Afonso VI of Portugal
Afonso VI | |
---|---|
Pantheon of the Braganzas | |
Spouse | |
Roman Catholicism |
Afonso VI (Portuguese pronunciation:
Afonso's reign saw the end of the Restoration War (1640–68) and Spain's recognition of Portugal's independence.[3] He also negotiated a French alliance through his marriage.[4] In 1668, his brother Pedro II conspired to have him declared incapable of ruling, and took supreme de facto power as regent, although nominally Afonso was still sovereign.[5] Queen Maria Francisca, Afonso's wife, received an annulment and subsequently married Pedro.[6] Afonso spent the rest of his life and reign practically a prisoner.[5][7][8]
Early life
Afonso was the second of three sons born to King John IV and Queen Luisa.[9] At the age of three, he experienced an illness that resulted in paralysis on the right side of his body.[10][11] The condition was believed to have also affected his intellectual abilities.[10][12] His father created him 10th Duke of Braganza.[13]
After the death of his eldest brother Teodósio, Prince of Brazil in 1653, Afonso became the heir apparent to the throne of the kingdom.[10] He also received the crown-princely title 2nd Prince of Brazil.
Reign
He succeeded his father,
Luisa's regency continued even after Afonso came of age because he was considered mentally unfit for governing.[15][16] In addition to lacking intellect, the king exhibited wild and disruptive behavior.[11][10] In 1662, after Afonso terrorized Lisbon at night alongside his favorites,[17][18] Luisa and her council responded by banishing some of the king's companions that were associated with the raids.[18] Angered, Afonso took power with the help of Castelo-Melhor and Luisa's regency came to an end.[19][20][21] She subsequently retired to a convent,[22][14] where she died in 1666.[23]
Afonso appointed Castelo-Melhor as his private secretary (escrivão da puridade).[24][19] He proved to be a competent minister.[20] His astute military organization and sensible general appointments resulted in decisive military victories over the Spanish[25] at Elvas (14 January 1659), Ameixial (8 June 1663) and Montes Claros (17 June 1665),[26][27] culminating in the final Spanish recognition of sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza,[28][29] on 13 February 1668 in the Treaty of Lisbon.[30][31]
Colonial affairs
Colonial affairs saw the
Marriage
Melhor successfully arranged for Afonso to marry
Downfall
Also in 1667, Pedro managed to gain enough support to force Afonso to relinquish control of the government to him,
The room where he was imprisoned is preserved at Sintra National Palace.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Afonso VI of Portugal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
References
- ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 407.
- ^ McMurdo 1889, pp. 416–417.
- ^ Ogg 1934, p. 334.
- ^ Ogg 1934, p. 325.
- ^ a b Livermore 1969, p. 195.
- ^ a b c Ames 2000, p. 35.
- ^ Helpful up-to-date information is available in Martin Malcolm Elbl, Portuguese Studies Review 30 (1) (2022): 131-198. "Through 'Deplorable' Eyes: Barlow in Lisbon (1661) ~ Elite Theatrics, King Afonso VI of Portugal, Bullfights, and a Common English Seaman". Retrieved 30 April 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 441.
- ^ Ames 2000, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d Livermore 1969, p. 185.
- ^ a b c d McMurdo 1889, p. 408.
- ^ Davidson (1908), p. 14.
- ^ Genealogy of the Dukes of Braganza in Portuguese
- ^ a b "Luísa Gusmão", Dicionário [Dictionary] (in Portuguese), Arq net.
- ^ Marques 1976, p. 331.
- ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 447.
- ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 414.
- ^ a b Livermore 1969, p. 189.
- ^ a b Marques 1976, p. 332.
- ^ a b Stephens 1891, p. 331.
- ^ For overview, with bibliography, in English, see Ricardo Fernando Gomes Pinto e Chaves, Portuguese Studies Review 30 (1) (2022): 113-130. "When the Desire (and the Obligation) Refuses to Work. The Sexualisation of the Prince's Power in the Context of Consolidation of the Dynastic States of Modernity". Retrieved 30 April 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 417.
- ^ Ames 2000, p. 30.
- ^ Livermore 1969, p. 190.
- ^ McMurdo 1889, pp. 423–425.
- ^ Ames 2000, p. 32.
- ^ Livermore 1969, p. 187.
- ^ Livermore 1969, p. 188.
- ^ a b Stephens 1891, p. 333.
- ^ Ames 2000, p. 37.
- ^ McMurdo 1889, p. 430.
- ^ Ames 2000, p. 28.
- ^ Ogg 1934, p. 185.
- ^ Dyer 1877, p. 341.
- ^ Stephens 1891, p. 332.
- ^ a b Livermore 1969, pp. 192.
- ^ a b Ames 2000, p. 34.
- ^ a b Dyer 1877, p. 342.
- ^ Livermore 1969, pp. 194–196.
- ^ Davidson (1908), p. 236.
- ^ The proceedings which the annulment of Afonso's marriage involved formed the basis of João Mário Grilo's 1989 film, The King's Trial.
- ^ a b Dyer 1877, p. 343.
- ^ Livermore 1969, pp. 196.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 734.
- ^ Stephens 1891, p. 334.
Sources
- ISBN 9053563822.
- Davidson, Lillias Campbell (1908). Catherine of Bragança, infanta of Portugal, & queen-consort of England.
- Dyer, Thomas Henry (1877). Modern Europe Vol III.
- Livermore, H.V. (1969). A New History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521095716.
- Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976). History of Portugal.
- McMurdo, Edward (1889). The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- Stephens, H. Morse (1891). The Story of Portugal. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
- Ogg, David (1934). England in the Reign of Charles II. Oxford University Press.