.

By the late 1950s, the U.S. Navy replaced guns with guided missiles on its ships. These were sufficient weapons but by the late 1960s, the U.S. Navy recognized that reaction time, firepower, and operational availability in all environments did not match the

Typhon Combat System, a prophetic program culminating in the futuristic but unreliable AN/SPG-59 phased array radar, which was never made viable and was cancelled in 1963 to be replaced by the Advanced Surface Missile System (ASMS).[9]

As a result, the U.S. Navy decided to develop a program to defend ships from anti-ship missile threats. An Advanced Surface Missile System (ASMS) was promulgated and an engineering development program was initiated in 1964 to meet the requirements.[10] ASMS was renamed "Aegis" in December 1969 after the aegis, the shield of the Greek god Zeus. The name was suggested by Captain L. J. Stecher, a former Tartar Weapon System manager, after an internal U.S. Navy contest to name the ASMS program was initiated. Captain Stecher also submitted a possible acronym of Advanced Electronic Guided Interceptor System although this definition was never used.[11] The main manufacturer of the Aegis Combat System, Lockheed Martin, makes no mention of the name Aegis being an acronym, nor does the U.S. Navy.

In 1970, then-Captain Wayne Meyer was named Manager Aegis Weapons System. Under his leadership the first systems were successfully deployed on various U.S. Navy vessels.

The first Engineering Development Model (EDM-1) was installed in a test ship,

USS Norton Sound, in 1973.[12] During this time frame, the Navy envisioned installing the Aegis Combat System on both a nuclear-powered "strike cruiser" (or CSGN) and a conventionally-powered destroyer (originally designated DDG 47). The CSGN was to be a new, 17,200 ton cruiser design based on the earlier California and Virginia-class cruisers. The Aegis destroyer design would be based on the gas turbine powered Spruance class
. When the CSGN was cancelled, the Navy proposed a modified Virginia-class design (CGN 42) with a new superstructure designed for the Aegis Combat System and with a displacement of 12,100 tons. As compared to the CSGN, this design was not as survivable and had reduced command and control facilities for an embarked flag officer. Ultimately this design was also cancelled during the Carter Administration due to its increased cost compared to the non-nuclear DDG 47. With the cancellation of the CGN 42, the DDG 47 Aegis destroyer was redesignated as CG 47, a guided missile cruiser.

The first cruiser of this class was

USS Chosin introduced the AN/UYK-43/44
computers, which provide increased processing capabilities.

During 1980, the

USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51)
, was commissioned during 1991.

Flight II of the Arleigh Burke class, introduced in 1992, incorporated improvements to the SPY-1 radar, and to the Standard missile, active electronic countermeasures, and communications. Flight IIA, introduced in 2000, added a helicopter hangar with one anti-submarine helicopter and one armed attack helicopter. The Aegis program has also projected reducing the cost of each Flight IIA ship by at least $30 million.

Recent Aegis Combat System ships come with

AN/SPY-7 radar from Lockheed-Martin, and Constellation-class frigates which use AN/SPY-6 radar from Raytheon
. AN/SPY-6 radar will also be installed in Flight III and Flight IIA Arleigh Burke class destroyers, giving them Ballistic Missile Defense capability currently deployed on Flight I and Flight II ships.

Ballistic Missile Defense

The

BMD capabilities allow vessels equipped with

RIM-156 Standard Missile 2 Extended Range Block IV (SM-2ER Block IV)[14] terminal-phase interceptors.[15] The SM-2ER Block IV can engage the ballistic missiles within the atmosphere (i.e. endoatmospheric intercept) in the terminal phase of a missile's trajectory with a blast fragmentation warhead. The Standard Missile 3 is a development of the SM2-ER Block IV, capable of exo-atmospheric intercept (i.e. above the atmosphere) during the midcourse phase; its kinetic warhead (KW) is designed to destroy a ballistic missile's warhead by colliding with it. RIM-174 Standard ERAM (Standard Missile 6) extended range active missile is a further development of the SM-2ER Block IV, which adds a booster and an active radar homing seeker.[16] SM-6 can be used for either air defense or ballistic missile defense, providing extended range and increased firepower; it is not intended to replace the SM-2 series of missiles.[17] The SM-6 Block IB includes a larger 21-inch rocket motor that sits on top of the 21-inch booster.[18]

