Al-Sinnabra
Sinn en-Nabra | |
P.L.O. Guy, Ruth Amiran, Rafi Greenberg |
Al-Sinnabra or Sinn en-Nabra, is the
The city or village was inhabited in the Hellenistic, Roman-Byzantine, and early Islamic periods. An
For decades, part of the palatial complex of al-Sinnabra was misidentified as a
Name
In Greek (
The
Location
Though described in the writings of early Arab historians, the precise location of al-Sinnabra had long been unknown.
Josef Schwarz, a rabbi who came to reside in Jerusalem in the 19th century, transliterated its name as it appears in the Talmud as Senabrai, and citing Josephus for its location, he noted that "Even at the present day there are found in this vicinity traces of ruins called by the Arabs Sinabri."[26] A map of the area produced by the Palestine Exploration Fund around this time depicted Khirbet Sinn en-Nabrah to the immediate northwest of Khirbet Kerak, today's Kinneret village.[27]
Al-Sinnabra's location is now confirmed to have been off the main
History
Hellenistic period
In Hellenistic times, the city was known as Sennabris.[21] Parts of the city walls from this period have been identified, and it is estimated that the wall (on the south and west of the tel) was at least 1600 meters long. The wall was built of piles of basalt, with bricks at the top and was strengthened by alternating rectangular and rounded towers with spiral staircases.[29][30] Similar towers from this period have been found at Tel Zeror.[30] A portion of the town discovered in the southern part of the mound included a street along which houses were built, one of which had a paved court around which were eleven rooms. Some of the houses facing the lake have survived to the height of the window sills.[31]
Roman-Byzantine period
According to Josephus,
According to the
A large
Early Islamic period
The village gained importance under the rule of the
According to Whitcomb, the qasr is likely the earliest Umayyad complex of this type yet to be discovered.
Later Umayyad caliphs also came to al-Sinnabra.
In 744, an army headed by Sulayman ibn Hisham, an Umayyad prince and general sent by Caliph Yazid III to quell resistance to his rule, reached al-Sinnabra, where the tribes of Urdunn came to pledge their loyalty to the caliph before him.[45]
The site was apparently still in use in the 10th century; in 979 a meeting between
Crusader period
During the
During the Crusader era al-Sinnabra was known as Senbra, and it was a casale under the Abbey of Tabor.[50]
Ayyubid period
The exact date of the village's destruction is unknown, but it is thought that it did not survive beyond the period of
Excavations and identification
In 1946, in the northern quadrant of the tell, a fortified compound consisting of a series of large structures, including a bathhouse adjoined to a large apsidal hall decorated with colorful
Between 1950 and 1953,
Excavations by the
Correct identification
The compound, until 2002 identified as "Roman-Byzantine", was hypothesized to be the palace of al-Sinnabra by
Dating
Whitcomb's thesis was confirmed following research conducted by Taufik De'adle of the
Greenberg said that al-Sinnabra and other sites that are in the process of being similarly re-dated indicate an architectural continuity between the Roman and early Arab empires.[56]
See also
- Cities of the ancient Near East
- Desert castles
- Jerusalem, Temple Mount area: several possibly Umayyad palatial structures south (at the Ophel) and southwest of the Mount
- Umayyad qasr on the Sea of Galilee, Israel
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-391-04205-6.
- H.H. Kitchener, in the 1878 Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, p. 165, describes Sinn en-Nabra: "During the survey of the shores [of the Sea of Galilee] we made one considerable discovery: the site of Sennabris, mentioned by Josephus as the place where Vespasian pitched his camp when marching on the insurgents of Tiberias. The name Sinn en Nabra still exists, and is well known to the natives; it applies to a ruin situated on a spur from the hills that close the southern end of the Sea of Galilee; it formed, therefore, the defence against an invader from the Jordan plain, and blocked the great main road in the valley. Close beside it there is a large artificially-formed plateau, defended by a water-ditch on the south, communicating with Jordan, and by the Sea of Galilee on the north. This is called Kh. el Kerak, and is, I have not the slightest doubt, the remains of Vespasian's camp described by Josephus."
- ^ ISBN 9780802837820.
- ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5.
