Afro-Bahamians
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Afro-Bahamians are an ethnicity originating in The Bahamas of predominantly or partial native African descent. They are descendants of various African ethnic groups, many associated with the Bight of Biafra, kingdoms, the Oyo Empire, and the Kingdom of Kongo. According to the 2010 census, 92.7% of The Bahamas' population identifies as mixed African descent.[1]
Origins
Most
Afro Bahamians originally came by way of Bermuda with the
According to genetics, results indicate genetic signals emanating primarily from African and European sources, with the predominantly sub-Saharan African and Western European haplogroups E1b1a-M2 and R1b1b1-M269, respectively, accounting for greater than 75% of all Bahamian patrilineages. There are notable discrepancies among the six Bahamian populations in their distribution of these lineages, with E1b1a-M2 predominating Y-chromosomes in the collections from Abaco, Exuma, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence, whereas R1b1b1-M269 is found at elevated levels in the Long Island population. Substantial Y-STR haplotype variation within sub-haplogroups E1b1a7a-U174 and E1b1ba8-U175 (greater than any continental African collection) is also noted, possibly indicating genetic influences from a variety of West and Central African groups. Furthermore, differential European genetic contributions in each island (with the exception of Exuma) reflect settlement patterns of the British Loyalists subsequent to the American Revolution.[3]
History
The earliest African inhabitants of the Bahamas came during the 1640s from Bermuda and England with the Eleutheran Adventurers, many were also brought from other parts of the West Indies.[citation needed]
In the 1780s after the American Revolutionary war, many British loyalists resettled in the Bahamas. This migration brought some 7000 people, the vast majority being
There was also an additional 9,560 people brought directly from Africa to the Bahamas from 1788 - 1807. 1807 was when the British abolished the slave trade.[5]
In 1807, the British abolished the
During the War of 1812, the British Cutter Privateer Caledonia was chiefly manned by Black Bahamians about 70 in number. No less than 8 Privateers left Nassau prior to September 1812, returning with 17 prizes in total, the Caledonia returned with 6 of the 17 prizes. The Naval War of 1812 Volume 1 Chapter 5 pg. 597 mentions that the Caledonia was "a British Privateer mounting but 8 guns and manned chiefly with Blacks, about 70 in number, cruising between Savannah and Charleston and has already done a great deal of mischief." The Caledonia operated out of Nassau in The Bahamas.[6]
In the 1820s, hundreds of African American slaves and
In 1818,
British colonial officials also freed 78 American slaves from the
These incidents, in which a total of 447 slaves belonging to American nationals were freed by 1842, increased tension between the United States and Great Britain, although they had been cooperating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. Worried about the stability of its domestic slave trade and its value, the US argued that Britain should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress, as part of the international trade. The US worried that the success of the Creole's slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.[citation needed]
Bahamian culture
Junkanoo is a traditional Bahamian street parade of music, dance, and art held in Nassau every Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate Emancipation Day.
Sloop Sailing Regatta - Is sailing using traditional Bahamian fishing boats for competition. It is presently being considered for National Sport of The Bahamas.
Folklore
Obeah - Obeah is rarely practiced in the Bahamas, mainly within outer more rural islands and settlements.[15] The practice of Obeah is, however, illegal and punishable by law.[16]
Obeah is a common topic of conversation and pop-culture in the Bahamas:
- Various local songwriters reference Obeah in their music.
- If a person meets some kind of misfortune it is often jokingly blamed on "sperrits" or the devil.
- When a man is deeply in love with a woman, local Bahamians tease him saying his lover gave him "Coo-Coo Soup," a love-potion like soup.
Sperrits- A Bahamian take on spirits. Much akin to the spirits of Obeah and Voodoo. They are said to reside in graveyards at night and wander the bushes of the islands. They can be good or evil in nature and are blamed for both inconveniences and strokes of luck. Obeah-men are said to be able to both call upon and control sperrits.
