Al Ain

Coordinates: 24°12′27″N 55°44′41″E / 24.20750°N 55.74472°E / 24.20750; 55.74472
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Ain, France.
This article is about the city in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. For the region, see Al Ain Region. For the oasis, see Al Ain Oasis. For other uses, see Al Ain (disambiguation).

Al Ain
Al-ʿAyn (ٱلْعَيْن)
Green Mubazzarah, Sheikha Salama Mosque, the neighbouring desert, the campus of Abu Dhabi University, and Qasr Al Muwaiji
Nickname(s): 
Madīnat Al-Ḥadīqah (مَدِيْنَة ٱلْحَدِيْقَة)[1]
The Garden City[2] (of Abu Dhabi,[3] the UAE[4] or the Gulf)[5][6]
Al Ain is located in United Arab Emirates
Al Ain
Al Ain
Location of Al Ain in the UAE
Al Ain is located in Persian Gulf
Al Ain
Al Ain
Al Ain (Persian Gulf)
Al Ain is located in Middle East
Al Ain
Al Ain
Al Ain (Middle East)
Al Ain is located in West and Central Asia
Al Ain
Al Ain
Al Ain (West and Central Asia)
Coordinates: 24°12′27″N 55°44′41″E / 24.20750°N 55.74472°E / 24.20750; 55.74472
Country United Arab Emirates
Emirate Abu Dhabi
Municipal regionAl-Ain
Subdivisions
  • Al Jimi
  • Al Qattara
  • Al Muawiji
  • Al Mutaredh
  • Al Towayya
  • Al Foah
  • Al Masoudi
  • Al Khrair
  • Al Sarooj
  • Hili
  • Falaj Hazza[7]
  • Zakher
  • Al Maqam
  • Sh'ab Al Ashkher
  • Al Khalidiya
  • Al Shoaibah
  • Al Bateen
  • Al Agabiyya
  • Al Khabisi
  • Al Markhaniya
  • Ne'mah
  • Al Niyadat
  • Al Kuwaitat
  • Al Jahli
  • Al Salamat
  • Al Yahar
  • Mezyad
  • Al Dhahir
  • Um Ghafah
  • Oud Al Tobah
  • Al Hiyar
  • Nahil
  • Sweihan
  • Al Sadd
  • Rimah
  • Al Khazna
  • Al Arad
  • Al Dhahrah
  • Al Manaseer
  • Al Basrah
  • Al Wagan
  • Al Qoua
  • Al Mutraid
  • Al Kharis
  • Al Amarah
  • Al Salamt
Government
 • Type
UTC+4
(UAE Standard Time)
Official nameCultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas)
CriteriaCultural: iii, iv, v
Reference1343
Inscription2011 (35th Session)

Al Ain (

border city on the eastern side of Tawam oasis and the seat of the administrative division, the Al Ain Region, in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The city is bordered to the east by the Omani town of Al-Buraimi in the Al Buraimi Governorate. It is the largest inland city in the Emirates, the fourth-largest city (after Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah), and the second-largest[2] in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The freeways
connecting Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai form a geographic triangle in the country, each city being roughly 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the other two.

Climate and geography

See also: Geography of the United Arab Emirates

Al Ain is known as the "Garden City" (

Arabic: مَدِيْنَة ٱلْحَدِيْقَة, romanized: Madīnat Al-Ḥadīqah, lit. 'City of The Garden')[1] of Abu Dhabi,[3] the UAE[4] or the Gulf,[5][6] due to its greenery, particularly with regard to the city's oases,[2] parks, tree-lined avenues and decorative roundabouts, with there being strict height controls on new buildings, to no more than seven floors,[9] and according to one author, an oasis around Al-Ain and Al-Hasa in Saudi Arabia are the most important in the region of the Gulf.[10]

The city is located approximately 160 kilometres (99 mi) east of the capital Abu Dhabi, and about 120 kilometres (75 mi) south of Dubai.

