Magdala
מגדלא | |
Location | Galilee, Israel |
---|---|
Region | Levant |
Coordinates | 32°49′30″N 35°30′56″E / 32.82500°N 35.51556°E |
Magdala (
History
Roman period
Archaeological excavations on behalf of the
Archaeologists discovered an entire first century Jewish town lying just below the surface. The excavation revealed multiple structures and four mikvaot (plural of mikvah or mikveh). In 2021, another synagogue from the same period was discovered at Magdala.[4]
At Magdala, two texts from the first century were discovered. The initial finding is a Greek mosaic inscription embedded in tessera, displaying the word ΚΑΙΣΥ, translated as "(Welcome) also to you!". The second finding is a lead weight with Greek inscriptions from the 23rd year of Agrippa II, referencing two agoranomoi, enabling its dating to either 71/2 or 82/3 CE.[5]
A collapse layer from the Second Temple period supports Josephus's narrative of the Roman destruction of Magdala during the First Jewish–Roman War.[2] Excavations show that after the destruction, during the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, the city moved slightly to the north.[2]
"...it [Magdala] was the most important city on the western bank of the lake, contributing a wagon-load of taxes [...] until Herod Antipas raised up a rival on the lake by building Tiberias." --Gustaf Dalman[6]
Magdala has been described as the "capital of a
Synagogues
The remains of a Roman-period synagogue dated to 50 BCE- 100 CE were discovered in 2009. The walls of the 120-square-metre (1,300 sq ft) main hall were decorated with brightly colored frescoes and inside was a stone block carved with a seven-branched
In December 2021, a second synagogue dating to the Second Temple period was unearthed at Magdala.[4][1] It is the first time two synagogues from this period have been found in a single site. The second synagogue found was not as ornate as the first, and probably served the city's industrial zone.[1]
The city was destroyed by the Romans during the First Jewish-Roman War.[2]
Byzantine, Early Muslim, and Crusader periods
All four
Mamluk period
Under the rule of the
al-Majdal
المجدل Majdal, Magdala | |
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Bonfils . Shrine of Muhammad al-'Ajami in the foreground. | |
Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
Subdistrict | Tiberias |
Date of depopulation | 22 April 1948[13] |
Area | |
• Total | 103 dunams (10.3 ha or 25 acres) |
Population (1945) | |
• Total | 360[16][15] |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
Secondary cause | Influence of nearby town's fall |
Current Localities | Migdal, Israel |
Al-Majdal (
Christian pilgrims wrote of visiting the house and church of Mary Magdalene from the 6th century onward, but little is known about the village in the Mamluk and early Ottoman period, indicating it was likely small or uninhabited.[6][19] In the 19th century, Western travellers generally describing it as a very small and poor Muslim village.[19]
Ottoman era
During his travels through
In his account of an expedition to the
In 1857, Solomon Caesar Malan wrote: "Each house, whether separate or attached to another, consisted of one room only. The walls built of mud and of stones, were about ten or twelve feet high; and perhaps as many or more feet square. The roof which was flat, consisted of trunks of trees placed across from one wall to another, and then covered with small branches, grass and rushes; over which a thick coating of mud and gravel was laid. ... A flight of rude steps against the wall outside leads up to the roof; and thus enables those who will to reach it without entering the house."[28]
There were two shrines in Al-Majdal: the maqam of Sheikh Muhammad al-'Ajami to the north of the village and the maqam of Sheikh Muhammad ar-Raslan (or ar-Ruslan) south of the village, as shown on PEF maps and British maps of the 1940s. The first shrine is mentioned by Victor Guérin in 1863. He writes that he arrived in the village from the north: "At seven twenty minutes I crossed the fifth important stream, called Wadi al-Hammam. Behind him is a wely dedicated to the saint Sidi al-Adjemy. At seven o'clock twenty-five minutes I reach Mejdel, a village which I pass without stopping, having already visited it enough".[29]
In 1881 the
A population list from about 1887 showed el Mejdel to have about 170 inhabitants; all Muslims.[33]
The Jewish agricultural settlement of Migdal was established in 1910–1911 on land purchased by Russian Zionists Jews, 1.5 kilometers (0.93 mi) northwest of the village of Al-Majdal.[34]
British Mandate era
At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Majdal had a population of 210 Muslims,[35] increasing to 284 Muslims living in 62 houses by the 1931 census.[36] The village economy was based on agriculture, vegetables and grain.[14]
In the
1948 War
During the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, after the Arab quarter of Tiberias was taken by Jewish forces and its inhabitants were evacuated, the Arab villages surrounding it were also depopulated, including Al-Majdal.[39] Benny Morris writes that the inhabitants were persuaded by the headmen of [neighbouring Jewish] Migdal and Ginosar' to evacuate their homes; the villagers were paid P£200 for eight rifles, ammunition and a bus they handed over. They were then transported to the Jordanian border by bus.[40] Al-Majdal was subsequently bulldozed by the Israelis in 1948.[41]
Migdal
In 1910–1911, the Jewish village of Migdal was established adjacent to Al-Majdal.[34] After 1948, Migdal expanded to include some of the village land of Al-Majdal.[14]
State of Israel
Visiting in the 1980s and 1990s, Jane Schaberg reports that the site was marked by a sign that says: "This was the birthplace of Mary Magdelene, a city that flourished toward the end of the Second Temple period and one of the cities fortified by Joseph ben Matityahu (Josephus) during the great revolt of the Jews against the Romans."
Etymology
The
Mary Magdalene's surname as transcribed in the gospels is said to be derived from Magdala as her home and place of birth.[18] Alfred Edersheim cites the Talmud as evidence for this naming practice, which describes several Rabbis as 'Magdalene' or residents of Magdala.[18]
Majdal and Majdalani ("of Majdal") are common
Identification
Magdala's reference in Matthew 15: 39 is, in some editions, given as "Magadan"; and in Mark 8:10 it is "Dalmanutha".[49]
In 2014, Joan Taylor argued against the identification of al-Majdal with either Magdala or Tarichaea, and questioned the association with Mary Magdelene.[50]
Matthew's "Magdala" or "Magadan"
The New Testament makes one disputable mention of a place called Magdala. Matthew 15:39 of the King James Version reads, "And he sent away the multitude, and took ship, and came into the coasts of Magdala". However, some Greek manuscripts give the name of the place as "Magadan", and more recent translations (such as the Revised Version) follow this (Matthew 15:39). Although some commentators[51] state confidently that the two refer to the same place, others[52] dismiss the substitution of Magdala for Magadan as simply "to substitute a known for an unknown place".
Mark's "Dalmanutha"
The parallel passage in Mark's gospel (Mark 8:10) gives (in the majority of manuscripts) a quite different place name, Dalmanutha, although a handful of manuscripts give either Magdala or Magadan,[53] presumably by assimilation to the Matthean text—believed in ancient times to be older than that of Mark, though this opinion has now been reversed.
The Talmud's two Magdalas
The Jewish Talmud distinguishes between two Magdalas:[11]
- Magdala Gadar—One Magdala was in the east, on the River Yarmouk near Gadara (in the Middle Ages "Jadar", now Umm Qais), thus acquiring the name Magdala Gadar.
- Magdala Nunayya—There was another, better-known Magdala near Migdal, founded in 1910 and about 6 km (3.7 miles) north-northwest of Tiberias, has expanded into the area of the former village.