Shigidi- is a spirit from among the Yoruba Orisha that controls nightmares and is the patron Orisha of Assassins. A book written by Alfred Burdon Ellis published in 1894 called The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa: Their Religion, Manners, Customs. He mentions that the Superstition of Shigidi still lingers among the negroes of The Bahamas of Yoruba descent, who talks of being hagged (cursed) and believe that nightmare is caused by a demon that crouches upon the breast of the sleeper.[17]
Major accomplishments
Bert Williams the first successful Bahamian actor on Broadway and comedian in The United States. Opening the doors for future generations of black entertainers to find success in the American entertainment industry.[19]
Sidney Poitier became the first black man and Afro-Bahamian person to win an Academy Award for lead actor in The US.[20]
Shaunae Miller-Uibo became the first Bahamian to hold two world records in Athletics, 200m straight and the 300m indoor record.[21]
Pauline Davis-Thompson became the first Bahamian to win an individual Olympic gold medal at the 2000 Olympics following the disqualification of Marion Jones[22]
Tonique Williams-Darling became the first Bahamian to win an Olympic 400m gold in 2004, she also became the first Bahamian woman to win a World Championship Gold in the 400m in 2005.
Troy Kemp became the first Bahamian to win Gold at the World Championships in 1995. He won the High Jump.[23][circular reference]
Mychal Thompson became the first foreign born player to be selected number 1 overall in the NBA draft in 1978.
Notable Bahamians
- Al Roker
- Allan Glaisyer Minns
- Angela Palacious
- Antoan Richardson
- Bert Williams
- Bryan Michael Cox
- Buddy Hield
- Chandra Sturrup
- Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie
- DeAndre Ayton
- Esther Rolle
- Hilda Bowen
- Jeffery Gibson
- Johnny Kemp
- Lenny Kravitz
- James Weldon Johnson
- Jonquel Jones
- Joseph Robert Love
- Kimbo Slice
- Lynden Oscar Pindling
- Mychal Thompson
- Tia Mowry-Hardrict
- Tamera Mowry-Housley
- Myles Munroe
- Pauline Davis-Thompson
- Rick Fox
- Roxie Roker
- Savatheda Fynes
- Shaunae Miller-Uibo
- Sidney Poitier
- Steven Gardiner
- Tonique Williams-Darling
- Yves Edwards
- Trina
- Klay Thompson
- Troy Pinder
References and footnotes
- ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Bahamas, The". CIA. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- ^ "Photo by tght fthyt". Photobucket.
- PMID 21989964.
- ^ "Smithsonian folkways" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
- ^ Caribbean and Southern: Transnational Perspectives on the U.S. South edited by Helen A. Regis pg 40
- ^ Canadiana volume 1 pg. 131
- ^ "Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park", Network to Freedom, National Park Service, 2010, accessed 10 April 2013
- ^ Charles Blacker Vignoles, Observations on the Floridas, New York: E. Bliss & E. White, 1823, pp. 135–136
- ^ Howard, Rosalyn. (2006) "The 'Wild Indians' of Andros Island: Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas," Journal of Black Studies. Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 275–298. Abstract on-line at http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/37/2/275.abstract Archived 2015-11-05 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Appendix: "Brigs Encomium and Enterprise", Register of Debates in Congress, Gales & Seaton, 1837, p. 251-253. Note: In trying to retrieve American slaves off the Encomium from colonial officials (who freed them), the US consul in February 1834 was told by the Lieutenant Governor that "he was acting in regard to the slaves under an opinion of 1818 by Sir Christopher Robinson and Lord Gifford to the British Secretary of State."
- ^ Gerald Horne, Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation, New York University (NYU) Press, 2012, p. 103
- ^ Horne (2012), Negro Comrades of the Crown, p. 137
- ^ Horne (2012), Negro Comrades of the Crown, pp. 107–108
- ^ Williams, Michael Paul (11 February 2002). "Brig Creole slaves". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, VA. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2005 - Bahamas". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ [1] Archived June 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa: Their Religion, Manners, Customs ... by Alfred Burdon Ellis Page 75
- ^ Items of folk-lore from Bahama Negroes page 36
- ^ "Blackface! - Bert Williams". black-face.com.
- ^ "Sidney Poitier wins Best Actor Oscar for "Lilies of the Field"". History.com. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Shaunae excited about world record performance - The Nassau Guardian". thenassauguardian.com.
- ^ "More comprehensive national presence advocated for Pauline Davis-Thompson - The Nassau Guardian". thenassauguardian.com.
- ^ "IAAF: Troy KEMP - Profile". iaaf.org.