Ahvaz
Ahvaz
Persian: اهواز | |
---|---|
City | |
From top: The white bridge, black bridge, Ahvaz at night, the triangle building of Shahid Chamran University, the shrine of Ali ibn Mahziar, Karun river, and the 8th bridge (Ghadir-bridge). | |
UTC+3:30 (IRST) | |
Postal code | 61xxx |
Area code | (+98) 61 |
Climate | BWh |
Website | www |
Ahvaz (Persian: اهواز, romanized: Ahvâz [ʔæhˈvɒːz] ⓘ), or Ahwaz, is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[4] It is home to Persians, Arabs, Bakhtiaris, Dezfulis, Shushtaris, and others.[5] Languages spoken in the area include Persian, Arabic, Luri and dialects such as Bakhtiari, Dezfuli and Shushtari.[6]
Ahvaz is home to over 1.2 million people within its metropolitan area, including
The river
Etymology
The word Ahvaz is a Persianized form of the Arabic "Ahwaz," which, in turn, is derived from an older Persian word. The Dehkhoda Dictionary specifically defines the "Suq-al-Ahvaz" as "Market of the Khuzis", where "Suq" is the Elamite word for market, and "Ahvaz" is a broken plural (اسم جمع) of the form "af'āl" (افعال) of the word "Huz" or "هوز", which itself comes from the Persian Huz, from Achaemenid inscriptions where the term first appears. Thus, "Ahvaz" in Persian means "the Huz-i people", which refers to the Khuzi original inhabitants of Khūzestān.
The name of the region appears in medieval Syriac sources as ܒܝܬ ܗܘܙܝܐ Beṯ Huzáyé, literally meaning "land of the Huzis".[12]
The term "Huz", meanwhile, is the
History
Ancient history
Ahvaz is the analog of "Avaz" and "Avaja" which appear in the Achaemenid emperor Darius's epigraph. This word also appears in the Naqsh-Rostam inscription as "Khaja" or "Khooja".
First named Ōhrmazd-Ardašēr (Persian: هرمزداردشیر Hormozd ardeshir),
The city had two sections; the nobles of the city lived in one part while the other was inhabited by merchants.[15] When Arabs invaded the area in 640, the part of the city home to the nobility was demolished but the Hūj-ī-stānwāčār "Market of Khūz State", the merchant area, remained intact. The city was therefore renamed Sūq al-Ahwāz, "Market of the Khuz", a semi-literal translation of the Persian name of this quarter - Ahwāz being the Arabic broken plural of Hûz, taken from the ancient Persian term for the native Elamite peoples, Hūja (remaining in medieval khūzīg "of the Khuzh" and modern Khuzestān "Khuz State", as noted by Dehkhoda dictionary).
Medieval history
During the
Ahvaz was devastated in the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently declined into a village. The dam and irrigation channels, no longer maintained, eroded and finally collapsed early in the 19th century. During this time Ahvaz was primarily inhabited by the original Khuzhis and a small number of Sabians. Although most Arab migrants fled the city, a few stayed. Some minor cultivation continued, while all evidence of sugarcane plantations is still going on in the Haft Teppe area north of Ahvaz, although ruins of sugarcane mills from the medieval era remained in existence.[16] Several ruins of water mills also still remain in Shush and Shushtar.
Modern history
The seat of the province has, for most of its history, been in its northern reaches, first at
In the 19th century, "Ahwaz was no more than a small borough inhabited mainly by Sabeans (1,500 to 2,000 inhabitants according to Ainsworth in 1835; 700 according to Curzon in 1890)."[17]
In the 1880s, under
Oil was found near Ahvaz in the early 20th century, and the city once again grew and prospered as a result of this newfound wealth. From 1897 to 1925, the city of Ahwaz was in the hands of
Iraq attempted to annex Khūzestān and Ahvaz in 1980, resulting in the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Ahwaz was close to the front lines and suffered badly during the war.
Iraq had pressed its claims to Khūzestān. Iraq had hoped to exacerbate ethnic tensions and win over popular support for the invaders. Most accounts say that the
In 1989, the Foolad Ahwaz steel facility was built close to the town. This company is best known for its company-sponsored
In 2005 the city witnessed a series of bomb explosions. Many government sources relate these events to developments in Iraq, accusing foreign governments of organizing and funding Arab separatist groups. The Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz claimed credit for several of the bombings, including four bombs on 12 June 2005, that killed 8 people.[19]
Gunmen killed at least 29 people in an attack on a crowd watching a military parade on 22 September 2018.[20]
Bridges
There are 9 bridges over the Karun river.[citation needed]
Pol-e Siah (Black Bridge)
Black Bridge, also known as Victory Bridge, is the first bridge over of Ahvaz. The bridge was used in WWII to supply Allies in Soviet Union and it had a vast impact in Allies victory.[21]
White Bridge
White Bridge (Persian: پل سفید), is an arch bridge completed on the 21st of September 1936 and inaugurated on the 6th of November 1936. The bridge remains a symbol of the city still today.
The other 7 bridges are:
Third bridge, Naderi bridge, Fifth bridge, Sixth bridge, Seventh bridge (also named Dialogue among civilizations bridge), Cable bridge, and Ninth bridge.
Location and roads
Ahvaz is located 100 km north-east of Abadan and is accessible via following routes in addition of a single runway airport:
- Tehran-Khorramshahr national railway
- Ahvaz-Abadan expressway (145 km)
- Ahvaz-Andimeshk (152 km) expressway
- Bandar Imam Khomeinifreeway (175 km).
Ahvaz, being the largest city in the province, consists of two distinctive districts: the newer part of Ahvaz which is the administrative and industrial center, which is built on the right bank of the Karun river while residential areas are found in the old section of the city, on the left bank.
Climate
Ahwaz has a subtropical
Climate data for Ahvaz (normals 1991-2020, extremes 1951-2023) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.4 (110.1) |
48.8 (119.8) |
53.7 (128.7) |
54.0 (129.2) |
51.6 (124.9) |
50.0 (122.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
54.0 (129.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
32.9 (91.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
45.1 (113.2) |
46.7 (116.1) |
46.6 (115.9) |
42.9 (109.2) |
36.3 (97.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
33.5 (92.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.6 (101.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
19.3 (66.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.9 (1.81) |
23.1 (0.91) |
29.2 (1.15) |
16.7 (0.66) |
3.0 (0.12) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
9.4 (0.37) |
40.6 (1.60) |
50.7 (2.00) |
218.9 (8.63) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.7 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 24.3 |
Average afternoon relative humidity (%)
|
72 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 27 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 39 | 56 | 71 | 43 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.0 (48.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.3 (48.7) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185 | 198 | 236 | 245 | 295 | 343 | 345 | 344 | 309 | 269 | 210 | 182 | 3,161 |
Source 1: NOAA NCEI[24]
| |||||||||||||
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[25], Tutiempo (September-December record high)[26][27] |
Climate data for Ahvaz (1951–2010, records 1951-2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
31.5 (88.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.4 (110.1) |
48.8 (119.8) |
53.7 (128.7) |
54.0 (129.2) |
51.6 (124.9) |
49.5 (121.1) |
45.0 (113.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
29.7 (85.5) |
54.0 (129.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
39.3 (102.7) |
44.6 (112.3) |
47.0 (116.6) |
46.3 (115.3) |
42.5 (108.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
33.0 (91.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48.2 (1.90) |
26.9 (1.06) |
26.4 (1.04) |
16.1 (0.63) |
4.4 (0.17) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.01) |
6.4 (0.25) |
31.4 (1.24) |
48.7 (1.92) |
209.2 (8.24) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 24.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
71 | 61 | 51 | 41 | 28 | 22 | 24 | 28 | 29 | 38 | 53 | 69 | 43 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.5 (52.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.5 (49.2) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 174.7 | 193.2 | 214.1 | 233.8 | 284.4 | 326.2 | 336.1 | 331.2 | 301.8 | 263.5 | 209.5 | 176.4 | 3,044.9 |
Source 1: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[25] (temperatures),[28]
(precipitation),[29] (humidity),[30] (days with precipitation),[31] (sunshine)[32][33] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: IRIMO(Dew point 1957-2010)[34] |
People
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1986 | 579,826 | — |
1991 | 724,653 | +4.56% |
1996 | 804,980 | +2.12% |
2006 | 969,843[36] | +1.88% |
2011 | 1,112,021 | +2.77% |
2016 | 1,184,788 | +1.28% |
source:[35] |
According to the 2016 census, the city had an estimated population of 1.1 million people.[37]
Languages
Based on a survey taken by the Iranian ministry of culture in 2010, the most common languages in Ahvaz are
Pollution
In 2011, the World Health Organization ranked Ahvaz as the world's most air-polluted city.[45] The reason Ahvaz is so polluted is because of its oil industry. The pollution can be very dangerous, causing different types of diseases, and can be harmful to plants.[46]
Transportation
Airport
Railway
- Ahwaz is accessible via freeways from Isfahan and Shiraz, and roadways to Tehran.
- A metro urban railway system is being built by the Ahvaz urban railway. The system is planned to have a total of four lines. Line 1 will be a 23 km underground line with 24 stations.[48]
Sport
Traditionally, Khuzestan province has been a major soccer hub in Iran. The city has two existing sport complexes:
Football
Foolad have won the league on two occasions, the 2013–2014 season and the 2004–2005 season. Esteghlal Ahvaz finished runners–up in the league in the 2006–2007 season. In 2016, Esteghlal Khuzestan won the league for the first time.
A number of other teams such as
Futsal
Ahvaz has also two teams in the Iranian Futsal Super League, which are Sherkat Melli Haffari Iran FSC and Gaz Khozestan FSC.
Colleges and universities
Ahvaz is also known for its universities as well as its role in commerce and industry. Ahvaz institutes of higher learning include:
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Petroleum University of Technology
- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
- Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch
- Islamic Azad University - Science & Research Branch, Khuzestan
- Institute for Higher Education ACECR Khouzestan
- Payame Noor University of Ahvaz
- Amiralmoemenin University
- Rahnama Institute of Higher Education
Notable people
- Ahmad Mahmoud (1931–2002), Persian novelist
- Ali Sajadi Hoseini (1953–1994), filmmaker
- Ali Shamkhani (born 1955), Iranian Minister of Defense (1997–2005)
- Amir Taheri (born 1942), Iranian conservative author
- Ezzat Negahban (1926–2009), patriarch of modern Iranian archaeology
- Hamed Haddadi (born 1985), NBA basketball player
- Hamid Dabashi (born 1951), intellectual historian, cultural and literary critic
- Hamid Zangeneh, economist, author, and activist
- Hossein Kaebi (born 1982), national football player
- Hossein Karimi (born 1992), bodybuilder
- Jabbar Choheili (1923–2014), Mandaean priest
- Jalal Kameli Mofrad, national football player
- Manuchehr Shahrokhi, Professor of Finance, California State University; Editor, Global Finance Journal; Executive Director, Global Finance Association-Conference
- Meamar (born 1956), Iranian artist
- Mehdi Yarrahi (born 1981), Iranian Musician
- Mehrangiz Kar (born 1944), human rights activist
- Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri, former Wali-Faqih representative in Khuzestan, former Ahwaz Friday Imam
- Mohammad Hossein Adeli (born 1953), Iranian economist and diplomat
- Mohammad-Reza Eskandari (born 1960), Iran's former Minister of Agriculture
- Muhammad ibn Falah, theologian
- Najah Choheili, Mandaean priest
- Parviz Abnar (born 1958), Iranian Sound recordist
- Patrick Monahan (born 1976), Irish Iranian comedian
- Saleh Hosseini, Translator, Critic, Professor of English Literature
- Siavash Ghomayshi (born 1945), Musician, Singer and Songwriter
- Sousan S. Altaie, PhD Scientific Policy Advisor, OIVD CDRH, FDA
Gallery
-
Rumistatue
-
The 8th Bridge (Qadir)
-
The White Bridge
-
White Bridge over Karun river
See also
- Ahvaz Field
- Choqa Zanbil
- Elam
- Gundeshapur
- History of Iran
- Khūzestān Province
- Mandaeism, Mandaic language
- Politics of Khūzestān
- Susa
- Takhti Stadium (Ahvaz)
- Rahian-e Noor
- Al-Ahvaz TV
References
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- ^ Ibid, p.690
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- NOAA. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ a b *"Highest record temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
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- ^ *"Average Maximum temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)- "Average Mean Daily temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- "Average Minimum temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
- ^ "Monthly Total Precipitation in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
- ^
"Average relative humidity in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^
"No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^
"Monthly total sunshine hours in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "40811: Ahwaz (Iran)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ فهرست نویسی پیش از انتشار کتابخانه ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران * شماره کتاب شناسه ملّی:۲۸۹۰۶۹۰ *عنوان و نام پدیدآورنده:طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخصهای فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخصهای غیرثبتی){گزارش}:گزارشهای پیشرفت طرحها وکلان شهرها/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس *بهاء:۱۰۰۰۰۰ ریال-شابک:۷-۶۸-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-مؤسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۹۵ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی)*یادداشت:عنوان دیگر:طرح و بررسی و سنجش شاخصهای فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخصهای غیرثبتی) سال ۱۳۸۹ *توصیفگر:شاخصهای غیرثبتی+شاخصهای فرهنگی+گزارشهای پیشرفت طرحها و کلانشهرها *توصیفگر:ایران ۳۸۶۲۸۹ *تهران۱۹۹۰۶۶ /مشهد۲۹۲۳۴۱ /اصفهان ۱۷۰۰۱۷/تبریز۱۸۴۸۱/کرج ۲۷۸۲۵۲/شیراز۲۵۱۷۰۳/اهواز۱۷۶۴۰۳/قم۲۷۰۸۷۷ *شناسنامه افزوده:واعظی، منصور، ۱۳۳۳–۷۳۵۰۶۸ *شناسنامه افزوده:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس /شورای فرهنگ عمومی *مرکز پخش:خیابان ولیعصر، زرتشت غربی، خیابان کامبیز، بخش طباطبایی رفیعی، پلاک۱۸، تلفن:۷–۸۸۹۷۸۴۱۵ *لیتوگرافی، چاپ و صحافی:سازمان چاپ و انتشارات اوقاف
- ^ Iranian Arabs parsine.com Retrieved 24 June 2018
- ^ Khuzestani Arabs aparat.com Retrieved 24 June 2018
- ^ Khuzestani Arabic isna.ir Retrieved 24 June 2018
- ^ Bakhtiari tribes kojaro.com
- ^ Bakhtiari Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine aparat.com
- ^ Arab Kamari/Arab-Bakhtiari Archived 2018-07-24 at the Wayback Machine rangvarehayeyekrang.ir
- ^ Walsh, Bryan (27 September 2011). "The 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities in the World". Time. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ "Pollution". Ahwaz, Iran. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ^ Changing the name of Ahwaz international Airport to "Martyr Major-General Haj Qasem Soleimani" iribnews.ir Retrieved 27 March 2020
- ^ Ahwaz Urban & Suburban Railway Organization Archived 2018-11-16 at the Wayback Machine (in Persian)
- ^ "Soot - Cancer-Causing Substances - National Cancer Institute". www.cancer.gov. 20 March 2015.
External links
- Foolad Ahvaz Football Club (in Persian)