Western ridge.[20][21] Sand dunes of varying texture that are tinged red with iron oxide lie to the north and east of Al-Ain.[citation needed
]

The city has a

hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), featuring long, extremely hot summers and warm winters. In Al-Ain, the mean annual rainfall is 96 mm (3.8 in) and the average relative humidity is 60% (United Arab Emirates University, 1993). Low humidity in Al-Ain, particularly during the summers, makes it a popular destination for many people at that time of year. Boer (1997) classified the UAE climate as hyper-arid and divided it into four climatic regions: the coastal zone along the Persian Gulf, the mountain areas northeast of UAE, the gravel plains around Al Ain, and the central and southern sand desert. More rainfall and lower temperatures occur in the northeast than in the southern and western regions. The monthly average rainfall around Al-Ain was 100–120 mm (3.9–4.7 in) from the period 1970 to 1992.[citation needed
]

To the south of the city, near Oman, there is the man-made

Mezyad Fort is located.[18][23]

Climate data for Al Ain International Airport (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.8
(89.2) 		36.6
(97.9) 		42.9
(109.2) 		44.4
(111.9) 		49.3
(120.7) 		49.0
(120.2) 		49.2
(120.6) 		48.8
(119.8) 		47.8
(118.0) 		43.1
(109.6) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.0
(95.0) 		49.3
(120.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.7
(76.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		31.3
(88.3) 		36.9
(98.4) 		42.1
(107.8) 		44.6
(112.3) 		44.9
(112.8) 		44.6
(112.3) 		42.0
(107.6) 		37.7
(99.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		26.9
(80.4) 		36.2
(97.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		24.0
(75.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		33.7
(92.7) 		36.0
(96.8) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		30.3
(86.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		28.9
(84.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.2
(86.4) 		30.6
(87.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		22.2
(72.0)
Record low °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		5.9
(42.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		5.6
(42.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 14.7
(0.58) 		4.6
(0.18) 		17.9
(0.70) 		6.1
(0.24) 		0.7
(0.03) 		0.6
(0.02) 		4.9
(0.19) 		1.5
(0.06) 		0.8
(0.03) 		0.5
(0.02) 		2.2
(0.09) 		7.3
(0.29) 		62.0
(2.44)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 3.2 2.0 2.6 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.8 20.0
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		63 55 48 36 30 33 37 35 39 43 53 61 44
Average dew point °C (°F) 10
(50) 		10
(50) 		10
(50) 		10
(50) 		12
(54) 		16
(61) 		18
(64) 		18
(64) 		16
(61) 		15
(59) 		14
(57) 		11
(52) 		13
(56)
Source 1:
NOAA[24]
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 2005 and 2015)[25]

Demographics

See also: Demographics of the United Arab Emirates

With a population of 766,936 (as of 2017),[27] it has the highest proportion of Emirati nationals (30.8%) in the country, though the majority of its residents are expatriates, particularly from the Indian subcontinent. Many people are from Bangladesh and Pakistan, and a few Afghans which is in total 23,000 Afghan approximately in whole U.A.E and majority are from province of Khost.[28]

Economy

See also: Economy of the United Arab Emirates
western ridge of Jebel Hafeet

Al Ain is an important services centre for a wide area extending into Oman. There are three major shopping centres,

souqs for fruit and vegetables and livestock. One such souq exists for camels near an IKEA store and Bawadi Mall on Zayed Bin Sultan Street,[2] the road which leads to Mezyad.[6] Industry is growing, but is still on a small scale, and includes the Coca-Cola bottling plant and the Al Ain Portland Cement Works. The water in Al-Ain is of good quality. Service industries such as car sales, mechanics and other artisans are located in the area known as Sanaiya and Pattan Market. Social and governmental infrastructure include the Higher Colleges of Technology, well-equipped medical facilities including the teaching hospital at Tawam, Al Ain International Airport,[30] and military training areas.[citation needed] Al Ain also has world's largest dates processing and marketing company, Al Foah Company LLC. The place is also famous for Al Ain Dairy Farm
located just outside Al Ain.

History and prehistory

See also:
Umm al-Nar culture

Hafit {

Julfar, both in the direction of the Hajar, are close to the sea ... Tuwwam has been dominated by a branch of the Quraysh
...

—Al-Muqaddasi, 985 CE.[31]

The region of Al-Ain and Al-Buraimi, altogether Tawam[32] or Al-Buraimi Oasis,[7] is of cultural and historical importance.[33] For example, the area witnessed events relevant to the history of Islam during the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid eras, similar to Dibba and Ras Al-Khaimah.[34] It was where Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the founder of the United Arab Emirates, spent much of his life (at least since 1927, before becoming the Ruler of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1966). Though it is often held that he was born in Abu Dhabi,[32][35][36] some hold the view that he was born in Al-Ain.[5][37] Al-Ain may also be the site of the oldest mosque in the country, in the premises of the Sheikh Khalifa Mosque.[38][39]

Part of the historically important

"beehive" tombs for their dead and engaged in hunting and gathering in the area. The oases provided water for early farms until the modern age.[18][42] In the 1950s, Sheikh Zayed discovered the tombs, and brought this to the attention of a Danish team, leading to an excavation at the tombs in 1959. In 1971, Al Ain Museum was built to house items from this area. In the 2000s, the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage lobbied for its recognition as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, and in 2011, Al-Ain became the first World Heritage Site in the UAE to be recognized by UNESCO.[43]

Bronze Age burial sites often re-used materials from earlier burials. For instance, the

Umm Al Nar burials.[44]

An Iron Age dagger, dated to 1,000 BCE, from Qattara oasis, Al Ain. Displayed at the Louvre Abu Dhabi, on loan from Al Ain Museum

Finds at

Indus Valley. A find of particular interest from Qattara is a Bronze Age pendant discovered in the 1970s depicting a double-bodied or entwined pair of horned animals.[45] Made from electrum, an alloy of silver and gold, the motif is found repeated in a number of Bronze Age sites in the UAE. Iron Age finds in and around Al Ain include aflāj (underground water channels) in Bidaa bint Saud, Al-Ain and Al-Buraimi which have been placed several centuries prior to the qanats of the Achaemenid Empire, which had previously been credited with the innovation.[46]

Al Ain was originally within the area of influence of the

Dhahirah before Buraimi. A later wave of settlers, the Na'im, have long had an uneasy relationship with the Dhawahir and the two tribes were frequently in dispute.[47] Numbering 4,500, the Dhawahir consists of three subsections: the Daramikah, who populated Hili, Mutared and Qattara; the Jawabir in Al Ain and the Bani Saad who lived in Jimi. Staying in the villages for the summer date season, in winter the community would move throughout the Trucial States
.

The area of Tawam had come under the rule of the Wajihid Dynasty in the 9th century CE.[33]

A number of interests jostled for influence over the tribes of Buraimi, including the Sultan of Muscat, the Wahhabis (who had made a number of incursions) and the Sheikhs of the Trucial States, particularly the Bani Yas of Abu Dhabi, who acquired large tracts of land, principally from the Dhawahir. This suzerainty over Al Ain was cemented by Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, known as 'Zayed the Great', a strong and charismatic leader who took the Dhawahir's main settlement 'Ain Dhawahir (the original name of Al Ain) when the tribe rebelled against him in 1877. He built a fort, one of a number of fortifications established by the various interests vying for control over the oasis, to underline his dominion over the oasis and established a wali, appointing a member of the Dhawahir as his headman.[48]

Buraimi Dispute, a series of incidents which saw a Saudi armed force enter the oasis. Forces from the Trucial Oman Scouts, as well as the army of Muscat-Oman, arrived to recapture the oasis. With British intervention, the Saudi forces surrendered, leaving the oasis back in the hands of Abu Dhabi and Oman.[7][32]

In 1971,

Queen Elizabeth II visited the Hilton Hotel in the area, during her tour of the Persian Gulf. Following independence in 1971, Al Ain experienced rapid growth and investment as part of the emirate of Abu Dhabi,[49] quickly becoming larger and more successful than Oman's Al-Buraimi. In 1972, Oman and Abu Dhabi agreed on the final borders to divide Buraimi and Al Ain. Until Sheikh Zayed's death in 2004, Al Ain's municipal code forbade construction of buildings over four stories, with the exceptions of the Hilton, Danat Al Ain Resort, and Rotana hotels. Until 2006, Buraimi and Al Ain shared an open border. This border was closed in November 2006, and passport controls were imposed.[citation needed
]

Oases and Aflaj

The falaj irrigation system at Al Ain Oasis

The city's

Arabic: وَاحَات, lit. 'oases') are known for their underground irrigation system (falaj[52] or qanāt) that brings water from boreholes to water farms and palm trees. Falaj irrigation is an ancient system dating back thousands of years, and is used widely in Oman, the UAE, China, Iran and other countries.[53][54] There are seven oases here. The largest is Al Ain Oasis,[55][56][57] near Old Sarooj, and the smallest is Al-Jahili Oasis. The rest are Al Qattara, Al-Muʿtaredh, Al-Jimi, Al-Muwaiji, and Hili.[4]

Examples of aflaj include Falaj Hazza, which is named after Sheikh Zayed's elder brother, Hazza bin Sultan Al Nahyan, and has a district named after it.[7]

Infrastructure

The city is known for its combination of modern and pre-modern buildings. The latter offer an insight into the city's and country's cultural heritage.[52] The city used to have roundabouts in every intersection but recently it has been replaced by traffic signals.

Education

See also: Education in the United Arab Emirates
Campus of Abu Dhabi University in Asharej District

Al-Ain is home to the main federal university in the UAE, the

Abu Dhabi Department of Education and Knowledge
, Abu Dhabi's education authority.

Many of Al-Ain's private schools, catering mainly to the expatriate population, are located in the Al-Manaseer area. They include Al-Ain International school (British curriculum, private school, part of the Aldar group), Al Ain English Speaking School, Al Dhafra Private School, Manor Hall School, Al-Sanawbar School, Liwa International School, Al-Madar International School, Global English School, Emirates Private School, a branch of the International School of Choueifat, and an Institute of Applied Technology campus. Other private schools include the CBSE affiliated school Indian School, Al-Ain, Our Own English High School, Al Adhwa Private School, Brighton College Al Ain and Al Ain Juniors School. A new British International School, Belvedere International School is located in the Al Hili district. In 1977, the Zayed Central Library was established.[60] Al-Khwarizmi International College has started a Campus at Al-Ain and is offering BBA programme and various other licensed, accredited and approved courses.[citation needed]

Health

See also: Health in the United Arab Emirates
Kanad Hospital in Al Ain is the oldest hospital in the emirate of Abu Dhabi

The first hospital in Al-Ain was

Kanad Hospital
(formerly known as Oasis Hospital), established in 1960 by the American missionary couple Drs. Pat and Marian Kennedy at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed. It is the oldest hospital in Al Ain and the second oldest in the United Arab Emirates.

Al-Ain is also the home of Tawam Hospital, a training and research hospital linked with the

UAE University. It was officially inaugurated on 17 December 1979. In March 2006, Johns Hopkins Hospital (Johns Hopkins Medicine International) (JHMI) took over the management of Tawam hospital.[61]

Tawam Hospital is one of the largest hospitals in the UAE with 503 beds, featuring 24 VIP suites, 78 isolation rooms, 48 ER beds, 9 operating theaters and 81 specialty clinics. Its oncology centre is the main national cancer treatment centre as well as a regional referral centre.