- Oxford UniversityPress, 1980, p.159
- ^ Midrash HaGadol (Genesis Rabba 98:22)
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah 1:1 (2b)
- ISBN 9783766689931.
- ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1.
- ^ a b Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 241.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Individual Scholarship: 2001-2002 Annual Report - Donald S. Whitcomb". The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. July 30, 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ Al-Arabiya. 16 March 2010. Archived from the originalon 23 March 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Israeli archaeologists identified Caliph Mu'awiya's Lakeside Palace". Tel Aviv University: Division for Press Relations, Spokesperson & Communication Guidelines. March 15, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
- ^ a b c "Tibériade: identification des vestiges d'un palais omeyyade". RTBF.be. March 16, 2010. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ Ronny Reich (1993). "The Bet Yerah Synagogue Reconsidered". Atiqot: 139–144.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ ISBN 978-0-521-84647-9.
- ^ a b c Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 246.
- ^ Agence France Presse (March 16, 2010). "Ruins of 7th century Arab palace identified in Israel". Zimbio. Archived from the originalon October 5, 2012. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Umayyad Qasr". Tel Bet Yerah Research and Excavation Project. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
- ^ "Identifican el palacio de los primeros omeyas en el mar de Galilea". European Press Photo Agency. March 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-931464-87-4.
- ^ a b c Gil, 1997, p. 78, footnote #5.
- ISBN 978-1-60206-406-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-16-148567-1.
- Wars of the Jews(book iii, chapter ix, § 7
- ^ Joseph Schwarz (1850). Issac Leeser (ed.). A descriptive geography and brief historical sketch of Palestine. Oxford University. p. 178.
sennabris village.
- ISBN 978-0-918986-66-5.
- ISBN 9780195112153.
- ^ a b Hestrin, Ruth (1992). E.Stern (ed.). האנצקלופדיה החדשה לחפירות ארכיאולוגיות בארץ ישראל [The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land] (in Hebrew). Vol. I. pp. 175–181.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-10225-5. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
- )
- ISBN 978-3-16-148567-1.
- ^ "Beth Yerah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ISBN 978-0-14-044420-9.
- ^ Chancey, 2005, p. 67.
- ^ J.P. Brown; E.M. Meyers (1994). "Map 69 Damascus-Caesarea" (PDF). p. 1069.
- ISBN 978-1-56563-860-0.
- ^ a b c d e Whitcomb in Schuzman, 2009, p. 245.
- ^ University of London (1966). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 370.
- ^ a b Gil, 1997, p. 78.
- ^ Noted by Yaqut al-Hamawi, see le Strange, 1890, p. 531
- ISBN 978-1-85168-361-1.
- ^ JSTOR 27924483.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-10633-8.
- ^ Gil, 1997, p. 86.
- ^ Gil, 1997, p. 355.
- ISBN 978-0-674-02387-1.
sinnabra.
- ISBN 978-983-9541-55-7.
- ISBN 9789652170859.
- ^ Conder, 1890, p. 31
- ^ Scripta Hierosolymitana, Volume 15. Magnes Press for the Hebrew University (Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim). 1968. p. 31.
- ^ Amihai Mazar. "al-Sinnabra Overview". The Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Excavations. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 3, pp. 132, 1953
- ^ P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 4, pp. 128-129, 1954
- ^ P. Bar-Adon, Beth Yerah (News and Notes), IEJ, vol. 5, pp. 273, 1955
- ^ "Ancient Muslim Ruins Found in Israel ... Again". Fox News. Associated Press. March 17, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
Bibliography
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology (Galilee). Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- .
- Eisenberg, Emanuel et al., Bet Yerah, the Early Bronze Age Mound: v. 1: Excavation Reports 1933-1986, Israel Antiquities Authority, 2006, ISBN 965-406-197-X
- ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.
- Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ISBN 0-306-46262-1.
- Whitcomb, Donald (2009). "From Pastoral Peasantry to Tribal Urbanites: Arab Tribes and the Foundation of the Islamic State in Syria" (PDF). In Jeffrey Szuchman (ed.). Nomads, Tribes and the State in the Ancient Near East. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-885923-61-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
- ISBN 978-0-931464-87-4.
External links
- Tel Bet Yerah 2007, 2009 Preliminary Report
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons