Afro-Caribbean people

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Afro-Caribbeans
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For the Afro-Caribbean community in the United Kingdom, see British African-Caribbean people.

Afro-Caribbean people
Total population
23,394,739
Regions with significant populations
 
Antillean
Spanish
Caribbean Spanish
Papiamento
Religion
Predominantly:
Minority:
  • Others
Related ethnic groups
Sierra Leone Creoles, West Africans

Afro-Caribbean people or African Caribbean are Caribbean people who trace their full or partial ancestry to Africa. The majority of the modern Afro-Caribbean people descend from the Africans (primarily from Central and West Africa) taken as slaves to colonial Caribbean via the trans-Atlantic slave trade between the 15th and 19th centuries to work primarily on various sugar plantations and in domestic households. Other names for the ethnic group include Black Caribbean, Afro or Black West Indian or Afro or Black Antillean. The term Afro-Caribbean was not coined by Caribbean people themselves but was first used by European Americans in the late 1960s.[7]

People of Afro-Caribbean descent today are largely of

Amerindian
descent, as there has been extensive intermarriage and unions among the peoples of the Caribbean over the centuries.

Although most Afro-Caribbean people today continue to reside in

creole languages, such as Haitian Creole, Jamaican Patois, Sranantongo, Saint Lucian Creole or Papiamento
.

Both the home and diaspora populations have produced a number of individuals who have had a notable influence on modern African, Caribbean and Western societies; they include political activists such as Marcus Garvey and C. L. R. James; writers and theorists such as Aimé Césaire and Frantz Fanon; US military leader and statesman Colin Powell; athletes such as Usain Bolt, Tim Duncan and David Ortiz; and musicians Bob Marley, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna.

History

Main article: Afro-Caribbean history

16th–18th centuries

During the post-Columbian era, the archipelagos and islands of the

infectious diseases, harsh conditions, and warfare brought by European colonists. By the mid-16th century, the slave trade from West Africa to the Caribbean was so profitable that Francis Drake and John Hawkins were prepared to engage in piracy as well as break Spanish colonial laws, in order to forcibly transport approximately 1500 enslaved people from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic).[8]

During the 17th and 18th centuries, European colonial development in the Caribbean became increasingly reliant on plantation slavery to cultivate and process the lucrative commodity crop of

Jean Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian Revolution that gained the independence of Haiti in 1804, the first Afro-Caribbean republic in the Western Hemisphere
.

19th–20th centuries

In 1804, Haiti, with its overwhelmingly African population and leadership, became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state. During the 19th century, continuous waves of rebellion, such as the

Sam Sharpe in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region by various colonial powers. Great Britain abolished slavery in its holdings in 1834. Cuba
was the last island to be emancipated, when Spain abolished slavery in its colonies.

During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people, who were a majority in many Caribbean societies, began to assert their cultural, economic, and political rights with more vigor on the world stage.

UNIA movement in New York City and the U.S.[10] Afro-Caribbeans were influential in the Harlem Renaissance as artists and writers. Aimé Césaire developed a négritude
movement.

In the 1960s, the West Indian territories were given their political independence from

hip-hop movement of the 1980s. African-Caribbean individuals also contributed to cultural developments in Europe, as evidenced by influential theorists such as Frantz Fanon[11] and Stuart Hall.[12]

Notable people

Politics

Science and philosophy

Arts and culture

Sports

Main groups

Culture

Main page: Category:Afro-Caribbean culture

See also

References

  1. ^ Results   Archived 12 February 2020 at archive.today American Fact Finder (US Census Bureau)
  2. ^ INSEE. "Populations légales 2017 des départements et collectivités d'outre-mer" (in French). Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Archived copy". www.miamiherald.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ 2011 Census UK Government Web Archive
  5. ^ "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report" (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  6. ^ "Archived copy". www.stats.gov.vc. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States Congress House (1970). "Hearings". pp. 64–69.
  8. ^ Some Historical Account of Guinea: With an Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave Trade, p. 48, at Google Books
  9. ISBN 978-0-465-00071-5
    .
  10. ^ Martin, Tony. Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
  11. ^ Nigel C. Gibson, Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination (2003: Oxford, Polity Press)
  12. ^ Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "The Formation of a Diasporic Intellectual: An interview with Stuart Hall," collected in David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (eds), Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge, 1996.
  13. ^ "The Hon. Wendy Phipps". Ministry of Finance [St Kitts and Nevis]. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

External links

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