al-Ma'arri
Abu al-'Ala' al-Ma'arri | |
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Medieval era
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Region | Middle Eastern philosophy
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School | |
Main interests | Poetry, skepticism, ethics, antinatalism |
Notable ideas | Veganism |
Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī (
Born in the city of al-Ma'arra (present-day
Described as a "
Life
Abu al-'Ala' was born in December 973 in al-Ma'arra (present-day
He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to smallpox. Later in his life he regarded himself as "a double prisoner", which referred to both this blindness and the general isolation that he felt during his life.[3][12]
He started his career as a poet at an early age, at about 11 or 12 years old. He was educated at first in Ma'arra and Aleppo, later also in Antioch and other Syrian cities. Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of Ibn Khalawayh.[11][12] This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE, when al-Ma'arri was still a child.[13] Al-Ma'arri nevertheless laments the loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his Risālat al-Ghufrān.[14] Al-Qifti reports that when on his way to Tripoli, al-Ma'arri visited a Christian monastery near Latakia where he listened to debates about Hellenistic philosophy, which planted in him the seeds of his later scepticism and irreligiosity; but other historians such as Ibn al-Adim deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine.[14]
In 1004–05 al-Ma'arri learned that his father had died and, in reaction, wrote an elegy where he praised his father.[14] Years later he would travel to Baghdad where he became well received in the literary salons of the time, though he was a controversial figure.[14] After the eighteen months in Baghdad, al-Ma'arri returned home for unknown reasons. He may have returned because his mother was ill, or he may have run out of money in Baghdad, as he refused to sell his works.[2] He returned to his native town of Ma'arra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival.[8]
He remained in Ma'arra for the rest of his life, where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle, refusing to sell his poems, living in seclusion and observing a strict moral vegetarian diet.[15] His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town.[14] In that incident, al-Ma'arri went to Aleppo to intercede with its Mirdasid emir, Salih ibn Mirdas, to release his brother Abuʿl-Majd and several other Muslim notables from Ma'arra who were held responsible for destroying a winehouse whose Christian owner was accused of molesting a Muslim woman.[14] Though he was confined, he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others.[16] He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally, as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad.[2] Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle, in his seventies, he became rich and was the most revered person in his area.[8] Al-Ma'arri never married and died in May 1057 in his home town.[2][12]
Philosophy
Opposition to religion
Al-Ma'arri was a skeptic[3] who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion. This, along with his general negative view on life, has made him described as a pessimistic freethinker. Throughout his philosophical works, one of the recurring themes that he expounded upon at length was the idea that reason holds a privileged position over traditions. In his view, relying on the preconceptions and established norms of society can be limiting and prevent individuals from fully exploring their own capabilities.[12][17] Al-Ma'arri taught that religion was a "fable invented by the ancients", worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses.[18]
Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce.[19]
Al-Ma'arri criticized many of the dogmas of
His
Asceticism
Al-Ma'arri was an ascetic, renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works. He opposed all forms of violence.
Unjust exploitation of animals
In al-Ma'arri's later years he chose to stop consuming meat and all other animal products (i.e., he became a practicing vegan). He wrote:[7]
Do not unjustly eat fish the water has given up, and do not
desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals,
Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for
their young, not for noble ladies.
And do not grieve the unsuspecting birds by taking their eggs;
for injustice is the worst of crimes.
And spare the honey which the bees get industriously
from the flowers of fragrant plants;
For they did not store it that it might belong to others, nor did
they gather it for bounty and gifts.
I washed my hands of all this; and wish that I had perceived
my way before my hair went gray![26]
Antinatalism
Al-Ma'arri's fundamental pessimism is expressed in his antinatalist recommendation that no children should be begotten, so as to spare them the pains of life.[27][28] In an elegy composed by him over the loss of a relative, he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life:
Soften your tread. Methinks the earth's surface is but bodies of the dead,
Walk slowly in the air, so you do not trample on the remains of God's servants.[2]
Al-Ma'arri's self-composed epitaph, on his tomb, states (in regard to life and being born): "This is my father's crime against me, which I myself committed against none."[29]
Modern views
Al-Ma'arri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam, the dominant religion of the
Some have drawn parallels between his work and Lucretius. And, scholars think that Dante's "Divine Comedy" was inspired by both this work and the writings of al-Ma'arri's contemporary, Ibn al-'Arabi. Taha Hussein compared Kafka's work and philosophy to al Ma'ari.[11]
Works
An early collection of his poems appeared as The Tinder Spark (Saqṭ az-Zand; سقط الزند). The collection of poems included praise of people of Aleppo and the Hamdanid ruler Sa'd al-Dawla. It gained popularity and established his reputation as a poet. A few poems in the collection were about armour.[2]
A second, more original collection appeared under the title Unnecessary Necessity (Luzūm mā lam yalzam لزوم ما لا يلزم), or simply Necessities (Luzūmīyāt اللزوميات). The title refers to how al-Ma'arri saw the business of living and alludes to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used.[2]
His third work is a work of prose known as The Epistle of Forgiveness (Risalat al-Ghufran رسالة الغفران). The work was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet Ibn al-Qarih, whom al-Ma'arri mocks for his religious views.[13][32] In this work, the poet visits paradise and meets the Arab poets of the pagan period. This view is shared by Islamic scholars, who often argued that pre-Islamic Arabs are indeed capable of entering paradise.[33]
Because of the aspect of
Paragraphs and Periods (al-Fuṣūl wa al-Ghāyāt) is a collection of homilies. The work has also been called a parody of the Quran.[2]
Al-Ma'arri also composed a significant corpus of verse riddles.[36]
-
Saqt al-Zand
-
Risalat al-Gufran
Editions
- Risalat al-Ghufran, a Divine Comedy. Translated by G. Brackenbury 1943.
- The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume One: A Vision of Heaven and Hell. Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2013.
- The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners. Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2014.
- Those riddles of al-Maʿarrī that are cited in al-Ḥaẓīrī's twelfth-century Kitāb al-Iʿjāz fī l-aḥājī wa-l-alghāz have been edited as Abū l-ʿAlāˀ al-Maʿarrī, Dīwān al-alġāz, riwāyat Abī l-Maʿālī al-Ḥaẓīrī, ed. by Maḥmūd ʿAbdarraḥīm Ṣāliḥ (Riyadh [1990]).
See also
References
- ^ Or more often simply Abulola; see Catalogue of Arabic Books in the British Museum, vol. 1, 1894 (p. 115); Christianus Benedictus Michaelis, Dissertatio philologica de historia linguae Arabicae, 1706 (p. 25); in an English context: Charles Hole, A Brief Biographical Dictionary (p. 3).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "al-Maʿarrī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Tharoor, Kanishk; Maruf, Maryam (8 March 2016). "Museum of Lost Objects: The Unacceptable Poet". BBC News. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
- ^ ISBN 0-415-29796-6
- ^ a b James Hastings, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Part 2, page 190. Kessinger Publishing.
- ^ a b c Ma'arrat al-Nuʿman, The Luzumiyat, stanza 35.
- ^ a b "Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals". Humanistictexts.org (in poem #14). Archived from the original on 5 March 2001.
- ^ a b c d e "Al-Ma'arri – Visionary Free Thinker, The Genius of Disability, The Essay". BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ 1940 أبو العلاء المعري: نسبه وأخباره وشعره ومعتقده، تأليف أحمد تيمور باشا، ص.3، ط
- ^
Miguel Asín Palacios, Islam and the Divine comedy, Routledge, 1968, ISBN 978-0-7146-1995-8, p. 55
- ^ a b c d "The 11th Century poet who pissed off al-Qaeda | All About History". historyanswers.co.uk. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4529-1040-6.
- ^ ISBN 9780814768969.
- ^ a b c d e f Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1 January 1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive.
- ^ D. S. Margoliouth, Abu 'l-ʿAla al-Ma'arri's correspondence on vegetarianism, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, p. 289.
- ^ a b c "Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ "Al Ma'arri". Humanistictexts.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, A Literary History of the Arabs, page 318. Routledge
- ^ Hastings, James (1909). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 190.
- ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 319.
- ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 317.
- ^ Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 323.
- ^ Reynold A. Nicholson Adapted from Studies in Islamic Poetry Cambridge University Press, 1921, Cambridge, England. pp. 1–32
- ISBN 978-0-8052-0898-6.
- ^ The full poem (in Arabic) to be found e.g. on arabic-poetry.com and www.aldiwan.net (direct links to the poem).
- ^ "The Meditations of Al-Maʿarri", Studies in Islamic Poetry (1921) by Reynold A. Nicholson, Verse 197, pages 134-135
- ^ Fisk, Robert (22 December 2013). "Syrian rebels have taken iconoclasm to new depths, with shrines, statues and even a tree destroyed – but to what end?". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- Independent.co.uk. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ^ Blankinship, Kevin (20 September 2015). "An Elegy by al-Ma'arri". Jadaliyya. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ ", 14 February 2013
- Reynold Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry and Mysticism, 1921, p. 134.
- ISBN 9780814768969.
- ^ "The Fate of Non-Muslims: Perspectives on Salvation Outside of Islam". Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ISBN 0-7486-0847-8.
- ISBN 9781472569462.
- ^ Pieter Smoor, 'The Weeping Wax Candle and Ma'arrī's Wisdom-tooth: Night Thoughts and Riddles from the Gāmi' al-awzān', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 138 (1988), 283-312.
Sources
- P. Smoor, "al-Ma'arri" in: H. A. R. Gibb (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 3, Part 1, Brill, 1984, 927–935.
- Islam, a Way of Life by Philip Khuri Hitti
- Medieval Islamic Civilization by Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach
- The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature by A F L Beeston
- A Literary History of the Arabs by Reynold Alleyne Nicholson
- The Cambridge History of Islam by P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis
- New Encyclopedia of Islam by Cyril Glasse, Huston Smith
- A History of Islamic Spain by William Montgomery Watt, Pierre Cachia
- Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period by Tarif Khalidi
- A Literary History of Persia by Edward Granville Browne
- A Call for Heresy by Anouar Majid
- The Production of the Muslim Woman by Lamia Ben Youssef Zayzafoon
External links
- Works by Al-Ma'arri at Project Gutenberg
- Works by Al-Ma'arri at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- The Epistle of Forgiveness: A Vision of Heaven and Hell (Volume One), Abū Al ʿAlāʾ Al Maʿarrī
- Abu 'l-ʿAla al-Ma'arri's correspondence on vegetarianism, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, p. 289, by D. S. Margoliouth
- 37 of al-Ma'arri's poems (in English), posted by Humanistictexts.org
- The Luzumiyat