To enable Ballistic Missile Defense capabilities,

electronic attack (EA), and chaff environments and provides greater commonality in computer programs and equipment.[20][21]

As of April 2022, the U.S. and Japan are the only countries to purchase or deploy the Aegis BMD on their military ships.[22][23][24]

Flight III of Arleigh Burke class destroyers starting with

USS Jack H. Lucas (DDG-125) are equipped with AN/SPY-6 AESA radar from Raytheon, which is 30 times more sensitive and thus can handle 30 times more targets comparing to the SPY-1D radar, providing increased air and missile defense capabilities.[25][26] Flight IIA ships will also be upgraded to SPY-6 in the future, giving them Aegis BMD capabilities.[26][25]

AN/SPY-7 AESA radar by 2021, but cancelled these plans in 2020. Possible deployments of Aegis Ashore include U.S. naval base at Guam.[22]

U.S. Army

network of land, sea, and air-based sensors to help detect and track ballistic missile threats and select Patriot and THAAD surface-to-air launchers that are best positioned for a successful intercept.

NATO European Phased Adaptive Approach

On 5 October 2011,

European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA) missile defense program. On 16 February 2012, it was reported that the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers Donald Cook and Ross would be relocated to Rota during Fiscal Year 2014, followed by Porter and Carney in fiscal year 2015.[27] On 9 May 2013, Commander Destroyer Squadron 60 was formally designated to perform type-command administrative oversight for the four BMD-capable destroyers based at Rota, Spain.[28]

JMSDF Aegis Afloat

Artist’s impression of future BMD ship (JSDF Photo)
BMD maneuvers (October 6, 2022)
JS Haguro(DDG-180)launching SM-3 Block IB missile (November 19, 2022)

The

Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) currently operates 4 Kongō class, 2 Atago class, and 2 Maya class
guided-missile destroyers as part of its "Aegis Afloat" program (See table below).

Additionally, on 31 August 2022, The

Aegis system equipped ships" (イージス・システム搭載艦 in Japanese) (pictured to replace the earlier plan of Aegis Ashore installations, commissioning one by the end of fiscal year 2027, and the other by the end of FY2028. The budget for design and other related expenses are to be submitted in the form of “item requests”, without specific amounts, and the initial procurement of the lead items are expected to clear legislation by FY2023. Construction is to begin in the following year of FY2024. At 20,000 tons each, both vessels will be the largest surface combatant warships operated by the JMSDF, and according to Popular Mechanics, they will "arguably [be] the largest deployable surface warships in the world.".[29][30][31][32]

On 6 October 2022, five warships from the United States, Japan, and South Korea held a multilateral ballistic missile defense exercise in the

On 16 November 2022, the guided-missile destroyer

U.S. Missile Defense Agency. This was the first time the two ships conducted SM-3 firings in the same time period, and the tests validated the ballistic missile defense capabilities of Japan’s newest Maya-class destroyers.[35]

On 23 December 2022, the Japanese Ministry of Defense's 2023 budget and program guidance illustrated examples of operation (運用の一例) for the Aegis-equipped naval forces of the Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force (MSDF). The two ASEV warship would be exclusively tasked for dedicated ballistic missile defense (BDM) missions (BMD等) and operate off the Korean peninsula in the Sea of Japan, allowing the other Aegis guided-missile destroyers to meet other contingencies (侵攻阻止) while operating independently to maintain the sea lines of communication (SLOC) open in the East China Sea southwest of the Japanese home islands.[36][37][38][39]

On 22 February 2023, five warships from the United States, Japan, and South Korea held a multilateral ballistic missile defense exercise in the

Korean Peninsula.[40] On 19 December 2023, United States, Japan, and South Korea announced the activation of a real-time North Korea missile warning system as well as jointly established a multi-year trilateral exercise plan in response to North Korea's continued ballistic missile launches.[41][42]

List of JMSSDF Aegis Afloat ships
Name Hull Pennant No. Builder/Shipyard Aegis Radar
Anti-Ballistic Missile
Vertical Launchers Commissioned Home port Flotilla Squadron Status
Maya class
JS Maya
DDG-179 JMU, Yokohama AN/SPY-1D(V)
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 96 cells (total) 19 March 2020 Yokosuka Escort Flotilla 1 Escort Squadron 1 Active
JS Haguro
DDG-180 JMU, Yokohama AN/SPY-1D(V)
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 96 cells (total) 19 March 2021
Sasebo
Escort Flotilla 4 Escort Squadron 8 Active
Atago class
JDS Atago
DDG-177 JMU, Yokohama AN/SPY-1D(V)
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 96 cells (total) 15 March 2007
Maizuru
Escort Flotilla 3 Escort Squadron 3 Active
JDS Ashigara
DDG-178 JMU, Yokohama AN/SPY-1D(V)
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 96 cells (total) 13 March 2008
Sasebo
Escort Flotilla 2 Escort Squadron 2 Active
Kongō class
Kongō
DDG-173 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries AN/SPY-1D PESA
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 90 cells (total) 25 March 1993
Sasebo
Escort Flotilla 1 Escort Squadron 5: Active
Kirishima
DDG-174 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries AN/SPY-1D PESA
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 90 cells (total) 16 March 1995
Yokosuka
Escort Flotilla 2 Escort Squadron 6 Active
Myōkō
DDG-175 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries AN/SPY-1D PESA
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 90 cells (total) 14 March 1996
Maizuru
Escort Flotilla 3 Escort Squadron 3 Active
Chōkai
DDG-176 IHI Corporation AN/SPY-1D PESA
SM-3 Standard missile
Mark 41: 90 cells (total) 20 March 1998
Sasebo
Escort Flotilla 4 Escort Squadron 8 Active

System problems

In 2010, it was reported that Aegis radar systems on board some individual warships were not being maintained properly. A Navy panel headed by retired Vice Adm. Phillip Balisle issued the "Balisle report," which asserted that over-emphasis on saving money, including cuts in crews and streamlined training and maintenance, led to a drastic decline in readiness, and left Aegis Combat Systems in low state of readiness.[43]

Iran Air Flight 655

Combat Information Center
of early Aegis cruisers

The Aegis system was involved in a disaster in which USS Vincennes mistakenly shot down Iran Air Flight 655 in 1988 resulting in 290 civilian deaths.

A formal military investigation by the United States Navy concluded that the Aegis system was completely operational and well maintained. The investigation found that if the commanding officer had relied on the complete tactical data displayed by the Aegis system, the engagement might never have occurred. Additionally, psychological effects of the crew subconsciously manipulating the data to accord with a predefined scenario greatly contributed to the false identification. The investigation found that the Aegis Combat System did not contribute to the incident and that the system's recorded target data contributed to the investigation of the incident. The discrepancies between the Aegis data report and what the ship's personnel reported to the commanding officer are as follows:[44]

Aegis Data Report Personnel Report to CO
Iran Air Flight 655 continuously ascended in duration of flight Iran Air Flight 655, after attaining 9,000 to 12,000 ft (2,700 to 3,700 m), reportedly descended on an attack vector on USS Vincennes
Iran Air Flight 655 continuously squawked
identification, friend or foe
(IFF) in duration of flight
Iran Air Flight 655 reportedly squawked Iranian
F-14 Tomcat
on Mode II IFF for a moment; personnel proceeded to re-label the target from "Unknown Assumed Enemy" to "F-14"
Iran Air Flight 655 held consistent climb speed in duration of flight Iran Air Flight 655 was reported to increase in speed to an attack vector similar to an F-14 Tomcat

Other analyses found that ineffective user interface design caused poor integration with the crisis management human processes it was intended to facilitate. The Aegis System software shuffles target tracking numbers as it gathers additional data. When the captain asked for a status of the original target identifier TN4474, the Aegis system had recycled that identifier to a different target which was descending, indicating possible attack posture.[45] An article by David Pogue in Scientific American rated it as one of the five "worst digital user-interface debacles of all time."[46]

Operators

Country Ship class Active Planned Retired
 Royal Australian Navy Hunter-class frigate (Type 26) 6
Hobart-class destroyer 3
Royal Canadian Navy Canadian Surface Combatant (Type 26) 15
 Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Maya-class destroyer 2
Atago-class destroyer 2
Kongō-class destroyer 4
 Republic of Korea Navy Sejong the Great-class destroyer 3 3
 Royal Norwegian Navy Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate 4 1
 Spanish Navy Bonifaz-class frigate 5
Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate 5
 United States Navy Constellation-class frigate 20
Arleigh Burke-class destroyer 73 19
Ticonderoga-class cruiser 17 10
 United States Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter program Icebreaker 3
Totals:
113 71 11

Gallery

  • Map with Aegis operators in blue
    Map with Aegis operators in blue
  • JS Kongō, the first non-U.S. ship equipped with AWS
    JS Kongō, the first non-U.S. ship equipped with AWS
  • Large screen displays on USS Vincennes, typical of early Aegis platforms, 1988
    Large screen displays on USS Vincennes, typical of early Aegis platforms, 1988
  • Combat Information Center (CIC) consoles aboard USS Normandy, 1997
    USS Normandy
    , 1997
  • Large screen displays on USS John S. McCain, circa 1997. Destroyers have two displays while cruisers have four.
    Large screen displays on USS John S. McCain, circa 1997. Destroyers have two displays while cruisers have four.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Fact Sheet on U.S. Missile Defense Policy - A "Phased, Adaptive Approach" for Missile Defense in Europe". Office of the Press Secretary. The White House. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  2. ^ Originally, the first five ships of the United States' Aegis equipped Ticonderoga-class cruisers were outfitted with Mark-26 twin-arm missile launchers; however, the ships with this system have been decommissioned and are no longer in service.
  3. ^ "Aegis Combat System". The Warfighter Encyclopedia. Warfighter Response Center. October 8, 2003. Archived from the original on November 5, 2004. Retrieved August 10, 2006..
  4. ^ "AN/SPY-1 Radar". Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  5. ^ First-Hand:Legacy of NTDS - Chapter 9 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System Section 4.3 Building Aegis. Engineering and Technology History Wiki
  6. ^ "20191205_Lockheed_AEGIS_50th_Anniversary_3D_ME_FINAL". Vimeo.com. Green Buzz Agency. 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  7. ^ Lenorovitz, Jeffrey. "GE Aerospace to merge into Martin Marietta" Aviation Week & Space Technology. November 30, 1992. Accessed on July 19, 2007
  8. ^ Hearings on H.R. 6566, ERDA Authorization Legislation (National Security Programs) for Fiscal Year 1978. 1977. p. 145.
  9. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2012-07-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ "Aegis Cruisers". About.com Careers. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  11. ^ Lockheed Martin. "Aegis Heritage". Presentation. November 20, 2002.
  12. ^ Dan Petty. "The US Navy -- Fact File: Aegis Weapon System". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  13. ^ "Standard Missile-3 (SM-3)". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
  14. ^ "Standard Missile-2 Block IV". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  15. ^ "Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  16. ^ Aegis Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) System, United States of America
  17. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr., "Non-Standard: Navy SM-6 Kills Cruise Missiles Deep Inland" – Breakingdefense.com, 19 August 2014
  18. ^ "Report to Congress on Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense". December 18, 2018.
  19. ^ "Lockheed Martin Successfully Completes Formal Testing of Second-Generation Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Capability". www.lockheedmartin.com. 2010-09-16. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ^ FY 2013 Presidential Budget (PB): Navy, February 2012. Exhibit R-2, Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) Budget Item Justification: Program Element (PE) 0604501N: Advanced Above Water Sensors, Page 2 of 37. [1]. Accessed on 04 April 2013
  21. ^ "pr_mission_aegis-live-tracking-041210 · Lockheed Martin". www.lockheedmartin.com.
  22. ^ a b "Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress (RL33745)". Congressional Research Service. 2022-04-01. Archived from the original on 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2022-05-08. Alt URL
  23. ^ "Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense". Missile Defense Agency. US Dept. of Defense. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  24. ^ "Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense - Foreign Military Sales". Missile Defense Agency. US Dept. of Defense. 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  25. ^ a b Justin Katz Raytheon to start backfitting destroyers with SPY-6 radar. Breaking Defense (11 Jan 2022)
  26. ^ a b "U.S. Navy's SPY-6 Family of Radars". www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com. Raytheon. 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  27. U.S. Department of Defense. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original
    on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  28. ^ "ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMANDER, DESTROYER SQUADRON SIX ZERO" (PDF). OPNAVNOTE 5400 Ser DNS-33/13U102244. United States Department of the Navy. 9 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  29. ^ Lia Wong (1 September 2022). "Japanese Defense Budget Expansion Includes Two 20,000 Ton Cruisers". Overt Defense. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  30. ^ Dzirhan Mahadzir (6 September 2022). "Japan to Build Two 20,000-ton Missile Defense Warships, Indian Carrier Commissions". USNI News Blog. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  31. ^ Yoshihiro Inaba (1 September 2022). "Japan's New "Aegis Equipped Ships": What We Know So Fars". NavalNews. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  32. ^ Kyle Mizokami (12 September 2022). "Japan Defense Ministry plans new Aegis destroyers in place of Aegis Ashore". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  33. ^ LaGrone, Sam (October 6, 2022). "UPDATED: Warships from U.S., Japan, South Korea Ballistic Missile Defense Drills After North Korean Missile Shots". News Blog. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  34. ^ "US Navy, JMSDF And ROK Navy Conduct BMD Exercise". NavalNews.com. October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  35. ^ Mahadzir, Dzirhan (November 21, 2022). "Two Japanese Destroyers Score in Ballistic Missile Defense Test off Hawaii". News Blog. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  36. ^ LaGrone, Sam (December 27, 2022). "Japanese MoD Releases New Details on Ballistic Missile Defense Ships". News Blog. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  37. ^ "Japanese MoD Releases Further Details About Its Future BMD Destroyers". Naval News. December 25, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  38. ^ Emma, Helfrich (December 29, 2022). "First Rendering Of Japan's Ballistic Missile Defense Ship Concept Released". The Drive. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  39. Japanese Ministry of Defense
    . December 23, 2022. p. 15. Retrieved 2023-01-09. Japanese
  40. ^ Mahadzir, Dzirhan (February 22, 2023). "U.S., Japan, South Korea Hold Ballistic Missile Defense Drills after North Korean Launches". News Blog. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  41. ^ Mahadzir, Dzirhan (December 19, 2023). "U.S., Japan, South Korea Establish North Korean Missile". News Blog. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  42. ^ "Japan-United States-Republic of Korea Trilateral Ministerial Joint Press Statement". Press Release. Japanese Ministry of Defense. December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  43. ^ Study says Aegis radar systems on the decline, by Philip Ewing, Navy Times, Wednesday July 7, 2010.
  44. ^ Fogarty, William M. (July 28, 1988). "Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of Iran Air Flight 655 on 3 July 1988". 93-FOI-0184. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2006.
  45. S2CID 13015473
    .
  46. ^ Pogue, David (1 April 2016). "5 of the Worst User-Interface Disasters". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  47. ^ "Subscribe to The Australian - Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". www.theaustralian.com.au.
  48. ^ a b "SNA 2020: Four Nations to Be Protected with Lockheed Martin's Next Generation SPY-7 Radar". Naval News. 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  49. ^ "Fragatas F-110: presupuestados por ahora 174 millones en I+D+i y su diseño". ABC. 20 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  50. ^ "Fincantieri's FREMM Wins US Navy FFG(X) Frigate Competition". 30 April 2020.
  51. ^ "PLA Navy shows off 'Chinese Aegis' at RIMPAC 2014". 2014-06-19. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14.
  52. ^ James R. Holmes, The Diplomat. "'Taipei must admit defeat in the arms race…' - The Diplomat". The Diplomat. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

External links