al-Juwayni

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al-Juwayni
Al-Burhan
Nihayat al-Matlab fi Dirayat al-Madhhab
OccupationIslamic Scholar, Muslim Jurist, Theologian
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced

Dhia' ul-Dīn 'Abd al-Malik ibn Yūsuf al-Juwaynī al-Shafi'ī (

usul al-fiqh.[9] Highly celebrated as one of the most important and influential thinkers in the Shafi'i school of orthodox Sunni jurisprudence, he was considered as the virtual second founder of the Shafi'i school, after its first founder Imam al-Shafi'i.[10] He was also considered a major figurehead within the Ash'ari school of theology where he was ranked equal to the founder, Imam al-Ash'ari. He was given the honorific titles of Shaykh of Islam, The Glory of Islam, The Absolute Imam of all Imams.[11]

Early life

Al-Juwayni was born on 17 February 1028 in a village on the outskirts of

Muslim scholar known for his gifted intellect in Islamic legal matters. Al-Juwayni was born into a family of legal study. His father, Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni
, was a well-known master of law in the Shafi′i community as well as a Shafi'i teacher and his older brother, Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali al-Juwayni, was a Sufi teacher of Hadith.

Education

Al-Juwayni grew up in Naysabur,[12] an intellectually thriving area drawing scholars to it. Early on, al-Haramayn studied a variety of fundamental religious subjects under his father, Abu Muhammad al-Juwayni. These subjects included the Arabic grammar and its eloquence (balagha), the Quran, the hadith, the fiqh (Islamic law), khilaf (the art of disagreements), and principles of Islamic jurisprudence. He even read and studied all of his father's books, including Sharh al-Muzani, Sharh usul al-Shafi'i, Mukhtasar al-Mukhtasar, al-Tafsir al-Kabir, and al-Tabsirah. He had a solid foundation in Shafi'i law. His father was a well-known Shafi'i scholar, so al-Haramayn had a strong intellectual lineage, and he was well-established in Shafi'i circles in Nishapur because of two factors: his thorough understanding of the Shafi'i legal tradition, to the point where he could offer his ijtihad, and his assumption of his father's role as a house tutor following his death in 439/1047.[13]

Teachers

In addition to his father's studies, under

Marw, al-Qadi Abu ali Husayn b. Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Marw al-Rudhi, and al-Qasim al-Furani. After that, he visited Isfahan, Baghdad, and Hejaz, where he met academics. He made use of the chance to learn both fiqh and usul al-fiqh. In addition to acquiring expertise in the legal sciences, Imam al-Haramayn founded a robust intellectual and pedagogical legacy within the Shafi'i legal tradition.[13]

Fleeing and coming back

Al-Juwayni was left to flee Nishapur by force when the Karramite governor Al-Kundduri passed a verdict to curse Abu Hassan al-Ashari during the weekly Friday prayer gatherings and to imprison any of his adherents. Among those that were forced to secretly flee were Abu Sahl al-Bastami, Al-Furati, Al-Qushayri, and Al-Bayhaqi and many other scholars of the Shafi'is.[11]

As a result Al-Juwayni fled to

Nizamiyya school where he stayed for the next 30 years, training and preparing for the next generation of Shafi'i jurists and Ash'ari theologians.[11] Al-Juwayni spent his life studying and producing influential treatises in Muslim government; it is suspected that most of his works (below) came out of this period after his return from Mecca and Medina.[12]

Students

Al-Juwayni had over 400 students; his most famous students became world famous scholars of their time and they include:[15][16][17][18]

Al-Ghazali was the foremost pupil of Al-Juwayni and who became one of the most influential scholars in the Islamic history.[8][14] Following are some of the famous remarks of al-Juwayni towards al-Ghazali:

Al-Ghazali is a quenching sea in which you can drown in.[19]

You buried me while I am still alive. Can't you wait until I'm dead? (By this al-Juwanyni meant, your books outshine me) [20]

Death

He died of liver disease and was buried at his home after a huge crowd attended his funeral. Unrestrained demonstration of sorrow by four hundred of his over-zealous students lasted for days in Khurasan. Ibn Asakir said: "I believe that the marks of his hard work and striving in Allah's religion shall endure until the rising of the Hour."[21]

Doctrine

Part of a series on
Ash'arism
Rock carved with al-'Aqida al-Murshida by Ibn Tumart
Background
Eminent scholars
3rd AH/9th AD
  • Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari
    (d. 324/936)
  • Ibn Khafif (d. 371/982)
4th AH/10th AD
5th AH/11th AD
6th AH/12th AD
7th AH/13th AD
8th AH/14th AD
9th AH/15th AD
10th AH/16th AD
11th AH/17th AD
12th AH/18th AD
13th AH/19th AD
14th AH/20th AD
Theological works
Institutions
Events
Related groups
Classic
Modern

Al-Juwayni, a

Mutakallim, or scholar engaged in the study of theological principles, spent his life deciphering between what a Muslim ought and ought not to do. He was said to be stubborn and unaccepting of any legal speculation whatsoever. His basic principle was that the law should not be left to speculation on any grounds. Rather, texts hold the answers to any possible legal debate in some capacity or another.[12]

Reception

Ibn Asakir said: "the Glory of Islam, absolute Imam of all imams, main authority in the Law, whose leadership is agreed upon East and West, whose immense merit is the consensus of Arabs and non-Arabs, upon the like of whom none set eyes before or after." Al-Kawthari said: "whose work forms the connecting link between the respective methods of the Salaf and Khalaf."[11]

Al-Bakhirzi made a comparison of Al-Juwanyi's to

Ibn al-Subki said: "Whoever thinks that there is anyone in the Four Schools that comes near his clarity of speech has no knowledge of him."[11]

Works

His well-known works:

Kalam

Fiqh

  • Nihayat al-Matlab fi Dirayat al-Madhhab نهاية المطلب في دراية المذهب (نهاية المطلب في دراية المذهب, "The End of the Quest in the Knowledge of the [Shafi'i] School"), his magnum opus, which Ibn 'Asakir said had no precedent in Islam.
  • Ghiyath al-Umam (غياث الأمم)
  • Mughith al-Khalq (مغيث الخلق)
  • Mukhtasar al-Nihaya

Usul al-Fiqh

  • Al-Burhan
    , considered as one of the four main books in this science.
  • Al-Talkhis
  • Al-Waraqat

The book Fara'id al-Simtayn is sometimes mistakenly thought to be authored by the Sunni Abd'al Malik al-Juwayni. It was in fact authored by another Sunni scholar, Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Himaway al Juwaynim who died in 1322 (722 A.H.)[22]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^
    ISBN 969-407-340-5
  2. ISBN 978-1-85168-663-6
    .
  3. ISBN 978-90-04-23424-6
    .
  4. doi:10.1163/1877-8054_cmri_com_22590
    .
  5. ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4
    . Al-juwayni persian jurist.
  6. ISBN 978-0-19-753861-6
    .
  7. ISBN 978-3-85630-628-1
    .
  8. ^ a b Musharraf, Muhammad Nabeel. The waraqat of Imam Al-Haramayn Al-Juwayni, a classical manual of usulal fiqh.
  9. ISBN 978-0-415-47281-4
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-230-34036-7
    .
  11. ^
    Gibril Fouad Haddad
    (2 May 2015). THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars. Zulfiqar Ayub. pp. 189–190.
  12. ^ a b c d Al-Juwayni, Yusef. A Guide to the Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief. 1 ed. Eissa S. Muhammad. The Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, 2000
  13. ^
    ISBN 9789004467637
    .
  14. ^ a b Messick, Brinkley. "Kissing Hands and Knees: Hegemony and Hierarchy in Shari'a Discourse." Law & Society Review 22, no. 4 (1988): 637-660.
  15. ^ Ibn Khallikan (1999). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 2. Translated by William McGuckin de Slane. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 170.
  16. ISBN 978-0-202-36697-5
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0
    .
  18. Brill
    . p. 665.
  19. ^ Tabaqat al-Shafi'i al-Kubra, Taj al-Din al-Subki, Volume 6, Page 195
  20. ^ Imam Dhahabi's Siyar alam Nubala, Volume 19, Page 335
  21. ^ "IMAM AL-HARAMAYN IBN AL-JUWAYNI (419 - 478) By Dr. G.F. Haddad". damas-original.nur.nu.
  22. ^ Mu`ajam al-Mu`alafeen Vol.1 Page 89

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