Alabama shad
Alabama shad | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Clupeiformes |
Family: | Alosidae |
Genus: | Alosa |
Species: | A. alabamae
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Binomial name | |
Alosa alabamae | |
Synonyms[3] | |
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The Alabama shad (Alosa alabamae) is an
Description
The Alabama shad grows to be 12–18 inches (30–46 cm) in length
Distribution
The Alabama shad spawns in medium to large flowing rivers from the
Ecology
Alabama shad are a
Biology
The biology of the species is not well known. Spawning usually occurs around 19–23 °C (66–73 °F) in Gulf of Mexico drainages.[15] Alabama shad historically ran as far northeast as the Monongahela River[16]: 276 to spawn, likely in mid-June.[16]: 283 Males seemingly weigh less than the females and mortality occurs after spawning as with numerous other species of the Alosa genus,[15] although repeat spawning, as determined by counting of spawning marks on scales, has been described in certain drainage populations.[11] The fish lives for approximately three or four years.[17]
Evolution
The closest living relative of Alosa alabamae is the
Conservation
Although once abundant enough to support commercial fisheries in Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Indiana and Iowa, Alabama shad are now rare throughout much of their former range.[10][14] At one point, Alosa alabamae were found in the Ohio River as well.[19] The species is thought to have declined largely because of the many locks and dams blocking access to spawning areas and alterations in hydrology and river substrates.[10][11][12][14]
The Alabama shad is a U.S.
A more recent study by Rider, Powell, Dattilo & Miles (2021) concluded that the Alabama shad had likely been
The IUCN Red List indicates A. alabamae as a near-threatened species.[1] The American Fisheries Society lists it as threatened.[2]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ a b c NatureServe (30 September 2022). "Alosa alabamae". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via NatureServe Explorer.
- ^ dsantos (5 August 2014). "Synonyms of Alosa alabamae (Jordan & Evermann, 1896)". FishBase. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ Mettee, Maurice F.; O'Neil, Patrick E.; Pierson, J. Malcolm. "Alabama Shad, excerpt from Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin (1996)". Outdoor Alabama. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Field Guide: Alabama Shad". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (12 January 2017). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Notice of a 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List Alabama Shad as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act". Federal Register. 82 (8): 4022–4067. 82 FR 4022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ "Discover Fishes: Alabama Shad". Florida Museum. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ "Discover Fishes: Hickory Shad". Florida Museum. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ "Species: Alosa sapidissima, American shad". Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Oxford, MS.
- ^ a b c Mettee, M.F., and P.E. O’Neil. 2003. Status of Alabama shad and skipjack herring in Gulf of Mexico drainages. In: Limburg, K., and J. Waldman (eds) Biodiversity, status, and conservation of the world’s shads. American Fisheries Society Symposium 35, Bethesda, MD, p 157-170. 11/1/2007 3
- ^ a b Boschung, H.T., and R.L. Mayden. Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian Books, Washington D.C. 2004. pp 736.
- ^ Mickle, P.F. (December 2010). Life History and Habitat Use of the Juvenile Alabama Shad, Alosa alabamae, in Northern Gulf of Mexico Rivers (PhD). The University of Southern Mississippi. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via The Aquila Digital Community.
- ^ ISBN 1-57806-246-2. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via The University of Southern Mississippi.
- ^ a b Ingram, Travis R. (May 2007). Age, growth, and fecundity of Alabama shad (Alosa alabamae) in the Apalachicola River, Florida. All Theses (MSc). Clemson University. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via TigerPrints, All Theses.
- ^ a b Evermann, Barton Warren (1902). "Description of a New Species of Shad (Alosa ohiensis), with Notes on Other Food-Fishes of the Ohio River" (PDF). In Bowers, George M. (ed.). U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, George M. Bowers, Commissioner, Part 27: Report of the Commissioner for the Year Ending June 30, 1901. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 275–288. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via Penobscot Bay Watch.
- ^ McAllister, Chris T. (28 September 2021). "Herrings". The CALS Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
- ^ . Retrieved 4 January 2023 – via Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- S2CID 8557656. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via The Ohio State University.
- NOAA
- ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (17 February 2011). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List Alabama Shad as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)". Federal Register. 76 (33): 9320–9321. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
- ^ NMFS. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List Alabama Shad as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act.Federal Register v78, (September 19, 2013), 57611-57616.
- ^ a b Rider, Steven J.; Powell, Travis R.; Dattilo, Jason E.; Miles, Gregory T. (2021). "Status and Relative Abundance of Alabama Shad, Alosa alabamae, in Alabama". Southeastern Fishes Council Proceedings. 1 (61): 136–155. Article no. 5. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via The University of Tennessee Knoxville.
External links
- Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Alosa alabamae. FishBase. 2015.
- Media related to Alosa alabamae at Wikimedia Commons