Agricultural machinery

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From left to right: John Deere 7800 tractor with Houle slurry trailer, Case IH combine harvester, New Holland FX 25 forage harvester with corn head.
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Agricultural machinery relates to the

mechanical structures and devices used in farming or other agriculture. There are many types of such equipment, from hand tools and power tools to tractors and the countless kinds of farm implements that they tow or operate. Diverse arrays of equipment are used in both organic and nonorganic farming. Especially since the advent of mechanised agriculture, agricultural machinery is an indispensable part of how the world is fed. Agricultural machinery can be regarded as part of wider agricultural automation technologies, which includes the more advanced digital equipment and robotics.[1] While agricultural robots have the potential to automate the three key steps involved in any agricultural operation (diagnosis, decision-making and performing), conventional motorized machinery is used principally to automate only the performing step where diagnosis and decision-making are conducted by humans based on observations and experience.[1]

History

The Industrial Revolution

With the coming of the

harvesting grain by hand with a sharp blade, wheeled machines cut a continuous swath. Instead of threshing the grain by beating it with sticks, threshing machines separated the seeds from the heads and stalks. The first tractors appeared in the late 19th century.[3]

Steam power

A German combine harvester by Claas

gear ratios, they could provide a large drawbar
pull. The slow speed of steam-powered machines led farmers to comment that tractors had two speeds: "slow, and damn slow".

Internal combustion engines

The internal combustion engine; first the petrol engine, and later diesel engines; became the main source of power for the next generation of tractors. These engines also contributed to the development of the self-propelled combine harvester and thresher, or the combine harvester (also shortened to 'combine'). Instead of cutting the grain stalks and transporting them to a stationary threshing machine, these combines cut, threshed, and separated the grain while moving continuously throughout the field.

Agricultural machinery types

Tractors

chisels
used to gain the depth needed to retain moisture.

Combines

A John Deere cotton harvester at work in a cotton field

sunflowers and rapeseed.[4]

Planters

The most common type of seeder is called a

drills, which put out much more seed in rows less than a foot apart, blanketing the field with crops. Transplanters automate the task of transplanting seedlings to the field. With the widespread use of plastic mulch, plastic mulch layers, transplanters, and seeders lay down long rows of plastic
, and plant through them automatically.

crop sprayer by Lite-Trac

Sprayers

After planting, other agricultural machinery such as self-propelled sprayers can be used to apply fertilizer and pesticides. Agriculture sprayer application is a method to protect crops from weeds by using herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Spraying or planting a cover crop are ways to mix weed growth.[5]

Balers and other agriculture implements

Farmer on a hay harvester in Switzerland

Planting crop hay balers can be used to tightly package grass or alfalfa into a storable form for the winter months. Modern irrigation relies on machinery. Engines, pumps and other specialized gear provide water quickly and in high volumes to large areas of land. Similar types of equipment such as agriculture sprayers can be used to deliver fertilizers and pesticides.

Besides the tractor, other vehicles have been adapted for use in farming, including trucks, airplanes, and helicopters, such as for transporting crops and making equipment mobile, to aerial spraying and livestock herd management.

New technology and the future

Main articles:
GPS locators and self-steer programs allow the most advanced tractors and implements to be more precise and less wasteful in the use of fuel, seed, or fertilizer. In the foreseeable future, there may be mass production of driverless tractors, which use GPS maps
and electronic sensors.

Agricultural automation

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines agricultural automation as the use of machinery and equipment in agricultural operations to improve their diagnosis, decision-making or performing, reducing the drudgery of agricultural work and/or improving the timeliness, and potentially the precision, of agricultural operations.[1][6]

The technological evolution in agriculture can be summarized by a progressive move from manual tools to animal traction, to motorized mechanization, to digital equipment and finally, to robotics with artificial intelligence (AI). Motorized mechanization using engine power automates the performing of agricultural operations such as ploughing, seeding, fertilizing, milking, feeding and irrigating.[7] With digital automation technologies, it also becomes possible to automate diagnosis and decision-making. For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, and drones can collect information to help automate input application.[1][6] Tractors, instead, can be transformed into automated vehicles that can sow fields independently.[1]

Open source agricultural equipment

A self-propelled Apache Sprayer by Equipment Technologies

Many farmers are upset by their inability to fix the new types of high-tech farm equipment.

DMCA to allow inspection and modification of the software in cars and other vehicles including agricultural machinery.[10]

The Open Source Agriculture movement counts different initiatives and organizations such as Farm Labs which is a network in Europe,[11] l'Atelier Paysan which is a cooperative to teach farmers in France how to build and repair their tools,[12][13] and Ekylibre which is an open-source company to provide farmers in France with open source software (SaaS) to manage farming operations.[13][14] In the United States, the MIT Media Lab's Open Agriculture Initiative seeks to foster "the creation of an open-source ecosystem of technologies that enable and promote transparency, networked experimentation, education, and hyper-local production".[15] It develops the Personal Food Computer, an educational project to create a "controlled environment agriculture technology platform that uses robotic systems to control and monitor climate, energy, and plant growth inside of a specialized growing chamber". It includes the development of Open Phenom,[16] an open source library with open data sets for climate recipes which link the phenotype response of plants (taste, nutrition) to environmental variables, biological, genetic and resource-related necessary for cultivation (input).[17] Plants with the same genetics can naturally vary in color, size, texture, growth rate, yield, flavor, and nutrient density according to the environmental conditions in which they are produced.

Manufacturers

Active

Former

See also

Sources

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 – Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems​, FAO, FAO.

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-92-5-136043-9
    .
  2. ^ Agricultural engineering Britannica Online. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  3. ^ Tractor (vehicle) Britannica Online. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  4. ISBN 9781482282375
    .
  5. ^ "How to Manage Prevent Plant Weeds". Successful Farming. 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-92-5-137005-6
    .
  7. ^ Santos Valle, S. & Kienzle, J. (2020). Agriculture 4.0 – Agricultural robotics and automated equipment for sustainable crop production. Integrated Crop Management No. 24. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "New High-Tech Farm Equipment Is a Nightmare for Farmers". Wired. 2015-02-05.
  9. ^ "We Can't Let John Deere Destroy the Very Idea of Ownership". Wired. 2015-04-21.
  10. ^ Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies http://copyright.gov/1201/2015/fedreg-publicinspectionFR.pdf
  11. ^ farmlabs.org. "This is the Beginning of a network of open laboratories for agricultural research and experimentation". farmlabs.org. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  12. ^ Gaillard, Chris. "L'Atelier Paysan". L’Atelier Paysan (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  13. ^
    ISSN 0248-6016
    .
  14. ^ "Ekylibre". ekylibre.com. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  15. ^ "Group Overview ‹ Open Agriculture (OpenAg)". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  16. ^ "Project Overview ‹ Open Phenome Project". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
  17. ^ "recipe:start [OpenAg]". wiki.openag.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2019-07-20.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agricultural machines.
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