Aetolia
Aetolia
Αἰτωλία | |
---|---|
Region of Thermon | |
Dialects | Doric |
Key periods | Aetolian League (290–189 BC) |
Aetolia (Greek: Αἰτωλία, romanized: Aἰtōlía) is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania.
Geography
The
In classical times Aetolia comprised two parts: "Old Aetolia" (
History
Ancient era
Tribes known as
The mountain tribes of Aetolia were the Ophioneis,[3] the Apodotoi,[3] the Agraeis, the Aperantoi[4] and the Eurytanians.[3][5]
The primitive lifestyle of those tribes made an impression on ancient historians. Polybius doubted their Greek heritage, while Livy reports that they spoke a language similar to the Macedonians. On the other hand, Thucydides claims that Eurytanians spoke a very difficult language and ate their food completely raw. They were semi-barbaric, warlike and predatory. They worshiped Apollo as god of tame nature and Artemis as goddess of wilderness. They also worshiped Athena, not as goddess of wisdom, but emphasizing the element of war – i.e. a goddess that was a counterbalance to the god Ares. They called Apollo and Artemis "Laphrios gods," i.e. patrons of the spoils and loot of war. In addition, they worshiped Hercules, the river Achelous and Bacchus. In Thermos, an area north of Trichonis lake, there was after the 7th century a shrine of Apollo “Thermios,” which became a significant religious center during the time of the Aetolian League.
The Aetolians refused to participate in the
The Aetolians set up a united league, the
The great courage shown by the Aetolians during the fighting against the Macedonians increased their glamour and fame, especially after winning the last
In 232 BC, the Illyrians under Agron attacked the Aetolians, and managed to take many prisoners and booty.[9]
In 229 BC, the Aetolians participated in a naval battle off the island of Paxos in a coalition with Korkyra and the Achaean League, and were defeated by a coalition of Illyrians and Acarnanians; as a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city, which was put under the command of Demetrius of Pharos.[10]
The Aetolians’ power increasingly magnified with the occupation of the lands of Ozoloi, Locrians and Phocians, as well as Boeotia. They then united under the power of their League in the areas of Tegea, Mantinea, Orchomenus, Psophida and Phigaleia. Between 220 and 217 BC, the Social War broke out between the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues. The war was first started by the Aetolians with the help of the Spartans and Eleans. Allies of the Achaeans were the Macedonians, the Boeotians, the Phocians, the Epirotes, the Acarnanians and the Messenians.
The Aetolians allied with the Romans, while
Aetolia's reputation has suffered from a rather hostile treatment in the sources. Polybius is considered now to have a heavy anti-Aetolian bias due to his having relied on Aetolia's opponent Aratus of Achaea, but mainly because of his origin in Megalopolis, a major centre of the rival Achaean League.[citation needed]
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, Aetolia was part of the Byzantine Empire and later passed to the Turks. Aetolia was mentioned in Francisco Baltazar's Florante at Laura.[citation needed]
List of Aetolians
- Agetas, general [11]
- Aitolos, mythological hero
- Thoas
- Thoas, hero of the Trojan War
- Titormus, wrestler
- Alexander Aetolus, poet
- Damocritus, general
- Dorimachus, general [12]
- Nicolaus of Aetolia, general
- Theodotus of Aetolia, general
- Pyrrhias, stadion Olympic racer in 200 BC [13]
- Pyrrhias of Aetolia, general [14]
- Agelaus of Naupactus, leading man of the Aetolian League
- Cosmas of Aetolia, (1714–1779) monk
- Dimitrios Makris, fighter of the Greek War of Independence (1821)
See also
- Aetolian League
- List of traditional Greek place names
- Aetolia Game
References
- ^ Rose, Carol, Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth, W. W. Norton, 2001. ISBN 9780393322118, p. 66.
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Book 1, 1, LacusCurtius
- ^ a b c John D. Grainger, The League of the Aitolians, 1999, p. 33.
- ^ John D. Grainger, The League of the Aitolians, 1999, p. 40.
- ^ "Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus - Γενικά Στοιχεία". Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
- ^ Istoriai, Thoucydides pages 243-246.
- ^ a b "Aetolian League". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Aetolian League, federal state or "sympolity" of Aetolia, in ancient Greece. Probably based on a looser tribal community, it was well-enough organized to conduct negotiations with Athens in 367 BC. It became by c. 340 one of the leading military powers in Greece. Having successfully resisted invasions by Macedonia in 322 and 314–311, the league rapidly grew in strength during the ensuing period of Macedonian weakness, expanding into Delphi (centre of the Amphictyonic Council) and allying with Boeotia (c. 300). It was mainly responsible for driving out a major Gallic invasion of Greece in 279.
- ^ John D. Grainger, The League of the Aitolians, 1999, p. 103 - 104.
- ^ Polybius 2.3
- ^ Polybius, 2.10; Wilkes, p. 160.
- ^ Smith, William (1867). "Agetas". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 71.
- ^ "Smith Bio". Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- ^ Chronicon (Eusebius) 145th Olympiad
- ^ Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Pyrrhias Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- This article incorporates material from Harry Thurston Peck's Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities(1898).