Afonso I of Portugal
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Afonso I | |
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Count of Portugal | |
Reign | 1112 – 25 July 1139 |
Predecessor | Henry |
Co-count | Theresa (1112–1128)[1] |
Regent | Theresa (1112–1128) |
Born | Alphonso Henryquez[citation needed] 1106, 25 July 1109, August 1109 or 1111 Guimarães (some argue Viseu) |
Died | 6 December 1185 (aged c. 73–79) Coimbra, Portugal |
Burial | , Coimbra |
Spouse | |
Issue Detail | Urraca, Queen of León Teresa, Countess of Flanders Mafalda Sancho I, King of Portugal |
House | Burgundy |
Father | Henry, Count of Portugal |
Mother | Theresa, Countess of Portugal |
Afonso I
Afonso was the son of Theresa of León and Henry of Burgundy, rulers of the County of Portugal. Henry died in 1112, leaving Teresa to rule alone. Unhappy with Teresa's romantic relationship with Galician Fernando Pérez de Traba and his political influence, the Portuguese nobility rallied around Afonso, who revolted and defeated his mother at the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 and became Count of Portugal soon afterwards. In 1139, Afonso renounced the suzerainty of the Kingdom of León and established the independent Kingdom of Portugal.
Afonso actively campaigned against the Moors in the south. In 1139 he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Ourique, and in 1147 he conquered Santarém and Lisbon from the Moors, with help from men on their way to the Holy Land for the Second Crusade. He secured the independence of Portugal following a victory over León at Valdevez and received papal approval through Manifestis Probatum. Afonso died in 1185 and was succeeded by his son, Sancho I.
Early life
Afonso was the son of
which is politically sound for Count Henry to have the highest-ranking clergy baptise his heir.Henry and Theresa reigned jointly as count and countess of Portugal until his death on 22 May 1112 during the siege of
It is not known who was the tutor of Afonso. Later traditions, probably started with João Soares Coelho (a bastard descendant of Egas Moniz through a female line) in the mid-13th century and ampliated by later chronicles such as the Crónica de Portugal de 1419, asserted he had been Egas Moniz de Ribadouro, possibly with the help of oral memories that associated the tutor to the house of Ribadouro. Yet, contemporary documents, namely from the chancery of Afonso in his early years as count of Portucale, indicate according to Mattoso that the most likely tutor of Afonso Henriques was Egas Moniz's oldest brother, Ermígio Moniz, who, besides being the senior brother within the family of Ribadouro, became the "dapifer" and "majordomus" of Afonso I from 1128 until his death in 1135, which indicates his closer proximity to the prince.[11][12]
In an effort to pursue a larger share in the Leonese inheritance, his mother Teresa joined forces with
Path to sole rulership
In 1128, near
Afonso then turned his arms against the persistent problem of the Moors in the south. His campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique, and straight after was (possibly unanimously) proclaimed King of the Portuguese by his soldiers, establishing his equality in rank to the other realms of the Peninsula, although the first reference to his royal title dates from 1140. The first assembly of the Portuguese Cortes convened at Lamego (wherein he would have been given the crown from the Archbishop of Braga, to confirm his independence) is a 17th-century embellishment of Portuguese history.[clarification needed]
Reign
Complete independence from Alfonso VII of León's
In Portugal he built several monasteries and convents and bestowed important privileges to religious orders. He is notably the builder of
Meanwhile, King Alfonso VII of León regarded the independent ruler of Portugal as nothing but a rebel. Conflict between the two was constant and bitter in the following years. Afonso became involved in a war, taking the side of the Aragonese king, an enemy of Castile. To ensure the alliance, his son Sancho was engaged to Dulce of Aragon. Finally after winning the Battle of Valdevez, the Treaty of Zamora (1143) established peace between the cousins and the recognition by the Kingdom of León that Portugal was a fully independent kingdom.
In 1169 the now old King Afonso was possibly disabled in an engagement near
In 1179 the privileges and favors given to the
In 1184, the Almohad caliph
Scientific research
In July 2006, the tomb of the king (which is located in the
Family
In 1146,[b] Afonso married Mafalda, daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Savoy and Mahaut of Albon, both appearing together for the first time in May of that year confirming royal charters.[16] They had the following issue:[17]
- Henry (5 March 1147 – 1155[18][19]) named after his paternal grandfather, Henry, Count of Portugal, he died when he was only eight years old. Despite being just a child he represented his father at a council in Toledo at the age of three;[20]
- Urraca (1148–1211[20][21]), married King Ferdinand II of León and was the mother of King Alfonso IX. The marriage was subsequently annulled in 1171 or 1172 and she retired in Zamora, one of the villas that she had received as part of her arras, and later at the Monastery of Santa María in Wamba, Valladolid where she was buried;[22]
- Teresa (1151–1218[20][23]), countess consort of Flanders due to her marriage to Philip I[24] and duchess consort of Burgundy through her second marriage to Odo III;[21]
- Alfonso VII of León and his second wife Queen Richeza of Poland.[26]Mafalda died in her childhood at an unrecorded date.
- Sancho, the future King Sancho I of Portugal (11 November 1154[19] – 26 March 1211). He was baptised with the name of Martin for having been born on the saint's feast day;[20]
- John (1156–25 August 1164);[27] and
- Sancha (1157–14 February 1166/67), born ten days before the death of her mother, Sancha died before reaching the age of ten[19][28] on 14 February according to the death registry at the Monastery of Santa Cruz (Coimbra) where she was buried.[18]
Before his marriage to Mafalda, King Afonso fathered his first son with Chamoa Gómez,[19] daughter of Count Gómez Núñez and Elvira Pérez, sister of Fernando and Bermudo Pérez de Traba:[29][30]
- Afonso (1140–1207). Born around 1140,[31] according to recent investigations, he is the same person as the one often called Fernando Afonso who was the alferes-mor of the king and later Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller. His presence in the court is first recorded in 1159. In 1169 he succeeded as alferes-mor his half-brother, Pedro Pais da Maia, the legitimate son of his mother and Paio Soares da Maia.[32][33]
The extramarital offspring by Elvira Gálter were:
- Urraca Afonso.[34] In 1185, her father gave her Avô, stipulating that this villa was to be inherited only by the children that she had with her husband Pedro Afonso de Ribadouro (also known as Pedro Afonso Viegas), grandson of Egas Moniz,[35] which could indicate another previous or subsequent marriage. In 1187, she exchanged with her half-brother, King Sancho, this villa for Aveiro. She died after 1216, the year she made a donation to the Monastery of Tarouca.[36]
- Teresa Afonso. In some genealogies she appears as the daughter of Elvira Gálter,[37] and in others as the daughter of Chamoa Gómez. Her first marriage was with Sancho Nunes de Barbosa with whom she had a daughter, Urraca Sanches, who married Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, the father of Mendo Gonçalves de Sousa known as "Sousão".[38] Her second husband was Fernando Martins Bravo, Lord of Bragança and Chaves, with no issue from this marriage.[38]
King Afonso was also the father of:
See also
- Gallaecia
- Galicia
- History of Portugal
- Timeline of Portuguese history
- List of Knights Templar
- Portugal in the Middle Ages
- Vitória S.C.
Notes
- Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latinversion), sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse, depending on the Spanish or French influence.
- ^ Although the Annales D. Alfonsi Portugallensium Regis, record that the wedding of Alfonso and Mafalda was celebrated in 1145, it was not until a year later, in May 1146, when they both appear in royal charters. Historian José Mattoso refers to another source, Noticia sobre a Conquista de Santarém (News on the Conquest of Santarém), which states that the city was taken on 15 May 1147, less than a year after their marriage. Since at that time no wedding ceremony could be performed during Lent, Mattoso suggests that the marriage could have taken place in March or April 1146, possibly on Easter Sunday which fell on 31 March of that year.[16]
References
- ^ Haydn, Joseph (1860). A dictionary of dates relating to all ages and nations: for universal reference; comprehending remarkable occurrences, ancient and modern, the foundation, laws, and governments of countries, ... and particularly of the British Empire. By Joseph Haydn. Edward Moxon, Dover Street. p. 527.
- ^ Congress, Library of. "Afonso I, King of Portugal, 1109?–1185". id.loc.gov. LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ^ "Afonso I | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Estefânio, Abel (July 2010). "A data de nascimento de Afonso I". Medievalista (in Portuguese). 8. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ Estefânio, Abel (January 2016). "De novo a data e o local de nascimento de Afonso I". Medievalista (in Portuguese). 19. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ Álvaro, Simão (1600s). "Batismo de Dom Afonso Henriques por São Geraldo, Arcebispo de Braga". Museu de Alberto Sampaio. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ Cunha, D. Rodrigo da (1634). Primeira [-segunda] parte, da historia ecclesiastica dos arcebispos de Braga, e dos Santos, e Varoes illustres, que florecerão neste arcebispado. Por dom Rodrigo da Cunha arcebispo, & senhor de Braga, primàz das Hespanhas (in Portuguese). Braga: Manoel Cardozo mercador de livros. pp. 2–29.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, p. 34.
- ^ ISBN 9781136771613
- ^ Mattoso, José (1985). João Soares Coelho e a gesta de Egas Moniz. In Portugal Medieval: Novas Interpretações. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda. pp. 409–435.
- ISBN 978-972-759-911-0.
- ^ a b c public domain: Hannay, David (1911). "Alphonso s.v. Alphonso I.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 733. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ IPPAR: direcção nacional diz que não foi consultada sobre abertura do túmulo de D. Afonso Henriques Archived 10 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Público, 6 July 2006. Retrieved December 2006 (in Portuguese)
- ^ n:Portuguese Culture Ministry suspends opening of Afonso I's tomb
- ^ a b Mattoso 2014, p. 220.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 226–227.
- ^ a b c Caetano de Souza 1735, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d e Rodrigues Oliveira 2010, p. 71.
- ^ a b c d e Mattoso 2014, p. 226.
- ^ a b Rodrigues Oliveira 2010, p. 79.
- ^ Arco y Garay 1954, p. 168.
- ^ Rodrigues Oliveira 2010, p. 80.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 372–373.
- ^ Rodrigues Oliveira 2010, p. 78.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 287–288, 290.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, p. 227.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 227, 383.
- ^ Calderón Medina 2008, p. 42, n. 11.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 98, 228, 320.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, p. 228.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 227–229.
- ^ Calderón Medina 2008, pp. 42–43, and notes.
- ^ Caetano de Souza 1735, pp. 28, 64.
- ^ Caetano de Souza 1735, p. 64.
- ^ Sotto Mayor Pizarro 1997, p. 457, n. 9 and 10, Vol. I.
- ^ Caetano de Souza 1735, pp. 28, 63.
- ^ a b Caetano de Souza 1735, p. 63.
- ^ Mattoso 2014, pp. 103, 229, 388.
- ^ Caetano de Souza 1735, p. 28.
Bibliography
- Arco y Garay, Ricardo del (1954). Sepulcros de la Casa Real de Castilla (in Spanish). Madrid: Instituto Jerónimo Zurita. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. OCLC 11366237.
- Baquero Moreno, Humberto (2006). "Portugal e o reino das Astúrias no período de formação". Astúrias e Portugal. Relações históricas e culturais. Actas do Colóquio 5 a 7 de Dezembro de 2005 (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Academia Portuguesa da História. pp. 115–141. ISBN 972-624-164-2.
- Caetano de Souza, Antonio (1735). Historia Genealógica de la Real Casa Portuguesa (PDF) (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Lisbon: Lisboa Occidental, na oficina de Joseph Antonio da Sylva. ISBN 978-84-8109-908-9.
- Calderón Medina, Inés (2008). "La nobleza portuguesa al servicio del rey de León 1157–1187. Pero Pais de Maia y Vasco Fernandes de Soverosa". Actas IV Simposio Internacional de Jóvenes Medievalistas, Lorca 2008 (PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad de Murcia, Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales, Ayuntamiento de Lorca, et al. pp. 39–50. ISBN 978-84-8371-801-8. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ISBN 972-25-1157-2.
- ISBN 978-972-759-911-0.
- Previte-Orton, C.W. (1912). The Early History of the House of Savoy: 1000–1233. Cambridge University Press.
- Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História (in Portuguese). Lisbon: A esfera dos livros. ISBN 978-989-626-261-7.
- Sánchez Candeira, Alfonso (1999). Rosa Montero Tejada (ed.). Castilla y León en el siglo XI, estudio del reinado de Fernando I (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 978-84-8951241-2.
- Sotto Mayor Pizarro, José Augusto (1997). Linhagens Medievais Portuguesas: Genealogias e Estratégias (1279–1325) (in Portuguese). Vol. I. Oporto: Doctorate thesis, author's edition. hdl:10216/18023.
- Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León, Margarita Cecilia (1999). Linajes nobiliarios de León y Castilla: Siglos IX–XIII (in Spanish). Salamanca: Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de educación y cultura. ISBN 84-7846-781-5.