Josephus's "Tarichaea"
Some researchers think that Josephus refers to Magdala Nunayya by the Greek name Tarichaea(Ant. 14.20; 20. 159; J.W. 1. 180; 2. 252),[43][45] derived from the Greek Τάριχος or tarichos, meaning 'fish preserved by salting or drying',[54] although the matter remains disputed.[55]
Excavations
At the beginning of the 20th century, R. Lendle, a German architect purchased some land from the Arab villagers to carry out excavations, but no reports were made of the findings.[32] The remains of a church with an apse and a stone inscribed with a cross and the date 1389 were found near Birqat Sitti Miriam (Arabic: "The Pool of Our Lady Mary") on the Franciscan-owned grounds.[12]
Between 1971 and 1977 Magdala was partially excavated by
Other artifacts discovered in the excavations of the 1970s include a needle and lead weights for repairing and holding down fishing nets, and numerous coins. Many of the coins dated to the time of the first Jewish revolt against Rome (66 - 70 CE), four to the 3rd century CE, and in the top layer, one dated to the time of
In 1991, during a period of severe drought, the waters of the Sea of Galilee receded and the remains of a tower with a base made of basalt pillars was revealed about 150 feet (46 m) from the shoreline. Archaeologists believe it served as a lighthouse for fishermen. It has since been submerged by the waters once again.[62]
Excavations begun at Magdala during 2007-8 were called The Magdala Project.
Notes
References
- ^ a b c "Israel: Second Synagogue Found in Hometown of Mary Magdalene". Haaretz. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
- ^ a b c d e Avshalom-Gorni, Dina (11 November 2009). "Migdal: 11/11/2009 Preliminary Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 121.
- ^ Avshalom-Gorni, Dina; Najar, Arfan (6 August 2013). "Volume 125 Year 2013: Migdal". Hadashot Arkheologiyot.
- ^ a b c "2nd-Temple-period synagogue found where Gospel's Mary Magdalene was born". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
- ISBN 978-3-11-071577-4, retrieved 2024-02-05
- ^ a b Schaberg, 2004, pp. 56–57.
- ^ a b c Schaberg, 2004, p. 58
- ^ Flower, Kevin (2009-09-11). "Ancient synagogue found in Israel". CNN.
- ^ Matthew 27:56,61, Matthew 28:1, Mark 16:9, Luke 8:2, John 20:1,18
- ^ [1] Archived August 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Merk, August. "Magdala." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910, 31 Oct. 2009 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09523a.htm>.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pringle, 1998, p. 28
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii. Village No. 92. Also gives causes of depopulation.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Khalidi, 1992, p. 530.
- ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 72
- ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 12
- ^ "al-Majdal". Palestine Remembered. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
- ^ a b c Hastings, 2004, p. 97.
- ^ a b c d e Petersen, 2001, p. 210
- ^ Pococke, 1745, vol 2, p. 71
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 166 Archived 22 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Seetzen, 1810, p.20
- ^ Buckingham, 1821, p.466
- ^ Burckhardt, 1822, p320
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 278
- ^ Lynch, 1849, p. 164
- ^ Taylor, 1855, p. 108
- ^ Malan, 1857, p. 15
- ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 249
- ^ Burton, 1875, p. 245
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP, Vol. I, p.361. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.530
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schaberg, 2004, p. 50
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 185
- ^ a b Herzl Press, 1971, p. 784.
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, p. 39
- ^ Mills, 1932, p.83
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 122
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 172
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 86
- ^ Golani Brigade Logbook, entry for 22 Apr. 1948, IDFA 665\51\\1. See also "Tsuri" to HIS-AD, 23 April 1948, HA 105\257. The action by the headman of Ginosar was apparently ordered by 12th Battalion headquarters (Ben-Zion, Kirchner and Ben-Aryeh, "Summary of meeting with Yitzhak Brochi..... 13 March IDFA 922\75\\943.) Cited in Morris, 2004, pp. 186, 275
- ^ a b c d Schaberg, 2004, pp. 48-49.
- ^ Porter, 2005, p. 91.
- ^ a b Kregel Carta, 1999, p. 21.
- ^ Murphy-O'Connor, 2008, p. 239.
- ^ a b c d Schaberg, 2004, p. 47
- ^ Aviam (n.d.), pp. 2, 5
- ^ a b MacAdam, 1986, p. 124.
- ^ Israel, 1979, p. 203.
- ISBN 0-00-720186-9.
- ^ Taylor, 2014.
- ^ Jones, 1994
- ^ Horton, 1907
- ^ Throckmorton, 1992, p. 96
- ^ Andrea Garza-Díaz, The Archaeological Excavations at Magdala, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 19 April 2018
- ^ "The location of Tarichaea: north or south of Tiberias?".
- ^ H.H. Kitchener, Survey of Galilee, Palestine Exploration Fund, London 1878, pp. 165–166.
- ^ "Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund". London. 5 November 1869 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Matthew 15:39 places "the region of Magdala [...] in the country of the Philistines." See Savage-Smith and van Gelder, 2005, p. 119.
- ^ "BAR Exclusive! Major New Excavation Planned for Mary Magdalene's Hometown". The BAS Library. August 24, 2015.
- ^ Schaberg, 2004, p. 52
- ^ Schaberg, 2004, p. 53
- ^ Schaberg, 2004, p. 54
- ^ Bussolin, Alfonso. "MagdalaProject.org". Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Faculty of Biblical Sciences and Archaeology. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Lena, Anna (2013-12-31). "Magdala 2008 : Preliminary Report". ESI. 2008. 125. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-1-4813-0293-7.
- Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Buckingham, J.S. (1821). Travels in Palestine through the countries of Bashan and Gilead, east of the River Jordan, including a visit to the cities of Geraza and Gamala in the Decapolis. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.
- Burckhardt, J.L. (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. J. Murray.
- Burton, I. (1875). The inner life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land: from my private journal. Vol. 2. C. Kegan Paul.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 978-0-8308-1777-1.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- Hastings, James (2004). A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels: Volume II (Part One -- Labour - Profession). The Minerva Group, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4102-1787-5.
- Herzl Press (1971). Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel. Vol. II. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Israel. Agaf ha-ʻatiḳot ṿeha-muzeʼonim, Ḥevrah la-ḥaḳirat Erets-Yiśraʾel ṿe-ʻatiḳoteha, Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim. Makhon le-arkheʾologyah (1979). Israel exploration journal. Israel Exploration Society.[clarification needed]
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Kregel Carta (1999). The River Jordan: An Illustrated Guide from Bible Days to the Present (Illustrated ed.). Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-2376-5.
- Lynch, W.F. (1849). Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. London: Richard Bentley.
- MacAdam, Henry Innes (1986). Studies in the history of the Roman province of Arabia: the northern sector. Vol. 295–296 (Illustrated ed.). Biblical Archaeology Review.
- Malan, S.C. (1857). Magdala: A Day by the Sea of Galilee. London: J. Masters.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
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- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
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Further reading
- Achtermeier, P. J. (Ed.) (1996). The Harper Collins Bible Dictionary. San Francisco: HarperCollins.
- Callegher, Bruno (2023). Coins and economy in Magdala/Taricheae from Hasmonean Period to Umayyad Rulers. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525501931.
- Horton, R. F. (1907). A devotional commentary on St. Matthew. London: National Council of the Evangelical Free Churches.
- Jones, I. H. (1994). St Matthew. London: Epworth Press.
- Throckmorton, B. H. (1992). Gospel parallels, 5th edn. Nashville TN: Thomas Nelson.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia—Magdala, the two possible locations mentioned in the Talmud Carmelle Grace Cabaron
- Major New Excavation Planned for Mary Magdalene’s Hometown, 2007
- Ancient Magdala in Israel
- Welcome to al-Majdal
- al-Majdal (Tiberias), Zochrot
- Maqam sheikh Muhammad al-'Ajami (Majdal)
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Al-Majdal at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- Al-Majdal, Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
- Al-Majdal