Al Ain Hospital (abbr: AAH, also known as Al-Jimi Hospital) is the general hospital delivering health services to all Al-Ain patients regardless of their nationality. It is centrally located in the Al-Jimi district and is linked with the UAE University. Al-Ain Hospital still occupies old 1970s buildings, but a new building is planned. AAH currently has about 450 beds and provides services in all medical disciplines. In September 2007, the Medical University of Vienna International[62] (MUVI) took over the management of AAH.

Places of worship

See also: Religion in the United Arab Emirates

Formerly, the city's largest mosque was

Shaikha Salamah.[63] In 2021,[64][65] the Sheikh Khalifa Grand Mosque became the biggest in the city, as well as one of the largest mosques in the country.[52][66]

Transportation

Al-Ain is connected via the

Al-Shwaib.[67] It is also connected to Abu Dhabi in the west, Al-Qu'a in the southeast, and Mezyad in the southwest. Bus[3] and taxi[30][68] services are available between these areas.[69] The southern border area of Mezyad lies on the road to Dhank, Ibri and Nizwa in Oman.[23] The city's airport (Al Ain International Airport) has scheduled passenger flights to Egypt, Pakistan and India.[30]

Tourism and recreation

See also: Mubazzara Dam, Tourism in the United Arab Emirates, and List of tourist attractions in the United Arab Emirates
Al Ain Zoo

Al-Ain is developing as a tourist destination. The dry desert air makes it a welcome retreat from the coastal humidity of the larger cities. Many Emirati nationals in

Jebel Hafeet Desert Park"[18][73] or "Mezyad Desert Park",[51] which is meant to preserve the nature and geology of the area, besides attracting tourists.[74]

Al-Ain has five major malls – Al Ain Mall in the town centre, Al-Jimi Mall in Al-Jimi District, Bawadi Mall in Al-Khrair District, Remal Mall located in the Sanaiya district, and Hili Mall located in the Hili District. Most commercial activity is centred in and around town centre.

Another popular pastime for Emiratis and expatriates alike is spending time in coffee shops and

shisha cafes. Like the rest of the UAE, Al-Ain has strict laws governing the consumption and distribution of alcohol. Five facilities in the city currently serve alcohol, four of which are hotels. There are many café's in Al-Ain, ranging in size and quality. The city also has an International standard go-kart
circuit.

The city has two English-language radio stations – 100.1 Star FM, which plays English-speaking hits alternating with Arabic-speaking hits, and 105.2 Abu Dhabi Classic FM, which plays classical music.

Sport, culture and arts

See also: Cultural policy in Abu Dhabi, Hazza bin Zayed Stadium, and Rock Stadium
Hazza Bin Zayed Stadium

Al-Ain is a cultural retreat for residents of the cities of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. It is home to a major festival of classical music,[citation needed] and is the home of Al Ain Football Club, which is one of the most successful football clubs in the UAE and Asia.[75] It has many titles and championships to its name.[76] Al-Ain Club contains also eight other games which are: handball, volleyball, basketball, swimming, Table Tennis, Athletics, Jiu jitsu, and Taekwondo. The Al Ain Amblers are a well known rugby club with a long history fielding men's, women's and junior rugby teams in the UAE and Gulf competitions, based at the Al Ain Club.

Hili Fun City hosts two ice hockey teams, the Al Ain Vipers[77] and Ghantoot. Each team has adult and youth teams starting from age 4. The Al-Ain Vipers Men's Team won the Emirates Hockey League in the 2009–10 season.

