Al Smith
Al Smith | |
---|---|
Charles S. Whitman | |
Succeeded by | Nathan L. Miller |
8th President of the New York City Board of Aldermen | |
In office January 1, 1917 – December 31, 1918 | |
Preceded by | Frank L. Dowling |
Succeeded by | Robert L. Moran |
Sheriff of New York County | |
In office January 1, 1916 – January 1, 1917 | |
Preceded by | Max Samuel Grifenhagen |
Succeeded by | David H. Knott |
Member of the New York State Assembly from New York County's 2nd district | |
In office January 1, 1904 – December 31, 1915 | |
Preceded by | Joseph Bourke |
Succeeded by | Peter J. Hamill |
Personal details | |
Born | Alfred Emanuel Smith December 30, 1873 New York City, U.S. |
Died | October 4, 1944 New York City, U.S. | (aged 70)
Resting place | Calvary Cemetery |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse |
Catherine Dunn
(m. 1900; died 1944) |
Children | 5 |
| ||
---|---|---|
Governor of New York Other campaigns for president:
Member of the
|
||
Alfred Emanuel Smith (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944) was an American politician who served four terms as the 42nd governor of New York and was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in 1928.
The son of an
Smith was the first Roman Catholic to be nominated for president of the United States by a major party. His 1928 presidential candidacy mobilized both Catholic and anti-Catholic voters.[2] Many Protestants (including German Lutherans and Southern Baptists) feared his candidacy, believing that the Pope in Rome would dictate his policies. Smith was also a committed "wet", which was a term used for opponents of Prohibition; as New York governor, he had repealed the state's prohibition law. As a "wet", Smith attracted voters who wanted beer, wine and liquor and did not like dealing with criminal bootleggers, along with voters who were outraged that new criminal gangs had taken over the streets in most large and medium-sized cities.[3] Incumbent Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover was aided by national prosperity, the absence of American involvement in war and anti-Catholic bigotry, and he defeated Smith in a landslide in 1928.
Smith then entered business in New York City, and became involved in the construction and promotion of the Empire State Building. He sought the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination but was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt, his former ally and successor as governor of New York. During the Roosevelt presidency, Smith became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelt's New Deal.
Early life
Smith was born at 174 South Street and raised in the Fourth Ward on the
Smith grew up with his family struggling financially in the
His father Alfred owned a small trucking firm, but died when Smith was 13. Aged 14, Smith had to drop out of
Political career
In his political career, Smith built on his working-class beginnings, identifying himself with immigrants and campaigning as a man of the people. Although indebted to the
State legislature
Smith was first elected to the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 2nd D.) in 1904, and was repeatedly elected to office, serving through 1915.[10] After being approached by Frances Perkins, an activist to improve labor practices, Smith sought to improve the conditions of factory workers.
Smith served as vice chairman of the state commission appointed to investigate factory conditions after 146 workers died in the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Meeting the families of the deceased Triangle factory workers left a strong impression on him. Together with Perkins and Robert F. Wagner, Smith crusaded against dangerous and unhealthy workplace conditions and championed corrective legislation.[11][12]
The Commission, chaired by State Senator Robert F. Wagner, held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3,500 pages of testimony. They hired field agents to do on-site inspections of factories. Starting with the issue of fire safety, they studied broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to thirty-eight new laws regulating labor in New York State, and gave each of them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help the workers.[13] New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that his department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions resulted in risk of a fire like that at the Triangle Factory.[14]
The State Commission's reports led to the modernization of the state's labor laws, making New York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform."[15][16] New laws mandated better building access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer.[17]
In 1911, the Democrats obtained a majority of seats in the State Assembly, and Smith became Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. The following year, following the loss of the majority, he became the Minority Leader. When the Democrats reclaimed the majority after the next election, he was elected
Governor (1919–1920, 1923–1928)
After serving in the patronage-rich job of sheriff of
In 1919, Smith gave the famous speech "A man as low and mean as I can picture",[19] making a drastic break with publisher William Randolph Hearst. Hearst, known for his notoriously sensationalist and largely left-wing position in the state Democratic Party, was the leader of its populist wing in the city. He had combined with Tammany Hall in electing the local administration, and had attacked Smith for starving children by not reducing the cost of milk.[20]
Smith lost his bid for re-election in the 1920 New York gubernatorial election, but was again elected governor in 1922, 1924 and 1926, with Farley managing his campaign. In his 1922 re-election, he embraced his position as an anti-prohibitionist. Smith offered alcohol to guests at the Executive Mansion in Albany, and repealed the state's Prohibition enforcement statute, the Mullan-Gage law.[21]
As governor, Smith became known nationally as a progressive who sought to make government more efficient and more effective in meeting social needs. Smith's young assistant Robert Moses built the nation's first state park system and reformed the civil service, later gaining appointment as Secretary of State of New York. During Smith's time in office, New York strengthened laws governing workers' compensation, women's pensions and children and women's labor with the help of Frances Perkins, soon to be President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Labor Secretary.
1924 presidential election
In 1924,
Undeterred, Smith returned to fight a determined campaign for the party's nomination in 1928. He was aided by the endorsement of
1928 presidential election
Reporter Frederick William Wile made the oft-repeated observation that Smith was defeated by "the three P's: Prohibition, Prejudice and Prosperity".[24] The Republican Party was still benefiting from an economic boom, as well as a failure to reapportion Congress and the electoral college following the 1920 census,[25] which had registered a 15 percent increase in the urban population. The party was biased toward small-town and rural areas. Its presidential candidate Herbert Hoover, who headed the Census of 1920, did little to alter this state of affairs.
Historians agree that prosperity, along with widespread anti-Catholic sentiment against Smith, made Hoover's election inevitable.[26] He defeated Smith by a landslide in the 1928 United States presidential election, carrying five Southern states via crossover voting by conservative white Democrats.[note 2]
The fact that Smith was Catholic and the descendant of Catholic immigrants was instrumental in his loss of the election of 1928.
Scott Farris notes that the anti-Catholicism of the American society was the sole reason behind Smith's defeat, as even contemporary Prohibition activists would admit that their main problem with the Democratic candidate was his faith and not any political view. Bob Jones Sr., a prominent Protestant pastor in South Carolina, said:
I'll tell you, brother, that the big issue we've got to face ain't the liquor question. I'd rather see a saloon on every corner of the South than see the foreigners elect Al Smith president.[27]
A Methodist newspaper in Georgia called Catholicism "a degenerate type of Christianity," while Southern Baptist churches ordered their followers to vote against Smith, claiming that he would close down Protestant churches, end freedom of worship and prohibit reading the Bible. Charles Hillman Fountain, a Protestant writer, insisted that Catholics should be barred from holding any office. Farris states that "More disturbing than the ridiculous and the dangerous was the respectable anti-Catholicism", as contemporary newspapers and Protestant churches tried to mask their anti-Catholicism as genuine concern. Protestant activists insisted that Catholicism represents an alien culture and medieval mentality, claiming that Catholicism is incompatible with American democracy and institutions.
Catholics were portrayed as reactionary despite being more left-wing than mainstream American Protestant congregations at the time.[27] William Allen White, a renowned newspaper editor, warned that Catholicism would erode the moral standards of America, saying that "the whole Puritan civilization which has built a sturdy, orderly nation is threatened by Smith." While Herbert Hoover avoided raising the issue of Catholicism on the campaign trail, he defended the Protestant actions in a private letter:
There are many people of intense Protestant faith to whom Catholicism is a grievous sin, and they have as much right to vote against a man for public office because of that belief. That is not persecution.[27]
White rural conservatives in the South also believed that Smith's close association with Tammany Hall, the Democratic machine in Manhattan, showed that he tolerated corruption in government, while they overlooked their own brands of it. Another major controversial issue was the continuation of Prohibition, the enforcement of which was widely considered problematic. Smith personally favored the relaxation or repeal of Prohibition laws because they had given rise to more criminality. The Democratic Party split North and South on the issue, with the more rural South continuing to favor Prohibition. During the campaign, Smith tried to duck the issue with non-committal statements.[28]
Smith was an articulate proponent of good government and efficiency, as was Hoover. Smith swept the entire Catholic vote, which in 1920 and 1924 had been split between the parties; he attracted millions of Catholics, generally ethnic whites, to the polls for the first time, especially women, who were first allowed to vote in 1920. He lost important Democratic constituencies in the rural North as well as in Southern cities and suburbs. Smith did retain the loyalty of the Deep South, thanks in part to the appeal of his running mate, Senator
Smith was not a very good campaigner. His campaign theme song, "The Sidewalks of New York", had little appeal among rural Americans, who also found his 'city' accent slightly foreign when heard on radio. Smith narrowly lost his home state; New York's electors were biased in favor of rural upstate and largely Protestant districts. However, in 1928 his fellow Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt (a Protestant of Dutch old-line stock) was elected to replace him as governor of New York.[29] Farley left Smith's camp to run Roosevelt's successful campaign for governor in 1928, and then Roosevelt's successful campaigns for the Presidency in 1932 and 1936.
Voter realignment
Some political scientists believe that the 1928 election started a voter realignment that helped develop Roosevelt's New Deal coalition.[30] One political scientist said, "...not until 1928, with the nomination of Al Smith, a northeastern reformer, did Democrats make gains among the urban, blue-collar and Catholic voters who were later to become core components of the New Deal coalition and break the pattern of minimal class polarization that had characterized the Fourth Party System."[31] However, historian Allan Lichtman's quantitative analysis suggests that the 1928 results were based largely on religion and are not a useful barometer of the voting patterns of the New Deal era.[32]
Lichtman notes that the sole defining issue of the election was anti-Catholicism, which radically realigned states' voting patterns. States that had never voted Republican after Reconstruction such as Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia voted for Hoover, while Smith carried Massachusetts and Rhode Island—states that had never voted Democratic before save for 1912. Lichtman further proves this by pointing out that Smith and Hoover had very similar political views save for religion and Prohibition, and yet the 1928 election had a turnout of 57%, despite previous 1920s American elections having their turnouts below 50%.[27]
Christopher M. Finan (2003) says Smith is an underestimated symbol of the changing nature of American politics in the first half of the last century. He represented the rising ambitions of urban, industrial America at a time when the hegemony of rural, agrarian America was in decline, although many states had legislatures and congressional delegations biased toward rural areas because of lack of redistricting after censuses. Smith was connected to the hopes and aspirations of immigrants, especially Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe. Smith was a devout Catholic, but his struggles against religious bigotry were often misinterpreted when he fought the religiously inspired Protestant morality imposed by prohibitionists.
The 1928 election initiated a complete voter realignment of African-Americans, who overwhelmingly supported the Republican Party prior to 1928.[33] Hoover sought "Southern Strategy" for the election, and sided with the segregationist lily-white Republicans at the expense of the pro-civil rights black and tans.[34] Prominent African Americans were removed from positions of leadership in the Republican Party and replaced with lily-white Republicans in order to appeal to the segregationist South, and Hoover's spokesmen in the South spoke of his commitment to white supremacy.[35] Allan Lichtman wrote that Hoover "sought a permanent reorganization of southern Republicanism under the leadership of white racists."[34] This action was taken to exploit the unpopularity of Smith in the South, as Hoover and his cabinet were "convinced that white Southern votes were more essential to a Hoover win than black ones".[35] Hoover assured Southern voters that he "had no intention of appointing colored men" and pledged that he had "no intention—party platform notwithstanding—of foisting off an anti-lynch law on the white South";[35] at the same time, Hoover heavily emphasized "his rural-Protestant roots" and appealed to the white voters' anti-urban and anti-Catholic sentiments, while also portraying Smith as a pro-civil rights candidate.[35] According to Phylon, apart from the Catholics' perceived allegiance to the Pope over United States, American anti-Catholicism was also racially motivated, as Southern Protestants "strongly opposed the church's liberal policies—particularly its uncompromising position against social and political segregation."[35]
Al Smith was supportive of racial equality and appointed African Americans to the New York City school system and civil service commission.[35] Major black newspapers throughout the United States such as The Chicago Defender, Baltimore Afro-American and Norfolk Journal and Guide endorsed Smith for president,[34] and prominent members of the NAACP supported Smith, with Walter Francis White writing that "Governor Smith is by far the best man available for the Presidency" and arguing that Smith's "nomination and election would be the greatest blow at bigotry that has ever been struck."[34] Smith attracted the attention of disheartened African-American voters, as he was unpopular in the South, faced prejudice as a Roman Catholic, and had a reputation of a "spokesman for ethnic minorities in Northern cities".[34] As such, Smith's candidacy, coupled with Hoover's Southern concession, initiated abandonment of loyalty to the Republicans and embrace of the Democratic Party by African-American voters. Samuel O'Dell wrote in Phylon that 1928 black voters "bolted to the Democratic party in unprecedented numbers."[34]
Opposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal
Smith felt slighted by Roosevelt during the latter's governorship. They became rivals in the
Smith became highly critical of Roosevelt's New Deal policies, which he deemed a betrayal of good-government progressive ideals and ran counter to the goal of close cooperation with business. Smith joined the American Liberty League, an organization founded by conservative Democrats who disapproved of Roosevelt's New Deal measures and tried to rally public opinion against the New Deal. The League published pamphlets and sponsored radio programs, arguing that the New Deal was destroying personal liberty. However, the League failed to gain support in the 1934 or 1936 elections and rapidly declined in influence. It was officially dissolved in 1940.[37][38] Smith's antipathy to Roosevelt and his policies was so great that he supported Republican presidential nominees Alf Landon in the 1936 election and Wendell Willkie in the 1940 election.[1]
Although personal resentment was one factor in Smith's break with Roosevelt and the New Deal, Christopher Finan (2003) argues that Smith was consistent in his beliefs and politics—suggesting that Smith always believed in social mobility, economic opportunity, religious tolerance, and individualism. Despite the break between the men, Smith and Eleanor Roosevelt remained close. In 1936, while Smith was in Washington making a vehement radio attack on the President, she invited him to stay at the White House. To avoid embarrassing the Roosevelts, he declined. Historian Robert Slayton notes that Smith and Franklin Roosevelt did not reconcile until a brief meeting in June 1941, and he also suggests that during the early 1940s the antipathy which Smith held toward his former ally had waned.[39] Upon the death of Smith's wife Katie in May 1944, FDR sent Smith a note of personal condolence. Smith's grandchildren later recalled that he was greatly touched by it.[40]
Business life and later years
After the 1928 election, Smith became the president of Empire State, Inc., the corporation that built and operated the
As with the Brooklyn Bridge, which Smith had seen being built from his Lower East Side boyhood home, the Empire State Building was both a vision and an achievement that had been constructed by combining the interests of all, rather than being divided by the interests of a few. Smith continued to promote the Empire State Building, which was derided as the "Empty State Building" due to a lack of tenants, in the years following its construction.[41][42]
In 1929, Smith was awarded the
In 1929 Smith was elected President of the Board of Trustees of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University.[44] Knowing his fondness for animals, in 1934 Robert Moses made Al Smith the Honorary Night Zookeeper of the newly renovated Central Park Zoo. Though a ceremonial title, Smith was given keys to the zoo and often took guests to see the animals after hours.[45]
Smith was an early and vocal critic of the
Like most New York City businessmen, Smith enthusiastically supported American military involvement in
In 1939 Smith was appointed a
Smith died at the
Legacy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
Buildings and other landmarks named after Smith include the following:
- Alfred E. Smith Building, a 1928 skyscraper in Albany, New York;
- Governor Alfred E. Smith Houses, a public housing development in Lower Manhattan near his birthplace;
- Governor Alfred E. Smith Park, a playground in the Two Bridges neighborhood in Manhattan near his birthplace;
- Governor Alfred E. Smith, a former front line and current reserve fireboat in the New York City Fire Department fleet;
- Governor Alfred E. Smith Town of Smithtown, Suffolk County;
- Alfred E. Smith Recreation Center, a youth activity center in the Two Bridges neighborhood, Manhattan;
- PS 163 Alfred E. Smith School, a school on the Upper West Side of Manhattan;
- PS 1 Alfred E. Smith School, a school in Manhattan's Chinatown;
- Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the South Bronx;
- Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, a fundraiser held for Catholic Charities and a stop on the presidential campaign trail;
- Smith Hall, a residence hall at Hinman College, Binghamton University;
- Smith Hall, a residence hall at Farmingdale State College; and
- Camp Smith, a State owned military installation of the New York Army National Guard in Cortlandt Manor near Peekskill, NY, about 30 miles (48 km) north of New York City, at the northern border of Westchester County and consists of 1,900 acres (7.7 km2).
Popular culture references
- Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt were filmed by Lee de Forest in his DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process during the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which ran from June 21 to July 9. This film is now in the Maurice Zouary collection at the Library of Congress.[53]
- In Sinclair Lewis' 1928 novel The Man Who Knew Coolidge, Smith is cited as an example of the opportunities "in this new and increasingly practical America for any bright fellow today!" [54]
- In Second Great War in North America (1941–1944). Smith serves until 1942, when he is killed in a bombing raid on the Powel House in Philadelphia and is succeeded by his Vice President Charles W. La Follette (the fictional son of Robert M. La Follette).
- Smith was portrayed by Alan Bunce in the 1960 film Sunrise at Campobello, and by Wilbur Fitzgerald in HBO's 2005 TV-movie Warm Springs. Both of these movies focus on Franklin D. Roosevelt's struggle with polio.[55]
Electoral history
New York gubernatorial elections, 1918–1926
Governor candidate | Running Mate | Party | Popular Vote | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alfred E. Smith
|
Harry C. Walker | Democratic
|
1,009,936 | (47.37%) |
Charles S. Whitman
|
Edward Schoeneck (Republican), Mamie W. Colvin (Prohibition) |
Republican,
Prohibition |
995,094 | (46.68%) |
Charles Wesley Ervin | Ella Reeve Bloor | Socialist | 121,705 | (5.71%) |
Olive M. Johnson
|
August Gillhaus | Socialist Labor
|
5,183 | (0.24%) |
Governor candidate | Running Mate | Party | Popular Vote | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nathan L. Miller | Jeremiah Wood | Republican
|
1,335,878 | (46.58%) |
Alfred E. Smith
|
George R. Fitts | Democratic
|
1,261,812 | (44.00%) |
Joseph D. Cannon
|
Jessie Wallace Hughan | Socialist | 159,804 | (5.57%) |
Dudley Field Malone | Farmer-Labor
|
69,908 | (2.44%) | |
George F. Thompson | Edward G. Deltrich | Prohibition | 35,509 | (1.24%) |
John P. Quinn | Socialist Labor
|
5,015 | (0.17%) |
- List of candidates, (.pdf) in The New York Timesof September 13, 1920
Governor candidate | Running Mate | Party | Popular Vote | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alfred E. Smith
|
George R. Lunn | Democratic
|
1,397,670 | (55.21%) |
Nathan L. Miller | William J. Donovan | Republican
|
1,011,725 | (39.97%) |
Edward F. Cassidy | Theresa B. Wiley | Farmer-Labor
|
109,119 | (4.31%) |
George K. Hinds | William C. Ramsdell | Prohibition | 9,499 | (0.38%) |
Jeremiah D. Crowley | John E. DeLee | Socialist Labor
|
9,499 | (0.38%) |
Governor candidate | Running Mate | Party | Popular Vote | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alfred E. Smith
|
George R. Lunn | Democratic
|
1,627,111 | (49.96%) |
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. | Seymour Lowman | Republican
|
1,518,552 | (46.63%) |
Norman Mattoon Thomas | Charles Solomon | Socialist | 99,854 | (3.07%) |
James P. Cannon | Franklin P. Brill | Workers | 6,395 | (0.20%) |
Frank E. Passonno | Milton Weinberger | Socialist Labor
|
4,931 | (0.15%) |
Governor candidate | Running Mate | Party | Popular Vote | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alfred E. Smith
|
Edwin Corning | Democratic
|
1,523,813 | (52.13%) |
Ogden L. Mills | Seymour Lowman | Republican
|
1,276,137 | (43.80%) |
Jacob Panken | August Claessens | Socialist | 83,481 | (2.87%) |
Charles E. Manierre | Ella McCarthy | Prohibition | 21,285 | (0.73%) |
Benjamin Gitlow | Franklin P. Brill | Workers | 5,507 | (0.19%) |
Jeremiah D. Crowley | John E. DeLee | Socialist Labor
|
3,553 | (0.12%) |
United States presidential election, 1928
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | Electoral vote |
Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Herbert Hoover | Republican
|
California | 21,427,123 | 58.2% | 444 | Charles Curtis | Kansas | 444 |
Alfred E. Smith | Democratic
|
New York | 15,015,464 | 40.8% | 87 | Joseph Taylor Robinson
|
Arkansas | 87 |
Norman Thomas | Socialist | New York | 267,478 | 0.7% | 0 | James H. Maurer | Pennsylvania | 0 |
William Z. Foster | Communist | Illinois | 48,551 | 0.1% | 0 | Benjamin Gitlow | New York | 0 |
Other | 48,396 | 0.1% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 36,807,012 | 100% | 531 | 531 | ||||
Needed to win | 266 | 266 |
- Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1928 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
- Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 28, 2005.
Works
- Campaign Addresses of Governor Alfred E. Smith, Democratic Candidate for President 1928. Washington, DC: Democratic National Committee, 1929.
- Progressive Democracy: Addresses & State Papers. 1928.
- Up to Now: An Autobiography (The Viking Press, 1929)
See also
- Alfred E. Smith IV, Smith's great-grandson
- List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)
- Al Smith presidential campaign, 1928
- Al Smith presidential campaign, 1932
- J. Raymond Jones
Notes
- Bull Moose" former President Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 (27.39 percent), and independent Ross Perot in 1992(18.91 percent).
- disenfranchisement of blacks in the Southat the turn of the century, whites had dominated voting in that region.
References
- ^ a b c d e f Slayton 2001, ch 1–4
- ^ Neal R. Pierce, The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven States of the Deep South (1974), pp 123–61
- ^ Daniel Okrent, Last Call, 2010.
- ^ MacAdam, George (January 1920). "Governor Smith of New York". The World's Work. Vol. XXXIX, no. 3. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. p. 237. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-684-86302-3.
- ISBN 978-1-57607-098-7.
- ^ "New York State Census, 1855; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-25847-12175-45". FamilySearch.
- ^ Slayton (2001), p. 16
- ^ Josephsons 1969
- ^ a b c Burner, David. "Al Smith". American National Biography. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
- ^ ISBN 0-8021-4151-X.
- ^ "Obama, the Triangle Fire and the Real Father of the New Deal". Salon.com. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
- ^ Robert Ferdinand Wagner" in Dictionary of American Biography (1977)
- ^ The New York Times: "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds," October 14, 1911,
- ^ Richard A. Greenwald, The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York (2005), 128
- ^ The Economist, "Triangle Shirtwaist: The Birth of the New Deal", March 19, 2011, p. 39.
- ^ Slayton, Empire Statesman (2001) pp 92–92
- ^ admin (March 17, 2015). "Saint Patrick and the Wearing of the Green | richardjgarfunkel.com". Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ISBN 0-14-028500-8.
- ISBN 978-0-19-532534-8.
- ISBN 978-0-674-03057-2.
- ^ "Al Smitator h". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- ISBN 978-0870206320.
- ^ reprinted 1977, John A. Ryan, "Religion in the Election of 1928," Current History, December 1928; reprinted in Ryan, Questions of the Day (Ayer Publishing, 1977) p.91
- ^ Prewitt, Kenneth (July 13, 2017). "The 1920 Census Broke Constitutional Norms—Let's Not Repeat That in 2020". Social Science Research Council. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
- ^ William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–32 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1958) pp. 225–240.
- ^ ISBN 9780762763788.
- ^ Lichtman (1979);Slayton 2001
- ^ Slayton 2001; Lichtman (1979)
- ^ Degler (1964)
- ^ Lawrence (1996) p 34.
- ^ Lichtman (1976)
- ISBN 978-0813032283.
- ^ JSTOR 274997.
- ^ JSTOR 274510.
- ^ J. Joseph Huthmacher, Massachusetts People and Politics: The Transition from Republican to Democratic Dominance and Its National Implications (1973), p. 248.
- ^ George Wolfskill. The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934–1940. (Houghton Mifflin, 1962).
- ^ Jordan A. Schwarz, "Al Smith in the Thirties," New York History (1964): 316–330. in JSTOR
- ^ Slayton, Empire Statesman, pp. 397–398.
- ^ Slayton, Empire Statesman, pp. 399–400.
- ^ "NYT Travel: Empire State Building". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
- ^ Smith, Adam (August 18, 2008). "A Renters' Market in London". Time. Archived from the original on August 19, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ "Recipients". The Laetare Medal. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
- ^ Reznikoff, Charles, ed. 1957. Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty. Selected Papers and Addresses. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, p. 1123.
- OCLC 834874.
- ^ Staff. "35,000 JAM STREETS OUTSIDE THE GARDEN; Solid Lines of Police Hard Pressed to Keep Overflow Crowds From Hall. AREA BARRED TO TRAFFIC Mulrooney Takes Command to Avoid Roughness – 3,000 at Columbus Circle Meeting. 35,000 IN STREETS OUTSIDE GARDEN", The New York Times, March 28, 1933. Accessed June 7, 2017.
- ^ Pierre van Paasen and James Waterman Wise, eds., Nazism: An Assault on Civilization (New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1934), pp. 306–310.
- ISBN 9780199743827
- ^ Slayton, Empire Statesman, p. 391.
- ^ Slayton, Empire Statesman, pp. 391–392.
- ^ "Alfred E. Smith Dies Here at 70; 4 Times Governor—End Comes After a Sudden Relapse Following Earlier Turn for the Better—Ran For President in '28—His Rise From Newsboy and Fishmonger Had No Exact Parallel in U.S. History". The New York Times. October 4, 1944. p. 1. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Department of Labor – Labor Hall of Fame – Alfred E. Smith". dol.gov. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
- ISBN 9781476606842.
- ^ Lewis, Sinclair (1928). The Man who Knew Coolidge: Being the Soul of Lowell Schmaltz, Constructive and Nordic Citizen. Harcourt, Brace. pp. 269.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
- ^ "Election result", The New York Times, 31 December 1918
Further reading
- BAUMAN, MARK K. “Prohibition and Politics: Warren Candler and Al Smith’s 1928 Campaign.” The Mississippi Quarterly 31, no. 1 (1977): 109–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26474327.
- Bornet, Vaughn Davis. Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic: Moderation, Division, and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928 (1964) online edition
- Chiles, Robert. "School Reform As Progressive Statecraft: Education Policy In New York Under Governor Alfred E. Smith, 1919–1928." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15.4 (2016): 379–398.
- Chiles, Robert. "Working-Class Conservationism in New York: Governor Alfred E. Smith and 'The Property of the People of the State'" Environmental History (2013) 18#1 pp: 157–183.
- Chiles, Robert. 2018. The Revolution of '28: Al Smith, American Progressivism, and the Coming of the New Deal. Cornell University Press.
- Colburn, David R. "Governor Alfred E. Smith and the Red Scare, 1919–20," Political Science Quarterly, vol. 88, no. 3 (Sept. 1973), pp. 423–444. In JSTOR.
- Craig, Douglas B. After Wilson: The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party, 1920–1934 (1992) online edition see Chap. 6 "The Problem of Al Smith" and Chap. 8 "'Wall Street Likes Al Smith': The Election of 1928"
- Curtis, Finbarr. “The Fundamental Faith of Every True American: Secularity and Institutional Loyalty in Al Smith’s 1928 Presidential Campaign.” The Journal of Religion 91, no. 4 (2011): 519–44. https://doi.org/10.1086/660925.
- Degler, Carl N. (1964). "American Political Parties and the Rise of the City: An Interpretation". Journal of American History. 51 (1): 41–59. JSTOR 1917933.
- Eldot, Paula (1983). Governor Alfred E. Smith: The Politician as Reformer. Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4855-5.
- Finan, Christopher M. (2003). Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior. Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-3033-0.
- Garrett, Charles. (1961). The La Guardia Years: Machine and Reform Politics in New York City. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Handlin, Oscar (1958). Al Smith and His America. Little, Brown.
- Hostetler, Michael J. (1998). "Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign". Communication Quarterly. 46: 12–24. .
- Josephson, Matthew and Hannah (1969). Al Smith: Hero of the Cities. Houghton Mifflin.
- Lawrence, David G. (1996). The Collapse of the Democratic Presidential Majority: Realignment, Dealignment, and Electoral Change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-8984-4.
- Lichtman, Allan J. (1979). Prejudice and the old politics: The Presidential election of 1928. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. OCLC 4492475.
- Lichtman, Allan (1976). "Critical Election Theory and the Reality of American Presidential Politics, 1916–40". The American Historical Review. 81 (2): 317–351. JSTOR 1851173.
- Madaras, Lawrence H. “THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR. VERSUS AL SMITH: THE NEW YORK GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION OF 1924.” New York History 47, no. 4 (1966): 372–90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23162551.
- Carter, Paul A. (1980). "Deja Vu; Or, Back to the Drawing Board with Alfred E. Smith". Reviews in American History. 8 (2): 272–276. S2CID 146565621.; review of Lichtman
- Moore, Edmund A. (1956). A Catholic Runs for President: The Campaign of 1928. OCLC 475746. online edition
- Neal, Donn C. (1983). The World beyond the Hudson: Alfred E. Smith and National Politics, 1918–1928. New York: Garland. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-8240-5658-2.
- Neal, Donn C. (1984). "What If Al Smith Had Been Elected?". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 14 (2): 242–248.
- Perry, Elisabeth Israels (1987). Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E. Smith. Oxford University Press. p. 280. ISBN 0-19-504426-6.
- "Smith to Talk Oct. 23". New York Times. 1940. p. 17.
- "Smith Says Roosevelt Aroused Spirit of Class Hatred in Nation". New York Times. 1940. pp. 1, 18.
- Rulli, Daniel F. "Campaigning in 1928: Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards," Teaching History: A Journal of Methods, Vol. 31#1 pp 42+ (2006) online version with lesson plans for class
- Schwarz, Jordan A. "Al Smith in the Thirties." New York History (1964): 316–330. in JSTOR
- Slayton, Robert A. (2001). Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith. Free Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-684-86302-3., the standard scholarly biography
- Stonecash, Jeffrey M., et al. "Politics, Alfred Smith, and Increasing the Power of the New York Governor's Office." New York History (2004): 149–179. in JSTOR
- Sweeney, James R. "Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 90 (October 1982): 403–31.
External links
- Works by Alfred E. Smith at Faded Page (Canada)
- "Alfred E. Smith Dies Here at 70; 4 Times Governor". The New York Times. October 4, 1944.
- "Happy Warrior Playground". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
- "Governor Alfred E. Smith Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.
- "Al Smith". Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site.
- Murphy, Kevin C. "Lost Warrior: Al Smith and the Fall of Tammany".
- A film clip "Al Smith Hails End of Dry Law, 1933/11/13 (1933)" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
- Booknotes interview with Robert Slayton on Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith, May 13, 2001.
- "Al Smith, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders
- Finding aid for the Alfred E. Smith Papers at the Museum of the City of New York Archived October 31, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Alfred E. Smith – The People's Politician? from the Museum of the City of New York Collections blog
- Newspaper clippings about Al Smith in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW