Aeroflot
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Founded | 3 February 1923 | ||||||
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Commenced operations | 15 July 1923 | ||||||
Hubs | |||||||
Focus cities | |||||||
Frequent-flyer program | Aeroflot Bonus | ||||||
Alliance |
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Chairman, CEO)[11] | |||||||
Revenue | ₽492 billion[12] (2021)[13] | ||||||
Operating income | ₽-5.01 billion[12] (2021) | ||||||
Net income | ₽-34.5 billion[12] (2021) | ||||||
Total assets | ₽1.11 trillion[12] (2021) | ||||||
Total equity | ₽-146 billion[12] (2021) | ||||||
Employees | 30,328 (Aeroflot Group) | ||||||
Website | www www |
PJSC Aeroflot – Russian Airlines (Russian: ПАО "Аэрофло́т — Росси́йские авиали́нии", PAO Aeroflot — Rossiyskiye avialinii), commonly known as Aeroflot (English: /ˈɛəroʊˌflɒt/ or /ˌɛəroʊˈflɒt/ ⓘ; Russian: Аэрофлот, transl. "air fleet", pronounced [ɐɛrɐˈfɫot]), is the flag carrier[14][15] and the largest airline of Russia.[16] Aeroflot is headquartered in the Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow, with its hub being Sheremetyevo International Airport. The Federal Agency for State Property Management, an agency of the Government of Russia, owns 73.77% of the company, with the rest of the shares being public float.[17]
The airline was founded in 1923, making Aeroflot one of the oldest active airlines in the world. During the time of the Soviet Union, Aeroflot was one of the largest airlines in the world.[18] In 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Aeroflot was divided into approximately 400 regional airlines informally known as Babyflots and was restructured into an open joint-stock company. It shrank its fleet dramatically, switching to Western aircraft and expanding internationally. In 2022, the number of destinations was significantly reduced after many countries banned Russian aircraft as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[19] It currently operates service to/from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Cuba, Egypt, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Uzbekistan.[20][21][10]
It has a market share in Russia of approximately 37.8%.[22] Including subsidiaries, the company carried 40.7 million passengers in 2022.[8] Aeroflot also owns Rossiya Airlines and Pobeda, a low-cost carrier.[8]
The
History
Early history of Soviet civil aviation
On 17 January 1921, the
On 3 February 1923, Sovnarkom approved plans for the expansion of the Red Air Fleet, and it is this date which was officially recognised as the beginning of
Formative years
Responsibility for all civil aviation activities in the Soviet Union came under the control of the Chief Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet on 25 February 1932, and on 25 March 1932 the name "Aeroflot" was officially adopted for the entire Soviet Civil Air Fleet. Under the third five-year plan, which began in 1938, civil aviation development continued, with improvements to airport installations being made and construction of airports being commenced. In addition to the expansion of services between the
Aeroflot during the Cold War
At the end of
Aeroflot's route network had extended to 295,400 kilometres (183,600 mi) by 1950, and it carried 1,603,700 passengers, 151,070 tonnes (333,050,000 lb) of freight and 30,580 tonnes (67,420,000 lb) of mail that year. Night flights began in the same year, and the fifth five-year plan, covering the period 1951–1955, emphasised Aeroflot expanding night-time operations, which vastly improved aircraft utilisation. By 1952, some 700 destinations around the Soviet Union received regular flights from Aeroflot.[24]: 20 On 30 November 1954, the Ilyushin Il-14 entered service, and the aircraft took a leading role in the operation of Aeroflot's all-Union services. The number of passengers carried in 1955 increased to 2,500,000, whilst freight and mail carriage also increased, to 194,960 and 63,760 tons, respectively. By this time, Aeroflot's route network covered a distance of some 321,500 kilometres (199,800 mi).[24]: 21 The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, held in 1956, included plans for Aeroflot services to be dramatically increased 3.8 times, with a target of 16,000,000 annual passengers by 1960. To meet these goals, Aeroflot introduced higher capacity turbojet and turbine-prop aircraft on key domestic routes, and on services to Aeroflot destinations abroad. A major step for Aeroflot occurred on 15 September 1956 when the Tupolev Tu-104 jet aircraft entered service on the Moscow-Omsk-Irkutsk route, marking the world's first sustained jet airline service. The airline began international flights with the type on 12 October 1956 under the command of Boris Bugayev with flights from Moscow to Prague. The aircraft placed Aeroflot in an enviable position, as airlines in the West had operated throughout the 1950s with large piston-engined aircraft.[24]: 21 [28]: 44 By 1958, the route network covered 349,200 kilometres (217,000 mi), and the airline carried 8,231,500 passengers, and 445,600 tons of mail and freight, with fifteen percent of all-Union services being operated by jet aircraft.[24]: 23
Aeroflot introduced the Antonov An-10 and Ilyushin Il-18 in 1959, and together with its existing jet aircraft, the airline was able to extend services on modern aircraft to twenty one cities by 1960.[24]: 23 The Tupolev Tu-114, then the world's largest airliner, entered service with the Soviet carrier on 24 April 1961 on the Moscow-Khabarovsk route; covering a distance of 6,980 kilometres (4,340 mi) in 8 hours 20 minutes.[24]: 24 The expansion of the Aeroflot fleet saw services with modern aircraft being extended to forty one cities in 1961, with fifty percent of all-Union services being operated by these aircraft. This fleet expansion also saw the number of passengers carried in 1961 skyrocketing to 21,800,000.[24]: 24 Further expansion came in 1962 when both the Tupolev Tu-124 and Antonov An-24 entered regular service with Aeroflot on various medium and short-haul routes. By 1964, Aeroflot operated direct flights from Moscow to 100 cities, from Leningrad to 44 cities, and from Kyiv to 38 cities. The airline also operated direct flights from Mineralnye Vody to 48 cities across the Soviet Union, denoting the importance of the operation of holiday aircraft services to Aeroflot.[24]: 26 Statistics for the same year showed Aeroflot operating an all-Union route network extending over 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi), and carrying 36,800,000 passengers.[24]: 27
By 1966 Aeroflot carried 47,200,000 passengers over a domestic route network of 474,600 kilometres (294,900 mi). For the period of the eighth five-year plan, which ran from 1966 to 1970, Aeroflot carried a total of 302,200,000 passengers, 6.47 billion tons of freight and 1.63 billion tons of mail.[24]: 27 During the five-year plan period, all-Union services were extended over an additional 350 routes; an additional 1,000 MVL routes were begun, and 40 new routes were opened up with all-cargo flights.[24]: 27–28 In 1967, the Ilyushin Il-62 and Tupolev Tu-134 were introduced, and in September 1968 the Yakovlev Yak-40 regional jet began operations on short-haul services. That same year, the Il-62 inaugurated the long-delayed service between Moscow and New York, which finally began in July and was operated by Aeroflot and Pan Am jointly. According to the book The Aeroflot Story: From Russia With Luck: "This business relationship became an acrimonious affair in which both parties complained it had been wronged by the other. Pan Am accused the Soviets of illegally siphoning away Moscow-to-New York passengers, whilst in turn; Aeroflot accused US consular officials in Russia of having steered passengers to Pan Am flights."[29][page needed][30] In 1968, the company opened its first office in the United States.[31]
By 1970, the last year of the five-year plan period, Aeroflot was operating flights to over 3,500 destinations in the Soviet Union, and at the height of the 1970 summer holidays season, the airline was carrying approximately 400,000 passengers per day, and some ninety percent of passengers were being carried on propeller-turbine and jet aircraft.
Aeroflot service between the Soviet Union and the United States was interrupted from 15 September 1983 until 2 August 1990, following an executive order by U.S. President
Other functions
Once the world's largest
Post-Soviet Aeroflot
After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, service expanded significantly.[37] Up until that time, Aeroflot had been the only establishment providing air services throughout the Soviet Union, but with its breakup Aeroflot branches of these countries began their own services, and the airline itself came under control of Russia, the largest of the CIS republics, and was renamed Aeroflot – Russian International Airlines (ARIA).[38][39] In 1992, Aeroflot was divided into approximately 400 regional airlines informally known as Babyflots, which included BAL Bashkirian Airlines, KrasAir, Moscow Airways and Tatarstan Airlines, with Aeroflot keeping the international routes.[38][40]
In 1994, Aeroflot was registered as a joint-stock company and the government sold off 49% of its stake to Aeroflot employees. In the 1990s, Aeroflot was primarily focused on international flights from Moscow. However, by the end of the decade Aeroflot started an expansion in the domestic market. In 2000, the company name was changed to Aeroflot – Russian Airlines to reflect the change in the company strategy.[41] The Aeroflot fleet shrank dramatically in the post-Soviet era, dropping from 5,400 planes in 1991 to 115 in 1996.[38]
Since the dissolution, Aeroflot has been actively working towards promoting and redefining itself as a safe and reliable airline.[42] In the early 2000s, the airline hired British consultants for rebranding.[43] From the start, plans were afoot to replace the hammer and sickle logo, a symbol of Soviet communism; despite this the logo was not scrapped, as it was the most recognisable symbol of the company for over 70 years.[43] A new Aircraft livery and uniforms for flight attendants were designed and a promotional campaign launched in 2003.[44] Its fleet has undergone a major reorganisation during which most of the Soviet aircraft were replaced by Western-built jets; concerns over fuel consumption rather than safety concerns were cited for such a move.[45] Airbus A319s and A320s for short-haul flights in Europe; and Boeing 767s and Airbus A330s for long-haul routes; were gradually incorporated into the Aeroflot fleet. Aeroflot began working with the US travel technology firm Sabre Corporation in 1997, and in 2004 signed an agreement to use Sabre's software as its new Reservation System,[46] further extending the relationship with Sabre in 2010.[47] In the spring of 2004 an expansion on the domestic market was undertaken, aiming to gain 30% share by 2010 (as of 2006[update] it held approximately 9%). The first task was to outperform Siberia Airlines (now S7 Airlines), a major rival and the leader in the domestic market. On 29 July 2004 a new corporate slogan was adopted: "Sincerely Yours. Aeroflot".[48]
In April 2006, Aeroflot became the tenth airline to join SkyTeam,[49] and the first air carrier in the former Soviet Union to do so. The company announced plans to increase cargo operations. It registered the Aeroflot-Cargo trademark in 2006.
Aeroflot became the sole shareholder of
Expansion and re-organization
In December 2009, Aeroflot-Cargo merged into the parent as part of a bankruptcy reorganization of the subsidiary.[53]
In November 2011,
In June 2013, at the World Airline Awards which took place at the 50th Le Bourget air show, Aeroflot was awarded the international prize as the best air carrier in Eastern Europe.[60]
In October 2013, the company introduced an affiliated low-cost carrier (LCC), Dobrolet.[61] It started operations in June 2014;[62] however, it ceased on 4 August 2014 due to EU sanctions over the airline launching flights to Crimea.[63][64] In late August 2014, Aeroflot announced the launch of Pobeda, a new LCC to replace Dobrolet using aircraft transferred from Orenair.[65] It started operations from Vnukovo Airport in December 2014.[66][67][68]
In March 2014, as a response to the
Subsidiaries Rossiya Airlines, Donavia and Orenair combined operations in late March 2016.[74] Orenair's AOC was cancelled by Russian authorities in late May 2016 .[75][76] Donavia and Orenair were declared bankrupt in 2017.[75][77]
In June 2018, the company signed a
In December 2020, the company sold its 51% stake in Aurora to Sakhalin Region Development Corporation for ₽1.[79][80]
2022 airspace bans and sanctions
In February and March 2022, as a result of the
In response to the
In September 2023, Aeroflot paid $645 million to acquire 17 aircraft and five spare jet engines that were leased to Aeroflot and owned by AerCap and were stranded in Russia upon the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[97]
Corporate affairs
Headquarters
The headquarters of Aeroflot are in
Management history
Ownership and subsidiaries
The Federal Agency for State Property Management, an agency of the Government of Russia, owns 73.77% of the company, with the rest of the shares being public float.[17]
The company owns airline subsidiaries Pobeda and Rossiya Airlines.[8]
Destinations
In September 2018, Aeroflot served 146 destinations in 52 countries.[15] In 2022, the number of destinations was significantly reduced after many countries banned Russian aircraft as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[19] It currently operates service to/from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Uzbekistan.[20][21][10]
Alliances
Between April 2006 and 27 April 2022, Aeroflot was a member of the
Although Aeroflot did not meet the conventional standards of the alliance at the time, SkyTeam saw potential in the airline's large hub networks and decided that it made up for the airline's deficiencies.[105]
Aeroflot's cargo branch, Aeroflot-Cargo, which was later reintegrated into the parent company, operated as part of SkyTeam Cargo.[106]
Aeroflot has no active codeshare agreements with any international airlines; it only has active codeshare agreements the following airlines:[107]
Fleet
The
Frequent flyer programme
Aeroflot's frequent-flyer program is called Aeroflot Bonus. It has four levels with various perks.[108]
Accidents and incidents
Aeroflot has had a total of 8,231 passengers dying in Aeroflot crashes according to the Aircraft Crashes Record Office, mostly during the Soviet era, about five times more than any other airline.[109][110] From 1946 to 1989, the carrier was involved in 721 incidents. In 2013, AirlineRatings.com reported that five of the ten aircraft models involved in the highest numbers of fatal accidents[111] were old Soviet models.[109] From 1992 to 2020, the carrier was involved in 14 incidents; since 1996, only one incident has resulted in fatalities.[112]
Criticism
Incidents with flight attendants
In May 2012, Aeroflot fired 19-year-old flight attendant Yekaterina Solovyova for mocking the crash of a Sukhoi Superjet at Mount Salak in a Twitter post where she wrote: ""What, a Superjet crashed? Hahaha! Piece of crap! It's a pity it's not Aeroflot's, there would be one less and maybe they would even sell the rest back to someone".[113] Solovyova later said she had misworded her thoughts about the aircraft's design flaws: "I flew on the Superjet several times. And there the doors did not close several times, there were also problems with the water supply... Flights were delayed because of this... I just wanted to say that these planes should be taken out of service of our airline. I didn’t want to offend the relatives of the victims. I regret my words".[114]
In January 2013, Aeroflot fired its another flight attendant, Tatyana Kozlenko, for posting an image with a
In April 2018, Aeroflot reported it would fire one more flight attendant after a passenger complained that on a flight from Moscow to Kaliningrad the flight attendant had announced Kaliningrad in English as Königsberg, its former Nazi German name.[116]
Allegations of discrimination against overweight flight attendants
In 2016, the company linked the pay of its flight attendants to their dress sizes. All the flight attendants were photographed and measured, and some were weighed. Women above a Russian size 48 were barred from international flights.[117] According to the flight attendants' trade union, the policy affected about 600 Aeroflot attendants. The company successfully defended itself in court in April 2017 by saying that a survey of Aeroflot passengers showed that "92% want to see stewardesses who fit into the clothes sizes we are talking about here"[118] and that every extra kilogram meant spending an extra ₽800 per year on fuel.[119] The company denied all the accusations of discrimination.[120] In September 2017, the appeal court decided that requirements banning employment by women who wore large sizes was unenforceable and ordered ₽5,000 in compensation plus back pay for Yevgenia Magurina, a flight attendant who filed a discrimination suit; however, the court did not rule explicitly that the policy was discriminatory.[121][122]
Ban on employee smartphone use
In November 2018, the company's executive director Vitaly Savelyev signed new rules, according to which employees of the Moscow office of the airline were forbidden to bring and use smartphones at work, allegedly to prevent them from taking videos.[123]
See also
References
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- ^ "Экс-стюардесса «Аэрофлота» Екатерина Соловьева: «Я не хотела сделать больно родственникам погибших»". Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). 16 May 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
- ^ "Стюардессу уволили за скандальную фотографию в соцсети". Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). 28 January 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ "«Аэрофлот» уволил стюардессу, назвавшую Калининград Кёнигсбергом" (in Russian). NewKaliningrad.ru. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
- ^ "'Too fat to fly': Russian women fight job discrimination". BBC News. 14 September 2017.
- ^ Walker, Shaun (25 April 2017). "Passengers don't want overweight flight crew, say Aeroflot officials after lawsuits". The Guardian.
- ^ Chapman, Ben (21 April 2017). "Aeroflot flight attendants lose discrimination case after being branded 'old, fat and ugly'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017.
- ^ "Aeroflot comments on accusations of discrimination against staff". Aeroflot. 22 February 2017.
- ^ "Russian Flight Attendants Win Aeroflot Discrimination Case". The Moscow Times. 6 September 2017.
- ^ Turner, Rob (7 September 2017). "Russian Aeroflot flight attendants win uniform discrimination case". Deutsche Welle. Agence France-Presse.
- ^ Calder, Simon (25 November 2018). "Airline cancels passenger's elite membership over 'insulting' tweet". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018.
Bibliography
- Buckley, Christopher (2022). Soviet-Era Airliners: The Final Three Decades. Historic Commercial Aircraft Series, Vol 1. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. ISBN 9781913870621.
- Jones, Mark (2018). The Aeroflot Story: From Russia With Luck. ISBN 978-1981094714.
- ISBN 978-0-9626483-1-1.
- MacDonald, Hugh (1975). Aeroflot: Soviet air transport since 1923. ISBN 978-0-370-00117-3.
External links
- Official website (in Russian and English)