The Palm Resort to the west of the town hosts a popular rugby club with adult and youth teams, and the Al-Ain International Soccer Club which has three youth teams, including one for 7-9-year-old's. There is a water sports centre called "Wadi Adventure", with a wave pool and surf instructors. Additionally, the park has facilities for kayaking and rafting on an artificial river.[citation needed]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ a b ʿAbd Al-Nūr, Wadīʿ (2 August 2017). "المبزّرة الخضراء واحة سياحة ... ومقصد علاج" (in Arabic). Al-Ain: Al-Hayat. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e Neild, Barry (3 October 2018). "Day trip from Abu Dhabi: The cool oasis of Al Ain". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Gillett, Katy (18 April 2019). "Visit the Garden City: New bus route launched between Dubai and Al Ain". The National. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-1-9070-6521-7. Archived
    from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-2412-9864-0. Archived
    from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-2412-9865-7. Archived
    from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d El Reyes, Dr. Abdulla, ed. (December 2014). Liwa Journal of the National Archives (PDF). United Arab Emirates: Emirati National Archives. pp. 35–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  8. ^ "TelluBase—UAE Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  9. ^ "Al Ain Oasis and City". Abu Dhabi Digital Government. 27 June 2018. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  10. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2. Archived
    from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  11. ^ [1][dead link]
  12. ^ "Rare caracal sighting: how the fate of the country's most threatened species can be changed". The National. 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  13. ISBN 978-9-4011-1860-6. Archived
    from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  14. ^ Gardner, Andrew Somerville (January 2004). "The reptiles of Jebel Hafeet". ADCO and Emirates Natural History Group. pp. 149–168. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  15. ^ Az-Zahiri, Harib (7 March 2008). "العين مدينة القلب" (in Arabic). Al-Ittihad. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  16. ^ "الواحة المصغرة" (in Arabic). Visit Abu Dhabi. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  17. Al-Bayan. 24 October 2016. Archived
    from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  18. ^ a b c d e Salama, Samir (30 December 2011). "Al Ain bears evidence of a culture's ability to adapt". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  19. ^ Yildirim, Ege; El-Masri, Sami (2010), Master Planning for Heritage Conservation in Al Ain Oasis, UAE (PDF), UAE: ADACH and ISOCARP, pp. 1–11, archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2019, retrieved 15 August 2019
  20. ^ The Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas), UNESCO, archived from the original on 15 August 2019, retrieved 15 August 2019
  21. ^ "The Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas) – Serial Property – Executive Summary", UAE Government, UNESCO, March 2010, archived from the original on 15 August 2019, retrieved 15 August 2019
  22. ^ "The accidental lake: Birdwatcher's oasis or ecological disaster?". CNN. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  23. ^ a b c Kazmi, Aftab (23 May 2013). "Mezyad Fort stands tall in the foothills of Jebel Hafeet". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  24. ^ "Climate Normals for Sharjah". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  25. ^ "Climate & Weather Averages at Al Ain International Airport weather station (41218)". Time and Date. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Climate Normals for Al Ain I.A for the period from 1995 to 2017". The National Center of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  27. ^ "Abu Dhabi population hits 3 million, fertility rate up to 3.7 per citizen-female – Inter Press Service". www.ipsnews.net. 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  28. ^ "Afghan city reflects expats' trust in young democracy, says envoy". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  29. ^ Vijayan, Ranjit. "Shopping". Explore Al Ain. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  30. ^ a b c Vijayan, Ranjit. "Transportation". Explore Al Ain. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  31. ISBN 978-1-7802-3580-6. Archived
    from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  32. ^ a b c Al-Hosani, Hamad Ali (2012). The Political Thought of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (PhD Thesis) (Thesis). Durham University. pp. 43–44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  33. ^ a b Leech, Nick (22 October 2015). "The long read: has a lost Arab capital been found on the Oman-UAE border?". The National. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  34. ISBN 978-1-900724-47-0. Archived
    from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  35. ^ Martin, Douglas (3 November 2004). "Zayed bin Sultan, Gulf Leader and Statesman, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  36. ^ "The legacy of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Father of the UAE". AMEinfo.com. 2 November 2004. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  37. ISBN 9781907065972. Archived
    from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  38. ^ "Remains of 1,000-year-old mosque reveal a rich past". The National. Emirates 24/7. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  39. ^ Power, Timothy (13 September 2018). "How a 1,000-year-old mosque in Al Ain anchors the UAE in human history". The National. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  40. ISBN 978-1-5760-7919-5. Archived
    from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  41. ISBN 978-1-3172-9164-0. Archived
    from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  42. OCLC 54405078
    .
  43. ^ Ghazal, Rym (3 July 2011). "Al Ain's World Heritage tombs can now rest in peace". The National. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  44. OCLC 252810506
    .
  45. ^ "Al Ain National Museum launches Archaeology Workshops for Children". wam. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  46. OCLC 966358839
    .
  47. OCLC 64689681
    .
  48. OCLC 64689681
    .
  49. ^ Agyeman, K.; Feerick, C.; Jha, P.; Stosky, M.; Teran, W.; Zhong, C. (2008), Comprehensive Plan Central District, Al Ain (PDF), Ohio State University, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2019, retrieved 24 April 2019
  50. ^ "Building History". Qasralmuwaiji.ae. Archived from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  51. ^
    Department of Culture and Tourism – Abu Dhabi, vol. 1: Culture, pp. 8–211, 2017, archived
    (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2019, retrieved 9 March 2019
  52. ^ a b c Leech, N. (6 March 2017). "Magical history tour of Al Ain". The National. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  53. ISBN 978-0-19-973485-6. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  54. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0468-94. Archived from the original
    on 14 January 2012.
  55. ^ واحة العين, VisitAbuDhabi.ae (in Arabic), archived from the original on 16 August 2019, retrieved 28 March 2018
  56. ^ واحة العين مجمع التاريخ وملتقى الجمال. Al-Khaleej (in Arabic). 4 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  57. ^ An oasis in the heart of Al Ain, UAE Interact, 10 October 2005, archived from the original on 23 February 2017, retrieved 23 February 2017
  58. ^ Khan, Sarmad (6 March 2018). "Amanat snaps up Dh320m stake in Abu Dhabi-based education operator". The National. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  59. Zawya
    . Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  60. JSTOR 29785613. Archived
    from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  61. ^ "Tawam Hospital". Johns Hopkins Medicine International. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  62. ^ Medical University of Vienna Archived 12 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  63. ^ "Sheikha Salama Mosque", APG, archived from the original on 2 April 2018, retrieved 1 April 2018
  64. ^ "Eid Al Fitr prayer times and venues announced by Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque Centre". WAM. The National. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  65. ^ Al-Faham, Tariq (13 May 2021). "Tahnoun bin Mohammed performs Eid al-Fitr prayers". Al Ain, U.A.E.: WAM. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  66. ^ Abdul Kader, B. (31 October 2014). "Al Ain to have one of the largest mosques in UAE the number of mosques is 1200 mosques". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  67. ^ "Dubai-Al Ain Road renamed". WAM. Al Ain: Gulf News. 2 November 2018. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  68. ^ Vijayan, Ranjit. "General information". Explore Al Ain. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  69. ^ "Eastern Region Bus Services", Department of Transport, Government of Abu Dhabi, archived from the original on 24 May 2018, retrieved 4 November 2018
  70. ^ "Al Ain National Museum". VisitAbuDhabi.ae. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  71. ^ "Museum and archaeological park for Abu Dhabi". Past Horizons. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  72. ^ Al Ghalib, Essam (17 March 2011). "Park is a welcome haven of green". The National. Al-Ain. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  73. Department of Culture and Tourism – Abu Dhabi, vol. 1, p. 117, 2018, archived
    (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2019, retrieved 6 May 2019
  74. ^ "Mezyad Desert Park". Gustafson Porter + Bowman. 2007–2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  75. ^ "AFC Champions League 2002/2003 Results – Asia Soccer". www.soccer24.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  76. ^ الأهلي يستعيد أمجاد العـــقد الأول.. والعين "زعيم" بـ 58 لقباً. الإمارات اليوم (in Arabic). 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  77. ^ "Al Ain Vipers", alainvipers.com, archived from the original on 17 October 2015
  78. International Livestock Centre for Africa. pp. 1–147. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016. Open access icon

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Al Ain.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al Ain (Abu Dhabi).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Ain&oldid=1219429139"
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Al Ain. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy