Afqa
Afqa
Apheca, Afeca, Afka | |
---|---|
Village | |
Country | Lebanon |
Governorate | Keserwan-Jbeil |
District | Byblos District |
Area | |
• Total | 9.34 km2 (3.61 sq mi) |
Elevation | 1,200 m (3,900 ft) |
Location | 71 kilometres (44 mi) northeast of Beirut |
---|---|
Region | Byblos District |
Coordinates | 34°04′09″N 35°53′10″E / 34.069167°N 35.886111°E |
History | |
Cultures | Roman, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia |
Site notes | |
Condition | Ruins |
Public access | Yes |
Afqa (
Known in ancient times as Aphaca or Afaka (
In
History
Ottoman tax records, which did not differentiate different Muslim groups from each other, indicate Afqa, or "Ifqi", had 20 Muslim households and six bachelors in 1523, 38 Muslim households and five bachelors in 1530, and 25 Muslim households and 15 bachelors in 1543.[15]
Physical description
The waterfall at Afqa is the source for the River Adonis and is located on a 600-foot (180 m) bluff that forms an immense natural amphitheater.[7] The river emerges from a large limestone cave in the cliff wall which stores and channels water from the melted snow of the mountains before releasing it into springs and streams below.[7] At Afqa, several watery threads flow from the cave to form numerous cataracts, a scene of great beauty.[7] The cave has over two miles (three km) of known passageways inside.[16]
A great and ancient temple is located here, where the goddess Aphrodite was worshipped. Eusebius, the biographer of emperor Constantine I, wrote that the emperor ordered to demolish the Temple.
The remains of a Roman aqueduct that carried the waters of the River Adonis to the ancient inhabitants of Byblos are also located here.[7]
Edward Robinson and Eli Smith camped at the site in 1852, merely remarking on its "shapeless ruins" and the difficulty of transport of two massive columns of Syenite granite. .[19] Frazer describes the village at Afqa in his 1922 book, The Golden Bough as
"...the miserable village which still bears the name of Afqa at the head of the wild, romantic, wooded gorge of the Adonis. The hamlet stands among groves of noble walnut trees on the brink of the lyn. A little way off the river rushes from a cavern at the foot of a mighty amphitheater of towering cliffs to plunge in a series of cascades into the awful depths of the glen. The deeper it descends, the ranker and denser grows the vegetation, which, sprouting from the crannies and fissures of the rocks, spreads a green veil over the roaring or murmuring stream in the tremendous chasm below. There is something delicious, almost intoxicating, in the freshness of these tumbling waters, in the sweetness and purity of the mountain air, in the vivid green of the vegetation.[13]
Possible early sanctuary of El
Marvin H. Pope (Yale University) identified the home of
Mythology
In classical Greek mythology, Afqa is associated with the
Each spring at Afqa, the melting snows flood the river, bringing a reddish mud into the stream from the steep mountain slopes. debunked the legend:
"'This river, my friend and guest, passes through the Libanus: now this Libanus abounds in the red earth. The violent winds which blow regularly on those days bring down into the river a quantity of earth resembling vermilion. It is this earth that turns the river to red. And thus the change in the river's colour is due, not to blood as they affirm, but to the nature of the soil.' This was the story of the man of Byblos. But even assuming that he spoke the truth, yet there certainly seems to me something supernatural in the regular coincidence of the wind and the colouring of the river."[22]
Lucian also describes practices by the Byblians of worship which some told him centered not on Adonis, but Osiris.[22] He writes that he mastered the secret rites of Adonis at the temple at Afqa and that the locals there asserted that the legend about Adonis was true and occurred in their country.[22] Lucian describes the rites, annually performed, that involved the beating of breasts and wailing, and the "perform[ing] [of] their secret ritual amid signs of mourning through the whole countryside. When they have finished their mourning and wailing, they sacrifice in the first place to Adonis, as to one who has departed this life: after this they allege that he is alive again, and exhibit his effigy to the sky."[22]
Also in the fertile valley surrounding the river, millions of scarlet
In his "Terminal Essay" in the 1885 translation of The Arabian Nights, Burton describes the temple at Afqa as a place of pilgrimage for the
2006 Lebanon War
During the
References
- ISBN 978-1-84162-370-2. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-521-76584-8. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ^ "Afqa". Localiban. Localiban. 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- PMID 24860198.
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Aphaca
- Aramaeanroot nefaq, "exit" and the Aramaean afqâ, "canal" (Srarcky, "Récentes découvertes à Palmyre", Syria 25.3/4 (1946/48), p 335.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Afka Falls in Lebanon". SpeleoPhilately.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ "Damascus and Lebanon". Travel Web Site. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ a b "Tammuz". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- JSTOR 3261938.
- ^ The localized particularity of Roman mountain sanctuaries in northern Lebanon was noted in Daniel Kercker and Willy Zschietzchmann, Römische Tempel in Syrien (Arch. institut des deutschen Reiches, Berlin/Leipzig) 1938; R.D., reviewing the work in Syria 21. 3/4 (1940) p.347 added further examples of localised Syrian divinities.
- ^ a b Sir Richard Francis Burton (1885). ""Terminal Essay" (In his translation of The Arabian Nights". People with a History. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ a b c d Sir James George Frazer (1922). ""Adonis in Syria" in The Golden Bough". Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ISBN 978-0-7661-4307-4. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ Bakhit 1972, p. 275.
- ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
- ^ [Life of Constantine (1999), Eusebius, trans. Averil Cameron, Stuart G. Hall, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1999, pp. 144-145, «On the Emperor's command the devices of licentious error were at once destroyed, and a detachment of soldiers saw to the clearing of the site. Those who had hitherto indulged themselves learned chastity from the Emperor's menace.»].
- Eusebius, Vita Constantina, iii. 55.
- ^ Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, "Outlines of a Journey in Palestine in 1852" Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 24 (1854:1-35) p. 35.
- ^ ARI, p. 72.
- W. F. Albright, in Journal of Biblical Literature 75.3 (September 1956:255-257), who remarked, "However, the identification of El's home with a place in Phoeniciadoesnot mean that it was not also at a great distance in a cosmic 'never never land'". The "cultic geography" of Adonis, including Afqa, is inspected by Brigitte Soyez in the opening section of Byblos et les fêtes des Adonies (Leiden: Brill) 1977.
- ^ a b c d (On-line text). "De Dea Syria". Sacred Texts.
- ^ Paton, "Survivals of primitive religion in modern Palestine" The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem 1 (1919/20):51-65) p. 55f and fig. 1, p. 56.2.
- ^ Albright, "Islam and the Religions of the Ancient Orient" Journal of the American Oriental Society 60.3 (September 1940:283-301) p. 299. Albright insisted on the spelling Seiyidet: "the spelling 'Sa’īdat Afkā' is naturally wrong".
- ^ Higher Relief Committee (5 August 2006). "Daily Situation Report". Lebanon Under Siege. Retrieved 2007-12-03.[permanent dead link]
Bibliography
- Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan Salamah (February 1972). The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
External links
- A letter from Gertrude Bell describing Afqa in 1900
- Map of Lebanon and geographical coordinates for Afqa
- Afqa on www.geographic.org
- 3D Google Map of the Afqa Grotto on gmap3d
- Afqa on Tageo.com
- Afqa on Localiban Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine