African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance
The African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance (ACOTA) program, formerly the African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI), is a
The ACOTA program, which succeeded ACRI in 2004, aims to increase the capabilities of African military forces in areas such as
Establishment of the ACRI
In October 1996,[4] during the Clinton administration, The U.S. government established the African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) force, to enable timely response to humanitarian crises and empower peacekeeping missions on the African continent.
The ACRI's immediate objective was to increase the number of African states with effective response capability for peacekeeping and humanitarian relief challenges, thereby improving stability and peace within their own borders and their sub-regions.[5][6] The pressing reason for establishing the ACRI at the time had been the imminent possibility of a major genocide in Burundi, similar to the ethnic cleansing which had taken place in 1994 in Rwanda. However, once the ACRI was formed, these murders continued, yet the force never officially intervened. Until its replacement by ACOTA by the ACRI in 2004 and despite ongoing mass murders occurring in the Darfur province of the Sudan, the U.S. government never deployed the ACRI forces to put pause to genocide in Africa. Despite the ACRI’s founding articles which call for humanitarian intervention in Africa, no action was taken.
Controversies
The harrowing losses of the U.S. military in
This off-shot was that the U.S. State Department pressured the UN against intervening in the 1994 Rwandan genocide[10] Even as the graphic violence dominated the world press, the U.S. government was refusing to acknowledge that a genocide had taken place.[11] African leaders including South African President Nelson Mandela considered the formation of the ACRI as a cynical attempt by the U.S. to improve its image following the Rwandan genocide. The United States which had been willing to mobilize the United Nations to stop ethnic cleansing in European Bosnia has ensured that the UN did not send troops to end the Rwandan genocide in 1994.[12]
The
Participating countries
ACOTA's 25 partners included Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.
See also
Further reading
- Campbell, Horace G. (2000). "The U.S. Security Doctrine and the Africa Crisis Response Initiative. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa".
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(help) - Frazier, Jendayi (1997). "The African Crisis Response Initiative: Self-Interested Humanitarianism". Brown Journal of World Affairs. IV (2).
- Henk, Dan; Metz, Steven (1997). "The United States and the Transformation of African Security: The African Crisis Response Initiative and Beyond". Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute.
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(help) - Karis, Daniel G. (July 23, 2009). A Comparative Study of Two Peacekeeping Training Programs: The African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) and the African Contingency Operations Training Assistance Program (ACOTA) (PDF) (Thesis). New York, NY.: United Nations Institute for Training and Research. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
- Karis, Daniel G. (2010). Preparing peacekeeprs: an analysis of the African Contingency Operations, Training, and Assistance program command and staff operational skills course (PDF) (doctoral dissertation). Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas state University. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
- McCallie, Marshall (1998). "ACRI: Positive U.S. Engagement with Africa". USIA Electronic Journal. 3 (2).
References
- National Archives.
- ^ "Creating Sustainable Peacekeeping Capability in Africa". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ "Africa Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI)". Retrieved September 6, 2013.
- ^ "Fact Sheet-African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI)". The White House: Office of the Press Secretary. April 1, 1998. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
- ^ Clinton, William J. (December 1999). A National Security Strategy For A New Century. Washington, DC: The White House. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
- ^ Pollard, Lt Comdr A. (2000). An analysis of the measures of effectiveness for the African Crisis Response Initiative (Master's Thesis). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 66–67. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
- ^ Bowden, M. (2001). Black Hawk down, A story of modern war. New York, NY: Signet.
- ISBN 978-0-674-02324-6.
- ISBN 978-0-89526-048-2.
- ^ ""The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations", Executive Summary of Presidential Decision Directive". May 25, 1994.[dead link]
- ^ Ferroggiaro, William, ed. (2001). The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction. Washington, DC: National Security Archive.
- S2CID 154777056.
- ^ Gerald Caplan. "Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide".
This article incorporates public domain text from US government websites.
- GlobalSecurity.org
- U.S.-Trained African Forces Tool for Peace, Linda D. Kozaryn, American Forces Information Service