Ailuridae
Ailuridae Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Red panda (Ailurus fulgens) | |
Skull and life restoration of Simocyon | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Superfamily: | Musteloidea |
Family: | Ailuridae Gray, 1843 |
Subfamilies | |
Extant red panda distribution |
Ailuridae is a family in the mammal order Carnivora. The family consists of the red panda (the sole living representative) and its extinct relatives.
Molecular
The most recent molecular-systematic DNA research places the red panda into its own independent family, Ailuridae. Ailuridae are, in turn, part of a trichotomy within the broad superfamily Musteloidea[7] that also includes the Procyonidae (raccoons) and a group that further subdivides into the Mephitidae (skunks) and Mustelidae (weasels); but it is not a bear (Ursidae).[8]
Ailurids appear to have originated during the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene in Europe. The earliest known member, Amphictis, was likely an unspecialised carnivore, based on its dentition. Ailurids subsequently dispersed into Asia and North America. The puma-sized Simocyon found in Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene of Europe, North America and China was likely a hypercarnivore. Like modern red panda it had a "false thumb" to aid in climbing. Members of the subfamily Ailurinae, which includes the modern red panda as well as the extinct genera Pristinailurus and Parailurus, developed a specialised dental morphology with blunted cusps, creating an effective grinding surface to process plant material.[9]
Classification
The relationship of the Ailuridae with other carnivorans is shown in the following
In addition to Ailurus, the family Ailuridae includes seven extinct genera, most of which are assigned to three subfamilies: Amphictinae, Simocyoninae, and Ailurinae.[12][13][14][15][16]
- Family Ailuridae J.E. Gray, 1843
- Subfamily †Amphictinae ?Winge, 1896
- †Amphictis ?Pomel, 1853
- †Amphictis borbonica Viret, 1929
- †Amphictis ambigua (Gervais, 1872)
- †Amphictis milloquensis (Helbing, 1936)
- †Amphictis antiqua (de Blainville, 1842)
- †Amphictis schlosseri Heizmann & Morlo, 1994
- †Amphictis prolongata Morlo, 1996
- †Amphictis wintershofensis Roth, 1994
- †Amphictis cuspida Nagel, 2003
- †Amphictis timucua J.A. Baskin, 2017[17]
- †Amphictis ?Pomel, 1853
- Subfamily †Simocyoninae Dawkins, 1868
- †Actiocyon Stock, 1947
- †Actiocyon parverratis Smith et al., 2016[18]
- †Actiocyon leardi Stock, 1947
- †Alopecocyon Camp & Vanderhoof, 1940
- †Alopecocyon getti Mein, 1958
- †Alopecocyon goeriachensis (Toula, 1884)
- †Protursus Crusafont & Kurtén, 1976
- †Protursus simpsoni Crusafont & Kurtén, 1976
- †Simocyon Wagner, 1858
- †Simocyon primigenius (Roth & Wagner, 1854)
- †Simocyon diaphorus (Kaup, 1832)
- †Simocyon batalleri Viret, 1929
- †Simocyon hungaricus Kadic & Kretzoi, 1927
- †Actiocyon Stock, 1947
- Subfamily Ailurinae J.E. Gray, 1843
- †Magerictis Ginsburg et al., 1997
- †Magerictis imperialensis Ginsburg et al., 1997
- Tribe Pristinailurini Wallace & Lyon, 2022
- †Pristinailurus Wallace & Wang, 2004
- †Pristinailurus bristoli Wallace & Wang, 2004
- †Parailurus Schlosser, 1899
- †Parailurus anglicus (Dawkins, 1888) [Parailurus hungaricus Kormos, 1935]
- †Parailurus tedfordi Wallace & Lyon, 2022
- †Parailurus baikalicus Sotnikova, 2008
- †Pristinailurus Wallace & Wang, 2004
- Tribe Ailurini
- AilurusF. Cuvier, 1825
- Ailurus fulgens - Red panda
- Ailurus fulgens styani Thomas, 1902 – Eastern red panda
- Ailurus fulgens fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 – Western red panda
- Ailurus fulgens - Red panda
- †Magerictis Ginsburg et al., 1997
- Subfamily †Amphictinae ?Winge, 1896
An additional, unnamed taxon called only "Ailurinae indet." was described in 2001 based on an upper molar from Four, a Middle Miocene-age locality near Isère, France.[19]
References
- ^ S2CID 4317414.
- JSTOR 3503840.
- PMID 8415740.
- PMID 8568209.
- PMID 11371595.
- ISBN 978-0-87893-480-5.[page needed]
- ^ Flynn et al., 2001[full citation needed]
- PMID 11083933. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- S2CID 243825496, retrieved 2022-06-29
- PMID 16012099.
- PMID 28472434.
- ISBN 9780231528535.[page needed]
- ^ Peigné, S.; Salesa, M.; Antón, M.; Morales, J. (2005). "Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50: 219–238.
- PMID 16387860.
- S2CID 4432191.
- ISBN 978-0-521-73586-5.
- S2CID 90182619.
- .
- ^ Ginsburg, Leonard; Maridet, Olivier; Mein, Pierre (2001). "Un Ailurinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) dans le Miocène moyen de Four (Isère, France)" [An Ailurinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) in the middle Miocene of Four (Isère, France)]. Geodiversitas (in French). 23 (1): 81–85.
Further reading
- Davis D. Dwight (1964). "The Giant Panda: A Morphological Study of Evolutionary Mechanisms". Zoology Memoirs. 3: 1–339.
- Decker D.M., Wozencraft W.C. (1991). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Recent Procyonid Genera". Journal of Mammalogy. 72 (1): 42–55. JSTOR 1381979.
- Flynn, J.J. and G.D. Wesley Hunt. (2005a). "Carnivora." in The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origin, Timing and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades, by D. Archibold and K. Rose. Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-8022-X
- Flynn John J; et al. (2005b). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): ASS-ASS the impact of increased sampling to on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 1–21. PMID 16012099.
- Flynn, John J. Flynn, Michael A. Nedbal, J.W. Dragoo, and R.L. Honeycutt. (1998) "Whence the Red Panda?" Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Vol. 17, No. 2, November 2000, pp. 190–199. [1]
- Glatston, A.R. (1989). Talk Panda Biology. The Hague. ISBN 90-5103-026-6
- Glatston, A.R. (compiler) (1994). "The Red Panda, Olingos, Coatis, Raccoons, and their Relatives: Status survey and conservation action plan for Procyonids and Ailurids."
- IUCN/SSC Mustelid, Viverrid, and Procyonid Specialist Group. IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland.
- Gregory W.K. (1936). "On the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda) to other Arctoid Carnivores". American Museum Novitates (878): 1–29.
- Hu, J.C. (1990). "Proceedings of studies of the red panda." Chinese Scientific Publishing, Beijing, China [in Chinese].
- Wilson, Don E. and DeeAnn M. Reeder. (2005). Mammal of Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.